| 释义 |
▪ I. gale, n.1|geɪl|
Forms: 1–3 gaᵹel, gaȝel, 4 gayl, 5–7 gaul(e, (5 gawl, gawyl, gayle, 6 golle), 6–9 gall(e, 5– gale.
[OE. gaᵹel, gaᵹol str. ? masc. (also gaᵹelle, -olle wk. fem.) = MDu. gaghel, Du. and mod.G. gagel, and perh. ON. *gagl in gaglviðr, which may denote this plant (f. *gagl gale + við-r wood), though this is very doubtful. The phonology of the mod. form is somewhat obscure.]
The bog-myrtle, Myrica Gale (the mod.L. specific name is adopted from Eng.); also called sweet gale.
c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 6 Nim þre leaf gaᵹeles. c1265Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 559/22 Mirtus, gaȝel. a1387Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.) 22 Gayl, mirta. a1400–50Alexander 4094 Full of gladen & of gale & of grete redis. c1440Promp. Parv. 189/1 Gawl..mirtus. 1483Cath. Angl. 147/2 Gayle..mirtus. 1538Leland Itin. I. 40 The fenny part of Axholm berith much Galle, a low frutex, swete in burning. 1568Turner Herbal iii. 47 Called..in Cambridge shyre Gall, in Summerset shyre Goul or Golle. 1751J. Bartram Observ. Trav. Pennsylv., etc. 36 On the banks I found the gale like the European. 1807Crabbe Birth Flattery 310 Gale from the bog shall yield Arabian balm. 1842Tennyson E. Morris 110, I..heard with beating heart The Sweet-Gale rustle round the shelving keel. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Gale, the fragrant bog-myrtle, often called ‘sweet-gale’.
b. attrib. and Comb., as gale-bush, gale-plant, gale-sheaves; gale-beer, a drink made from twigs of sweet-gale; gale-worts, a book name for plants of the family Myricaceæ (Lindley Veg. K. 1846, p. 256).
1597Gerarde Herbal iii. lxviii. 1228 This Gaule groweth plentifully..in the Ile of Elie, and in the Fennie countries thereabouts, whereof there is such store..that they make fagots of it and sheaues, which they cal Gaule sheaues, to burne and heate their ouens. 1805Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 258 The hazel, the dwarf willow, the gall plant. 1863N. & Q. Ser. iii. IV. 311 ‘Gale beer’, brewed from a plant growing on the moor above Ampleforth, in Yorkshire, is made and sold by Mrs. Sigsworth of the ‘Black Horse’. 1887W. Rye Norfolk Broads 50 The myrtle-like leaved sweet gale bushes. 1893K. Simpson Jeanie o' Biggersdale 111 She baked, she washed, she brewed gale-beer.
▪ II. † gale, n.2 Obs.
Also 3 gal.
[Two words are perh. represented here: (1) ME. gal (f. galen, OE. galan to sing) = MHG. gal; (2) OF. gale gaiety = It. gala: see gala.]
1. Singing, a song; merriment, mirth.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 197 Þat hie ne muge heren here remenge ne here gal. c1275Luue Ron 126 in O.E. Misc. 97 Þar-inne is vich balewes bote, blisse, and Ioye, and gleo, and Gal. 13..K. Alis. 2548 The nyghtyngale In wode, makith miry gale. a1310in Wright Lyric P. v. 26 He is faucoun in friht dernest in dale, Ant with everuch a gome gladest in gale. c1315Shoreham 107 Þorȝ his oȝene gale.
b. said of the voice of an animal.
1460Lybeaus Disc. (ed. Kaluza) 1059 Hornes herde þey blowe And houndes grete of gale.
2. Speech, talk.
13..K. Alis. 2047 Listenith now, and letith gale, For now ariseth a noble tale. 13..Coer de L. 3546 On knees we tolde hym our tale, But us ne gaynyd no gale. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1889 So grym a was in Gale.
▪ III. gale, n.3|geɪl|
Also 6–7 gaile, gayle, (? 7 gall).
[Of obscure origin.
Possibly elliptical for gale (or gall) wind (see quot. 1619 in 3) where gale may have been originally an adj. Some scholars suppose that the word is in some way connected with Da. gal, Norw. galen (neut. galet), mad, furious, bad (often said of weather), ON. galenn, mad, frantic (? lit. enchanted, bewitched), pa. pple. of gala, to sing. The spelling and rimes in the earliest quot., however, seem to disprove this.]
1. a. A wind of considerable strength; in nautical language, the word chiefly ‘implies what on shore is called a storm’ (Adm Smyth), esp. in the phrases strong gale, hard gale (a stiff gale is less violent, a fresh gale still less so); in popular literary use, ‘a wind not tempestuous, but stronger than a breeze’ (J.). Also gale of wind. In restricted use, applied to a wind having a velocity within certain limits (see quots.). equinoctial gale (see equinoctial 2 b).
a1547Surrey Proem. to 73rd Psalm, I ..constrayned am to beare my sayles ful loo, And never could attayne some pleasaunt gaile [rimes saile, assaile, availe, faile]. 1558T. Phaer æneid v. 900 Frend Palynure, lo how the tydes them selues conueies the fleete, This gale by measure blowes. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. ii. 48 What happie gale Blowes you to Padua heere, from old Verona. 1600Hakluyt Voy. III. 424 At noone we had a fresh gale in the poupe. 1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Seamen 17 A calme, a brese, a fresh gaile, a pleasant gayle, a stiffe gayle. 1698Froger Voy. 38 We set sail again..with a favourable Gale of Wind. a1700Dryden Ovid's Met. xi. 668 At the Close Of Day a stiffer Gale at East arose. 1727Swift Gulliver ii. v, The ladies gave me a gale with their fans. 1772J. Robertson Navig. vi. 354 note, A common brisk gale is about 15 miles an hour. 1774M. Mackenzie Maritime Surv. 99 Hard Gales of Wind in any Place, especially if it blows in the Direction of the Flood, swells the Tide to an uncommon Height. 1801[see storm n. 1 b]. 1808Med. Jrnl. XIX. 470 We had some smart gales of wind. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 261 High gales are generally from the west. 1859Reeve Brittany 137 There was little promise of the gale abating. 1884Pae Eustace 195 The wind still blew a stiff gale. 1899Westm. Gaz. 24 Jan. 4/3 A gale is not a gale until it has reached Force 7 on the Beaufort scale, though many people lightly class all heavy winds as gales. 1923N. Shaw Forecasting Weather (ed. 2) 456 As a result of the investigation of 1905 we now classify winds with velocity above 75 miles per hour as hurricane winds, those with velocity between 64 and 75 miles per hour as storm winds, and those between 39 and 63 as gales. 1963Meteorol. Gloss. (Met. Office) 109 Gale, a wind of a speed between 34 and 40 knots (force 8 on the Beaufort scale of wind force, where it was originally described as ‘fresh gale’), at a free exposure 10 metres (33 feet) above ground. Ibid., Statistics of gales refer to the attainment of mean speeds of 34 knots or over.
b. Poet. and in rhetorical language often used for: A gentle breeze.
1728–46Thomson Spring 872 Can fierce passions vex his breast, While every gale is peace, and every grove Is melody? 1742Collins Eclogues i. 15 Wanton gales along the valleys play. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest v, The fresh gale came scented with the breath of flowers. a1839Praed Poems (1864) I. 201 The breath of vernal gales. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 282 The warm west⁓wind, in gales of foison alighting.
c. regarded as the vehicle of odours.
1711Addison Spect. No. 56 ⁋3 He felt a Gale of Perfumes breathing upon him. 1749Johnson Van. Hum. Wishes 46 The tainted gales. 1797Monthly Mag. III. 92 A new project of nutrition, by inhaling the gales of baker's, cheesemonger's, and cook's shops. 1808J. Barlow Columb. i. 132 And gales etherial breathe a glad perfume. c1820S. Rogers Italy ii. (1828) 11 An underwood of myrtle, that by fits Sent up a gale of fragrance.
d. transf. and fig. † with a full gale: ? without any interruption.
1623Massinger Dk. Milan i. iii, One gale of your sweet breath will easily Disperse these clouds. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. §55 The Scots..brought all their mischievous Devices to pass, with ease, and a prosperous Gale in all they went about. 1663H. Power Experim. Philos. 39 It is far more ingenious to believe it to be a gale of Animal Spirits, that, moving from her head along her back to her tail..is the cause of her [the snail's] progressive motion. 1669Marvell Corr. cxvi. Wks. 1872–5 II. 276 Unless we should finde..some unexpected gaile of opportunity that would be sure waft us quite over. 1675Phillips Theatr. Poet. 162 That which is chiefly pleasant in these Poems [Herrick's], is now and then a pretty Floury and Pastoral gale of Fancy. 1731Swift Corr. Wks. 1841 II. 646 Passions..are the gales of life; let us not complain that they do not blow a storm. a1734North Lives III. 98 On the fifth night he slept with a full gale till morning, without any waking at all. c1800K. White Lett. Wks. (1837) 323 Contending gales of doubt and apprehension. 1827Pollok Course T. 111, Her sails..nicely set, to catch the gale Of praise. 1842Tennyson Vision of Sin ii. 12 The music..Rose again from where it seem'd to fail, Storm'd in orbs of song, a growing gale.
2. fig. A state of excitement or hilarity. U.S.
18..Brooke Eastford (Bartlett), The ladies, laughing heartily, were fast going into what, in New England, is sometimes called a gale. 1885Howells Silas Lapham (1891) I. 238 When she gets into one of her gales there ain't any standing up against her. 1894Cassell's Mag. Apr. 362/2 Going off into a gale of merriment at the recollection.
3. attrib. and Comb.: gale force, gale-warning; gale-bent, gale-lashed adjs.; also † gale-wind, a stormy wind, gale.
In quot. 1619 gale, gall may conceivably represent Sc. gell ‘intense, keen, brisk’ (Jam.).
1883Harper's Mag. Jan. 209/2 The dwarf oaks grow scraggy and *gale-bent atop.
1902Daily Chron. 4 Mar. 5/2 Southerly winds were blowing in all parts of the British Isles yesterday, reaching *gale force on the west coast of Ireland. 1967C. B. Christesen in Coast to Coast 1965–6 32 The impact of gale-force winds was such that at first we thought the ship had struck a rock.
1896Westm. Gaz. 19 June 3/1 Ushant and its neighbouring isles..rising from amidst the *gale-lashed waves.
1918Meteorol. Gloss. (Met. Office) 128 *gale-warning. Notice of threatening atmospherical disturbances on or near the coasts of the British Islands are issued by telegraph from the Meteorological Office to a number of ports and fishery-stations. 1940C. Day Lewis tr. Georgics of Virgil i. 26 Another gale-warning often is given by shooting stars. 1969C. R. Burgess Suppl. Meteorol. for Seamen 2 These forecasts include Gale warnings, General weather synopsis and expected changes within the next 24 hours.
1619Z. Boyd Last Battell (1629) 544 This world is like a working sea, wherein sinne like a *gall winde or strong tyde carrieth many tribulations..from Countrie to Countrie. Ibid. 1256 Our life like smoke or chaffe is carried away as with a gale winde.
▪ IV. gale, n.4|geɪl|
[? contracted from gavel.]
1. A periodical payment of rent, the amount paid periodically. hanging-gale: the rent due at the previous gale-day; arrears of rent.
1672Petty Pol. Anat. Irel. (1691) 75, 300 M. would pay one half years Gale of all the land. 1809–12M. Edgeworth Absentee Wks. 1832 IX. 196 The balance due of the hanging-gale. 1828Blackw. Mag. XXIV. 224 A receipt for the last gale of the rent reserved in the lease under which they claim to vote. 1862H. Coulter West Irel. 214 There is no such thing known in Erris as a hanging gale. 1882Standard Aug. 2/4 The effect of sweeping away the hanging gale would be that the landlord would be unable to collect the rent due in May, 1882. 1888Times (weekly ed.) 16 Nov. 20/4 They all paid a deposit of {pstlg}1, and one lodged a gale's rent less 40 per cent.
b. A rent-audit.
1881Leeds Mercury 4 Jan. 6 The half-yearly gales or audits are held on the second and third weeks of May and December.
2. An instalment (of money). rare exc. local U.S.
1845Ld. Campbell Chancellors (1857) V. civ. 31 Calculating when another gale of salary would become due. 1854N. & Q. 1st Ser. IX. 408/2 The word Gale is used in the West of Philadelphia in the sense of an instalment.
†3. A lordship or toll (on fish). Obs. rare—1.
c1640J. Smyth Hundred of Berkeley (1885) 321 The fisher⁓man sets the price of such his fish. The Lord chooseth whether hee will take the fish and pay halfe that price to the fisherman; or refuse the fish and require halfe the price..The price or moity taken is called the Gale.
4. In the Forest of Dean: The royalty paid by a ‘free-miner’ for a plot of land, with the right to dig for coal, iron, or stone; a licence or grant of land for this purpose; the area of land granted.
1775in Nicholls Forest Dean (1858) 285 Untill you have satisfied and paid me his Majesty's gale and dues for working and getting coal in such pitts for two years last past. 1832in 5th Rept. Dean Forest Comm. (1835) 70 If we open gales in different parts of the Forest, we must pay the gale for each. 1838Act 1 & 2 Vict. c. 43. §29 Such gales..so forfeited shall be subject to be again galed or leased. 1880J. Williams Rights of Common 177 Gales or licences for making stone quarries in inclosed land. 1884Law Times 31 May 78/2 In 1846 M. was in possession of two gales in the Forest of Dean.
5. attrib., as (sense 1) gale-day; (sense 4) gale-book, gale-fee.
1832in 5th Rept. Dean Forest Comm. (1835) 70, I went to the galer, and had it transferred in the gale-book. Quarries have been sold to foreigners, but their names cannot be put in the gale-book. Ibid. 71 A gale-fee of 2s. for every 20 yards. 1862H. Coulter West Irel. 215 A few days after the Gale day another bailiff..distrained for the Rent which had been paid. 1880J. Williams Rights of Common 177 To exact gale-fees or rents in respect thereof [stone-quarries].
▪ V. † gale, v.1 Obs.
Also 6–7 Sc. gail(l.
[OE. galan str. vb. (pa. tense gól, pa. pple. galen) = OHG. galan, ON. gala; cognate with gale n.2, -gale (singer) in nightingale; another grade of the root appears in yell. The strong inflexion appears not to have survived beyond OE.]
1. intr. and trans. To sing; also, to deliver an oracular response.
Beowulf 786 Þara þe of wealle wop ᵹehyrdon, gryreleoð galan godes andsacan. a1000Boeth. Metr. vii. 3 Se Wisdom. glio-wordum gol gyd. a1400–50Alexander 798* Right as my graceux gode hase galet me before. Ibid. 2257 Þan gales þaire god a-gayn & þus spekis. c1480Crt. of Love 1356 ‘Domine labia’ gan he crye and gale.
2. intr. Of a dog: To bark, yelp. Of a bird, esp. the cuckoo: To utter its peculiar note.
c1205Lay. 20858 Hunten þar talieð, hundes þer galieð. a1400Morte Arth. 927 Thare galede þe gowke one grevez fulle lowde. c1440Promp. Parv. 185/1 Galyn, as crowys, or rokys, crocito. 1530Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 96 Gaill lyke ane goik, and greit quhen scho wes wa. c1560A. Scott Of May 26 In May begynnis the golk to gaill.
3. transf. To make an outcry, exclaim against something.
c1386Chaucer Friar's T. 1336 Now telleth forth, thogh that the Somnour gale. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. xi, Though men on it galen aye and crye. c1440York Myst. xxxiii. 23 Þat gome þat gyrnes or gales, I myself sall hym hurte full sore.
▪ VI. gale, v.2 Naut.|geɪl|
[f. gale n.3]
intr. To sail away as if before a gale. Now rare.
1692Smith's Seaman's Gram. xvi. 78 In faire weather when there is but little Wind that Ship which hath most Wind and sails fastest is said, to gale away from the other. 1739Encour. Sea-f. People 39 It being little Wind, and they galing away out of his Reach, he left pursuing them. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., To gale away, to go free.
▪ VII. gale, v.3|geɪl|
[f. gale n.4]
trans. To grant or take the gale of (i.e. the right of working) a mine, etc.
1832in 5th Rept. Dean Forest Comm. (1835) 70, I consider myself entitled to have a coal-pit galed to me, because I am born of free parents within the hundred. Ibid. 71, I have not galed any new works of late years. 1839Heref. Gloss. s.v., In the Forest of Dean, to gale (i.e. to gavel) a mine is to acquire the right to work a mine from the officer called a gaveller, and to pay the share of the crown. 1890Gloucester Gloss. s.v., Formerly stone quarries were galed, but they are now leased.
▪ VIII. gale
obs. form of gall n.1, galley, goal. |