| 释义 |
▪ I. gavel, n.1 Obs. exc. Hist.|ˈgævəl|
Forms: 1 gæbul, geabul, gebil, gafol, gaful, gafel; north. gæfil, 3, 5 govel, 5 govyl(l, gowle, 2–4, 8–9 gavel.
[OE. gafol (:—OTeut. *gaƀulo-) is not found in the cognate tongues, but is a deriv. of the common Teut. root *geƀ- (OE. ᵹiefan give). Latinized forms of the word, as gablum, gabulum, gavelum, gaulum, are frequent in mediæval documents in England and France, and an OF. gaule is recorded. From gabulum is derived med.L. gabella, F. gabelle, gabelle.]
1. Payment to a superior; tribute. Only OE. and early ME.
c725Corpus Gloss. 813 Exactio, geabules monung. a800Erfurt Gloss. 394 Exactio, gebles monung. c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. §17 Hyra ar is mæst on þæm gafole þe ða Finnas him ᵹyldað. Þæt gafol bið on deora fellum [etc.]. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xvii. 25 Cyninges eorðo from ðæm onfoas gæfil [L. tributum] vel penning-slæht? c1205Lay. 6105 Þat heo to Brut-londe nolden maren senden gold ne garsume ne gauel of þon londe. c1250Gen. & Ex. 844 He..gouen him gouel of here lond.
b. Rent. to set to gavel: to let out for a certain payment. OE. and Hist.
a1121O.E. Chron. an. 1100 Ealle [þa biscop rices] he oððe wið feo ᵹesealde, oððe on his aᵹenre hand heold and to gafle gesette. 1872E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. ii. 94 A rent, or gavel of a penny. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. vii. 193 He was easily tempted to become a socager, paying rent or gavel.
†2. Interest on money lent; usury. Obs.
a700Epinal Gloss. 115 ære alieno, gæbuli. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 27 Hyt ᵹeberede þæt þu befæstest min feoh mynyterum & ic name þænne ic come þæt min ys mid þam gafole [L. cum usura]. c1200Vices & Virtues (1888) 77 After ðe hali writes, ealch miede is iteld for gauele; and þe gaueleres ne cumen neure into heueriche. a1225Ancr. R. 326 Vor sunne is þes deofles feih þet he giueð to gauel, & to okere of pine. 1340Ayenb. 35 Hi wylleþ rekeny tuyes oþer þries þet yer uor to do arise þet gauel..and makeþ ofte of þe gauel principale dette. c1440Promp. Parv. 206/2 Gowle or vsury, usura fenus. c1485Digby Myst. (1882) v. 604 Of govele and symonye though he bere the name. 1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) vii. iv. 279/2 It is called usura, gouel or usure in englysshe.
3. attrib. in a number of compounds, chiefly legal terms relating to payments or services exacted from tenants, as gavel-bread, gavel-corn, gavel-dung, gavel-earth, gavel-gild, gavel-land, gavel-man, gavel-mark, gavel-mead, gavel-rip, gavel-sester, gavel-swine, gavel-timber, gavel-wood, gavel-work.
A few of these are found in OE.; others occurring in later documents were collected by Somner in his Treatise of Gavelkind 1660, whence some of them have passed into Blount, Phillips, and later Dicts.
a1300in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 25 In pane ad *Gavelbred. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gavel-bred, provision of Bread or Corn reserv'd as a Rent, to be paid in kind by the Tenant.
c1300in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 22 De consuetudine extrahendi fimum debita per Custumarios tenentes..quod servitium vocatur *Gaveldung.
c1000Rect. Sing. Pers. c. 4 §2 (Schmid) His *gafol-yrþe iii. æceras eriᵹe, and sawe of his aᵹanum berne. c1300in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 17 Arabit unam dimidiam acram ad semen frumenti, & seminabit, & herciabit..et vocatur istud opus Gavelerth. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gavelerth, the Duty or Work of Ploughing so much Earth or Ground, done by the Tenant for his Lord.
1275in Dugdale Monast. Angl. (1673) III. 155 Idem Radulphus tenet unam toftam..et non dat *Gavelgeld. 15..Yorksh. Chantry Surv. (Surtees) II. 509 To the Erle of Rutland for gavill gild ijd. 1670Blount Law Dict., Gafold-gyld, the payment or rendring of Tribute or Custom. Also Usury.
a1000Laws ælfred & Guthr. c. 2 (Schmid) Buton þam ceorle þe on *gafollande sit. c1300in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 189 Tenentes de Gavellond de octodecim Jugis pro cariagio triginta et sex carectatas feni de prato de Redhamme. 1670Blount Law Dict., Gafol-land, alias Gaful-land (Terra censualis), land liable to Tribute or Tax; rented Land, or Land letten for Rent.
1{ddd} in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 33 Villani de Terring, qui vocantur *Gavelmanni. 1741T. Robinson Gavelkind i. i. 3 The Tenant from whom these Services were due was called Gavelman.
c1300Battle Abbey Custumals (Camden) 6 Et debet claudere v virgatas haiæ quæ vocantur *gavelmerke.
900in Thorpe Charters (1865) 145 Healfne æcer *gauolmæde. 1283in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 21 Consuetudo falcandi, quæ vocatur Gavelmed. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gavel-med, the Duty or Work of mowing grass, or cutting Meadow-Land, requir'd by the Lord from his Customary Tenant.
1{ddd} in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 19 De consuetudine metendi xl. acras & dimid. de *Gavel-rip in autumno. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gavel-rep, the Duty of Reaping at the Command of the Lord of the Manour.
1{ddd} in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 24 De *Gavelsester cujuslibet bracini braciati infra libertatem maneriorum, viz. unam lagenam & dimidium cerevisiae. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Gavel-sester, a Measure of Rent-Ale, one of the Articles anciently charg'd on the Stewards and Bailiffs of Manours, belonging to the Church of Canterbury.
1693Phil. Trans. XVII. 691 He ends this Treatise with an Enumeration of the Quit-rents formerly paid out of the Weald, as *Gavel⁓swine, Scot-ale, Pannage.
900in Thorpe Charters (1865) 145, iiii foðera aclofenas *gauolwyda. 1{ddd} in Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 23 De xviijs. iijd. ob. de fine cariandi Gavelwood de consuetudine.
c1300Ibid. 24 Arabit unam acram..& metet unam acram..de *Gavelwerk.
▪ II. gavel, n.2 Obs. exc. dial.|ˈgævəl|
[a. ONF. gavel, masc., gavelle, fem. (mod. dial. gavel, gaviau), F. javelle, fem. = Pg. guavella, Sp. gavilla, Pg. It. gavela, fem., med.L. gavellus, masc., gavella, fem.
The early OFr. sense both of the masc. and the fem. n. is ‘heap’ generally; mod.Fr. has javeau mud, etc. left by an inundation. The etymology of Rom. gavello, -a is obscure.]
1. A quantity of corn cut and ready to be made into a sheaf.
c1440Promp. Parv. 189/1 Gavel of corne, merges. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions App. 325 He that reapeth his corne..let him leaue some of the gauelles vngathered: that the niedie maie finde, etc. 1611Cotgr., Javelle, a gauell or sheafe of corne. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Gavel, Gavin, a sheaf of corn before it is tied up. 1851Thoreau Autumn (1894) 61 He used the word gavel to describe a parcel of stalks cast on the ground to dry.
2. to lie on the gavel († on the gavel heap): to lie unbound.
The meaning ‘ground’ given in Johnson and later Dicts. rests on a misunderstanding of quot. 1707.
c1611Chapman Iliad xxi. 328 As fields that haue bene long time cloide With catching wether; when their corne lies on the gauill heape; Are with a constant North wind dried. 1707Mortimer Husb. 97 Let it [Rye] lie upon the ground or gavel [printed gravel], as they call it, after it is cut 8 or 10 days. 1797A. Young Agric. Suffolk 74 It [coleseed] is reaped, and left on the gavel till fit to thresh. 1799Ashby in Ann. Agric. XXXII. 258 Wheat reaped and not bound lies on the gavel.
▪ III. gavel, n.3 Pseudo-arch.|ˈgævəl|
[f. the first element of gavelkind.]
A partition of land among the whole tribe or sept at the death of the holder, with reference to Celtic practice.
1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) III. xviii. 345 A gavel or partition was made on the death of every member of a family for three generations, after which none could be enforced. 1886Fortn. Rev. Aug. 199 In the case of the death of the chief..or even of any one of the clansmen..the lands of all the sept were thrown into gavel and redivided.
b. Comb.: gavel-act or gavel-law, a statute of Ireland (2 Anne) enforcing the principle of (English) gavelkind on Irish Catholics.
[1795Burke Tracts Popery Laws Wks. 1842 II. 431 The first operation of those acts..was..to take away the right of primogeniture; and..to substitute and establish a new species of statute gavelkind.] 1803C. Butler Let. to Rom. Cath. Gentlem. 13 Your estates were subject to odious gavel laws. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) II. 536 The gavel act; which enacted that the lands of persons of that persuasion [Catholics] should descend to all the males, according to the custom of gavelkind. 1882Lecky Eng. in 18th C. IV. 476 A repeal of the Gavel act, which breaks up the landed property of Catholics by an equal distribution among the children.
▪ IV. gavel, n.4 U.S.|ˈgævəl|
a. ‘A mason's setting maul’ (Knight Dict. Mech.).
b. A president's mallet or hammer.
1860Worcester cites Shepard. 1866Nation (N.Y.) 23 Aug. 153/1 Mr. Doolittle gave two or three raps with his gavel. 1895Jewitt & Hope Corporation Plate II. 538 The Mayor's gavel or mallet is of ivory with fluted handle.
2. attrib., as gavel-stand.
1892Sp. at Chicago in Times 22 June 5/3 Two needs..indispensable to our success—namely, unity and harmony. Of the one this chair and gavel-stand are the representatives.
▪ V. † ˈgavel, v.1 Obs. rare.
[f. gavel n.1]
a. trans. To rent (land).
b. intr. To lend money on interest.
c. pass. (See quot. 1824.)
997Cod. Dipl. (Kemble) III. 305 Ic ᵹeann ðarto tweᵹra hida ðe Eadric gafelað. 1382Wyclif Deut. xxviii. 44 He shal oker [v.r. gauyl] to thee, and thow shalt not oker to hym. 1824J. Mander Derbysh. Miner's Gloss. s.v. Gavelor, a duty must be first paid by every Miner before he can enter his pit or Mine, and then his men are said to be Gavelled; which is the Peak language for Freeing.
▪ VI. gavel, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.|ˈgævəl|
[f. gavel n.2: cf. F. javeler.]
trans. (See quot. a 1825; the statement in quot. 1611 is perh. an error.)
c1440Promp. Parv. 189/1 Gavelyn corne, or oþer lyke, manipulo, mergito. 1611Cotgr., Iaveler, to swathe, or gauel corn; to make it into sheaues, or gauells. 16..Song in R. Bell Collect., When it [the barley] is well sown See it is well mown Both raked and gavelled clean And a barn to lay it in. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Gavel, Gavin, to collect mown corn into heaps in order to its being loaded. 1856J. Glyde Suffolk 364 They are to be seen making hay, gavelling, dressing corn.
▪ VII. gavel, v.3 Pseudo-arch.|ˈgævəl|
[f. gavel n.3 Cf. disgavel.]
trans. To divide or distribute (land), according to the practice of gavelkind.
1875Maine Hist. Inst. vii. 206 They ‘gavelled’ the lands of Papists and made them descendible to all the children alike. 1884M. Hickson Irel. 17th C. I. Introd. 32 The poor and ignorant Irish, long accustomed to gavel and rundale the land as their fathers had done.
fig.1828Moore Irish Melod. Pref. 195 So artfully has the harmonist (if I may thus express it) gavelled the melody, distributing an equal portion of its sweetness to every part.
▪ VIII. gavel, v.4 orig. and chiefly U.S.|ˈgævəl|
[f. gavel n.4]
To hammer with, or as with, a gavel (gavel n.4 b).
1925T. Dreiser Amer. Tragedy (1926) II. ii. xxv. 313 And at once Oberwaltzer gaveling for order and ordering the arrest of the offender. 1934Words Nov. 5/2 To gavel and to yes are new, and..obviously American. 1959Time 23 Feb. 20/1 ‘The faces will be different,’ said Arkansas' John McClellan as he gaveled his Senate labor-racketeering committee into session. 1966D. F. Galouye Lost Perception v. 53 Radcliff strode..onstage, the determined thuds of his heels gavelling order among the assembly.
▪ IX. gavel
var. cavel n.1 (sense 3).
1827J. Hodgson Northumbld. ii. I. 188 note, Each proprietor's portion [of the town-fields] being made up of numerous gavels, ridges, and buts scattered and intermixed in a very inconvenient way.
▪ X. gavel
north. var. gable. |