| 释义 |
turbulent, a.|ˈtɜːbjʊlənt|
[ad. L. turbulent-us full of disturbance or commotion, restless, f. turba crowd, turbāre to disturb, agitate: cf. corpulent, truculent. So F. turbulent (12–13th c.).]
1. a. Of persons, their attributes and actions: Causing disturbance or commotion; disposed or inclined to disorder; tumultuous; unruly; violent.
1538Coverdale N.T. Ded., These turbulent and stormy assaultes of the wicked. 1593G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 98 That execrable Seruetus, or other turbulent rebells in Religion. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. i. 4 Grating so harshly all his dayes of quiet With turbulent and dangerous Lunacy. a1780Watson Philip III, iii. (1793) I. 289 The danger to which he was exposed from their turbulent ambition. 1846Trench Mirac. vi. (1862) 188 He expelled from the house the crowd of turbulent mourners. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Char. Wks. (Bohn) II. 59 They stoutly carry into every nook and corner of the earth their turbulent sense.
†b. Of things: Having a disturbing effect; tending to produce disturbance or trouble. Obs.
1625Bacon Ess., Innovations (Arb.) 527 A Froward Retention of Custome, is as turbulent a Thing, as an Innouation. 1625K. Long tr. Barclay's Argenis ii. xvii. 121 Such, whose angry and turbulent Planets have indued them with a more violent disposition. 1671Milton Samson 522 Nor envied them the grape Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes.
c. Violent in action or effect.
1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 65 The cause is a Narcotick vapour, but it is turbulent also. 1874Garrod & Baxter Mat. Med. (1880) 440 When the heart is turbulent in its action, then the sedative remedies which act upon this organ are indicated;..a turbulent cardiac condition is often combined with a very imperfect flow of blood through its cavities.
2. Characterized by violent disturbance or commotion; violently disturbed or agitated; disorderly, troubled.
a. Of weather, the sea, etc.: Stormy, tempestuous.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 34 After thes turbulent raging tempests I hope verrely for caulm and faier wether. 1608Shakes. Per. iii. ii. 4 T'as been a turbulent and stormie night. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 20 One sort of Vessels for the turbulent Sea, another for Inland Waters. 1770G. White Selborne xxix. 80 Last month we had such a series of cold turbulent weather. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xiv. 94 Our way sometimes lay..across turbulent brooks. 1864A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock 261 The swollen waters bore upon their turbulent bosoms planks, trees, [etc.].
b. Of a state of mind or thought, social or political affairs, etc.
1609Daniel Civ. Wars i. 9 [He] making the succession doubtfull, rent This new-got State, and left it turbulent. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 1126 Thir inward State of Mind, calme Region once And full of Peace, now tost and turbulent. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xxxix. (1869) II. 433 The reign of the usurper was short and turbulent. 1848Dickens Dombey lix, However turbulent his thoughts,..that was all past now. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 455 In the City of London, lately so turbulent, scarcely a murmur was heard.
c. Of, pertaining to, or designating flow of a fluid in which the velocity at any point fluctuates irregularly and there is continual mixing rather than a steady flow pattern.
Turbulent flow was earlier called sinuous or eddying flow.
1895H. Lamb Hydrodynamics xi. 574 The resistance, in the case of turbulent flow, is found to be sensibly independent..of the viscosity of the fluid. 1907F. W. Lanchester Aerodynamics ii. 53 When this critical velocity is reached the parallel flow breaks up, and is replaced by an irregular turbulent motion. 1926H. R. Ricardo Engines of High Output 63 In the actual engine cylinder..the mixture..is being whirled about very rapidly; it is, in fact, in a highly turbulent condition. 1930Engineering 7 Mar. 319/3 Hence, when viscous flow changes to turbulent flow the dissipation of energy is increased. 1947[see Reynolds stress s.v. Reynolds]. 1956A. A. Townsend Struct. Turbulent Shear Flow i. 3 In turbulent motion..the motion at any point influences the motion at other distant points. 1968[see laminar a. 2 a]. 1982Sci. Amer. July 99/1 When the bore of a tube flares gradually (as the aortic lumen does in an incipient aneurysm), the fluid near the wall slows down, generating turbulent flow.
Hence ˈturbulently adv., in a turbulent manner; with much commotion, tumultuously, violently; ˈturbulentness, rare = turbulence.
1602Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 392 The aforesaid intermitted Controuersie..hence-forth turbulently and Tragically proceeded. 1609W. Sclater Threefold Preserv. (1610) Ep. Ded., I know not what show of turbulentnesse they can accuse me of. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. xi. i. §11 This meeting..proceeded turbulently, and suspiciously. 1746Smart Ode St. Cecilia's Day vi, In sorrow's tempest turbulently tost. 1863W. C. Baldwin Afr. Hunting ix. 397 The gorge [at Victoria Falls] cannot be more than a hundred yards wide, and at the bottom the river rolls turbulently boiling. |