| 释义 |
turn-over, n. and a.|ˈtɜːnˌəʊvə(r)|
Also turnover.
[f. the verbal phr. turn over (turn v. 78).]
A. n.
1. a. The action of turning over, in various senses: see quots.; spec. in Pol. slang, a transference of votes from one party to another.
1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 365 Dancers on the rope, standing with their head down, and feet up, with a thousand Turn-overs, and Gamboles. 1825J. Neal Bro. Jonathan II. 62 The turn-over proved quite a relief to the company. 1868A. K. H. Boyd Less. Mid. Age 279 The music was good, after the choir got themselves settled to their work. But if I were Dean of Wells, there should be a thorough turn-over. 1895G. W. E. Russell in Forum (N.Y.) Oct. 160 No very sweeping change of opinion—no very considerable turnover of votes.
b. The point at which it is necessary to turn over a gramophone record; a break in play at the end of a side of a record.
1931Times Educ. Suppl. 12 Dec. 1/3 With almost incredible perversity the engineers have made the turn-over not at the beginning of the Scherzo, but at the piu mosso. 1976Gramophone Apr. 1603/3 Now that DG have put the whole work on to one disc,..there is a turn-over in the ‘Gretchen’ movement (it comes at the beginning of the fourth bar after letter G).
2. An apprentice whose indentures are transferred to another master on the retirement or failure of his original one; also, the action or process of turning over an apprentice. Now dial.
1631Heywood 1st Pt. Fair Maid of West ii. i. Wks. 1874 II. 276 Bess. Your olde Master..hath turn'd over your yeares to me. Clem. Right forsooth: before he was a Vintner, hee was a shoo-maker, and left two or three turne⁓overs more besides my selfe. 1666in Eng. Gilds (1870) Introd. 161 note, Supernumerary Apprentices and Turn⁓overs, which have increased the number [of printers] almost to twice as many. 1708Constit. Waterman's Co. xii. 24 Every Apprentice, whose Master and Mistress shall happen to dye..shall..apply himself to the Rulers,..and..be by them..turned over to some other able and fit Master or Mistress,..by Indorsing such Turn-over upon his Indenture of Apprentiship. 1886T. Frost Remin. Country Journalist v. (1888) 52 A ‘turn-over’, that is, an apprentice who, after serving a portion of his term, is transferred to another employer.
3. Any thing or part which is turned or folded over.
†a. ? In a cork shoe, a welt which is turned over the insole; also a shoe with such a welt. Obs.
b. The flap of an envelope; a leaf of a book, etc.
c. An article that begins in the last column of a newspaper page and continues overleaf.
d. Printing. (See quots. 1938, 1956.)
1611Cotgr., Bord,..the welt, or turneouer of a corke shoe. 1630in Welford Hist. Newcastle (1887) III. 298 Stall rooms—of Mark Milbank, for himself for a turnover, 3s. 1829Yng. Lady's Bk. 338 A very small bit of wax may be dropped beneath the turn-over of the letter. Ibid. 340 These envelopes..resemble a sort of pocket; the ends are closed, and the turn-over is sealed in the usual way, after the enclosure is inserted. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy ii, He caught some words that were on the last turn-over of the sheet. 1883(title) ‘Turnovers’ from ‘The Globe’. 1899Roberton Kipling Guide Bk. 52 ‘Turn-overs’, so called from the sketch (‘turning over’ to the second page) by Mr. Kipling. 1938L. M. Harrod Librarians' Gloss. 652 Turn-over, an extension of printed matter, beyond the space allotted. 1956Bookman's Conc. Dict. 44/1 Break line, the last line of a paragraph not spaced full out to the measure; also known as..Turn Over. 1981I. A. Gordon in N.Z. Listener 14–20 Feb., I am well aware that newspaper columns are narrow and that words must consequently be broken up into two bits, joined by a hyphen at the end of the first line. This necessity is known by printers as the ‘turn-over’.
4. a. A linen band or the like worn round the neck and turned down; a turn-down collar or neck-band.
1716–20Lett. fr. Mist's Jrnl. (1722) I. 204 Curious Linnen, made up into very fine Turnovers, Necks, and Ruffles. 1802James Milit. Dict., Turnover, a piece of white linen which is worn by the soldiers belonging to the British cavalry over their stocks, about half an inch deep. Three turnovers per annum are ordered to be provided. 1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 158 The ‘turnovers’ worn by the beaus of those days [1770] with ‘ruffles’.
b. local. A small shawl worn by women.
1891Quiller Couch Noughts & Crosses, Gifts F. Himkoff 206 She wore a violet turnover.
5. A kind of tart in which the fruit is laid on one half of the rolled out paste, and the other half turned over it; a child's sweetmeat resembling this. Also attrib. as turn-over shop.
1798Sporting Mag. XI. 176 An old woman..preparing her turnovers, commonly called apple-pies. 1825S. R. in Hone Every-day Bk. I. 1291 Our ‘tart’ and ‘turn-over’ shop. 1847in Halliwell. 1882Gd. Words 606 Venison pasties and apple turnovers and runlets of ale. 1892Star 24 Dec. 3/2 There were sweets called turnovers, in which were coins of various values.
6. a. The total amount of business done in a given time; also, the amount of goods produced and disposed of by a manufacturer; also, the ‘turning over’ of the capital involved in a business; also, the net profit derived from a business in a given time; in extended sense, the amount or number of anything (or of persons) dealt with, processed, etc.; the throughput; turnover tax, a tax on the turnover of a business.
1879Escott England I. 391 On this large turn-over the gross profit averages 8½ per cent. 1880Daily News 10 Dec. 5/7 The Blarney mills make a great ‘turn over’ of tweed. 1883Bloomfield Fisheries Irel. 13 (Fish. Exhib. Publ.) The great trading motto of low price and large and quick turn overs. 1894Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. XLI. 5 The cost of production, unless very carefully managed, runs the turnover very close. 1911G. B. Shaw Doctor's Dilemma Pref. p. xxvi, The sixpenny doctor, with his low prices and quick turnover of patients,..makes much more than you do. 1920Manch. Guardian 28 Dec. 11/5 A turnover tax operates whether the transaction is a profit or a loss. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 13 Sept. 3/1 Under the old paper-ballot system the turnover was many times faster. 1944Ibid. 15 June 20/8 It is only by speeding up the rate of turn⁓over that, with our depleted staff, we are able to deliver practically as many babies as in [a] normal period. 1973E. Osers tr. Waldheim's Austrian Example ii. 30 Economic recovery required..the application of a severe austerity programme which involved..the introduction of a turn⁓over tax. 1976Howard Jrnl. XV. i. 43 The subject-matter is the frequency of remands for medical reports..in relation to the total turnover of magistrates' courts.
b. The simultaneous synthesis and degradation of a substance in a living organism; turnover rate, turn-over time (see quot. 1943).
1943Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XXVI. 326 Turnover.—This term refers to the process of renewal of a given substance... Turnover rate..is the amount of the substance that is turned over by that tissue per unit of time... Turnover time..is the time required for the appearance or disappearance of an amount of that substance equal to the amount of that substance present in the tissue. 1961Times 3 Feb. 19/7 In health the myelin sheath is a stable tissue element with little or no evidence of metabolic turnover. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens iv. 58 Slow rates of protein turnover might well be a characteristic of all lichens. 1977P. B. & J. S. Medawar Life Sci. x. 84 The turnover rate of bodily constituents varies widely from tissue to tissue. 1982S. G. Chaney in T. M. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. xxv. 1180 The turnover of body protein is a normal process.
c. The number of employees leaving a work-force and being replaced, change of staff.
1955Times 7 June 7/3 The plan was also expected to reduce labour turnover since a qualifying period would be—or should be —needed to secure the guarantee. 1956W. H. Whyte Organization Man i. v. 58 Employees like it and absence and turnover are low. 1963E. P. Thompson Making of Eng. Working Class viii. 246 The labour turnover in the early engineering workshops was prodigious; Galloway, who employed eighty or ninety men in 1824, claimed to have had between 1,000 and 1,500 men pass through his works in the previous twelve years; that is more than a total turnover of the labour force per annum. 1977W. B. Eberhard in Bond & McLeod Newslett. to Newspapers ii. 149 Postal rates soared..and personnel turnovers were unusually high.
7. U.S. Sport. The (unintended) loss of possession of the ball to the opposing team.
1969Eugene (Oregon) Register-Guard 3 Dec. 1 d/3 Not often does a team commit 27 turnovers and win, but South Eugene did just that. 1975New Yorker 7 Apr. 108/2 Similarly, in their other defensive ploys the Knicks' object was to harass their opponents into committing turnovers—that is, losing the ball by making wayward passes or committing technical infractions. 1979Tucson (Arizona) Citizen 20 Sept. 11d/2 Four turnovers took the Ducks out of the contest.
B. adj. That turns or is turned over, as turnover apprentice, turn-over collar, turn-over hand, turn-over lip, turn-over majority: cf. senses above; turnover article = sense 3 c; turnover board Founding, a flat board on which a flat-bottomed pattern or half-pattern may be stood for sand to be rammed round it; turnover boiler: see quot. 1877; turnover cartridge, a gramophone cartridge with a pivoted mounting for two styluses for use at different speeds; turnover concern, gear: see quots.; turnover rake, a hay-rake which, when full, turns over and deposits its collection; turnover-table, a table with hinged top: see quot.; also a table with a sliding panel prepared for use as a draught-board or the like when reversed (Cent. Dict. 1891).
1605P. Erondelle French Garden i. sig. D 8v, Send for the shoomaker that he may haue againe these turn⁓ouer shooes, for they be too high. 1747H. Glasse Art of Cookery ii. 25 Close the two Ends of your Paper as you do a Turnover Tart. 1836Dickens Sk. Boz 1st Ser. I. 238 Soiled buff boots with turnover red tops. 1849Craig, Turnover-table, a sort of small table, the top of which..may be turned over perpendicularly when out of use, thus occupying less room. 1859Autobiog. Beggar Boy 113 There was no opening for a turnover apprentice. a1861T. Winthrop Life in Open Air (1863) 318 In jacket and turn-over collar. 1864Webster s.v., A turn-over collar. 1874F. G. Lee Man. Cleric. 7 The Chalice should never have turn-over lips. 1877Knight Dict. Mech., Turn-over Boiler, a form of boiler in which the flues were turned over the fire-box or furnace. Ibid., Turn-over Gear,..an application of machinery for hauling up logs from the saw-mill to the log-carriage, or turning the log on the carriage after slabbing one side. 1883Daily News 20 July 6/1 Messrs. Riches and Watts's turn⁓over gathering rake. 1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 391 Turn over board, a board used for ramming a pattern upon. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Turn⁓over Concerns, mills and machinery..turned over to a limited liability company. 1913Daily Graphic 24 Mar. 13/1 Nearly all the women were wearing low turn-over collars in colour, with flowing Quartier Latin ties. 1928W. Rawlinson Mod. Foundry Operations & Equipment xiii. 168 A method adopted in certain instances of repetition work..is that of a ‘turnover board’, also termed ‘bottom board’ or ‘joint board’. 1944Penguin New Writing XXII. 142 Moby Dick marks the turnover point where balance was perhaps precariously achieved. 1952H. Herd March of Journalism vi. 82 The third column had a turnover article giving a retrospect of political events since the beginning of the year. 1958Spectator 20 June 795/1, I was glad to see The Times coming out so strongly, in Monday's ‘turnover’ article, against recent abuses by the courts of their Contempt powers. 1958Practical Wireless XXXIV. 57/2 (Advt.), Latest type lightweight crystal pick-ups with turn-over cartridge. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 264 The pick-up head may consist of a turnover cartridge having styli for coarse and fine groove records on the two sides. 1964S. Crawford Basic Engin. Processes (1969) x. 238 The flat face of the pattern is placed on a turnover board and a suitable size moulding box..is placed over it. 1978Rugby World Apr. 59/2 (Advt.), Best quality stretch nylon socks in plain colours and turn-over tops. |