| 释义 |
▪ I. furrow, n.|ˈfʌrəʊ|
Forms: α. 1 furh, fyrh (dat.), 3 furȝ, 3–4 furgh(e, 3–5 forw(h, 4 fo(o)rew, forwe, forȝ, furch, 4–5 forgh(e, 4–6 for(r)ough(e, for(r)ow(e, (6 furrough, furrowe, 7 forrwe), 6– furrow. β. 4–5 fore, south. vore, 5 fure, (foure, fowre), 6 feure, 7 furr(e, 9 furr, 4– Sc. fur.
[Com. Teut.: OE. furh str. fem. (gen. fyrh, fure, dat. fyrh) = MDu. vōre (Du. voor, vore), OHG. furuh (MHG. vurch, mod.Ger. furche) furrow, ON. for trench, drain:—OTeut. *furh-:—pre-Teut. *pr̥k-; cf. L. porca ridge between furrows, OIr. rech, Welsh rhych (:—*pricâ, priccâ).
Some scholars connect this word with L. porcus, Eng. farrow, assigning to the common root the sense ‘to root like a swine’.]
1. A narrow trench made in the earth with a plough, esp. for the reception of seed. to sow under the furrow (see quot. 1523).
† to spare neither ridge nor furrow: a proverbial phrase in ME. poems expressive of reckless speed on the part of a rider.
αc888K. ælfred Boeth. v. §2 Þonne dysegaþ se þe þonne wile hwilc sæd oþfæstan þam drium furum. 955Charter of Eadred in Birch Cartul. Sax. III. 70 Andlang weᵹes to ðære ᵹedrifonan furh, andlang fyrh oþ hit cymð [etc.]. c1220Bestiary 398 [This der] goð o felde to a furȝ, and falleð ðar-inne..forto bilirten fuȝeles. c1374Chaucer Former Age 12 No man yit knew the forwes of his lond. 14..Tretyce in W. of Henley's Husb. (1890) 47 Yeff [ye] sowe your lande vnder þe foroughe let it be ereyd. c1440Bone Flor. 746 He stroke the stede with the spurrys, He spared nodur rygge nor forows. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §34 Wheate is mooste commonlye sowen vnder the forowe, that is to saye, caste it vppon the falowe, and than plowe it vnder. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 77 A man..shuld take his plow, and go draw a furrow in a field. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 797 The lab'ring Swain Scratch'd with a Rake, a Furrow for his Grain. 1728–46Thomson Spring 37 The well-us'd plough Lies in the furrow. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 658 The straightest furrow lifts the ploughman's heart. 1831Sir J. Sinclair's Corr. II. 365 The chief furrows, which conduct the choaked-up water, are always laid out by the agriculturist himself. 1883Macfadyen in Congregat. Year Bk. 47 The furrow is uneven because an ox and an ass draw the plough.
βc1380Sir Ferumb. 1565 Þay..Ne spared rigges noþer vores; til þay mette þat pray. c1470Henry Wallace i. 405 The suerd flaw fra him a fur breid on the land. 1513Douglas æneis vii. iv. 20 A lityll fur, To mark the fundment of his new citie. 1600J. Dymmok Ireland (1843) 42 Men..hidd themselves lyke fearefull hares in the furres. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 44 The furre on your lefte hande is the best for the fore-furre; for then the corne falleth the fittest for the hande. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 238 The plough will..go upon the points of the irons, which will make her..make a bad fur. 1816Scott Old Mort. xiv, ‘I wad..turn sic furs on the bonny rigs o' Milnwood holms, that it wad be worth a pint but to look at them.’ 1877–89N.W. Linc. Gloss., Fur, a furrow. ‘Th' furs was all full o' watter on pag-rag daay, an' soa th' taaties rotted.’
b. transf. and fig., esp. in allusion to the track of a vessel over the sea.
1382Wyclif Ecclus. vii. 3 Sowe thou not eueles in the foorewes of vnriȝtwisnesse. 1535Coverdale Ps. cxxviii[i]. 3 The plowers plowed vpon my backe, and made longe forowes. 1589Pasquil's Ret. C b, God shall..punish euery forrow they haue plowed vpon his backe. c1600Shakes. Sonn. xxii, When in thee times forrwes I behould. 1814Cary Dante, Par. ii. 15 Marking well the furrow broad Before you in the wave. 1842Tennyson Ulysses 59 Push off..smite The sounding furrows. 1887Bowen Virg. æneid v. 157 Each with her long keel ploughing in lengthened furrows the brine.
c. poet. Used loosely for arable land, a piece of ploughed land, the cornfields.
αc1380Sir Ferumb. 5593 Ac sone sterte he vp of þe forȝ. 1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 135 You Sun-burn'd Sicklemen of August weary, Come hether from the furrow, and be merry. 1634Milton Comus 292 What time the laboured ox In his loose traces from the furrow came. 1735Somerville Chase ii. 130 See how they thread The Brakes, and up yon Furrow drive along.
β1500–20Dunbar Poems xvii. 12 Barronis takis..All fruct that growis on the feure.
d. (In form fur.) A ploughing. Now only Sc.
1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey i. xi. 43 Their seuerall orders and seasons for fallowing, twifallowing, trifallowing and seed-furre. 1743Maxwell Trans. Soc. Improv. Agric. Scotl. 21 It is advised to plow it with all convenient Haste, that so it may have got three Furs betwixt and the latter End of April or Beginning of May; the first to be cloven, the second a cross Fur, the third to be gathered.
†2. In extended sense: A trench, drain. Obs.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 3460 Þe kniȝt fel ded in a forwe. Ibid. 8184 He cleued thurch..king Beas doun in a furch. 1382Wyclif 1 Kings xviii. 32 And he made a water cundid, as by two litil forwis in envyroun of the auter. c1420Pallad. on Husb. vi. 36 A forgh iij footes deep thy landes thorgh. 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iv. 121 Out of a fountaine water is somtime dronk..somtime by forrowes is conueied to the watering of groundes. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1586) 72 If you will needes plante the same yeere..let the furrowes be made at least two moneths before. 1611Bible Ezek. xvii. 7 That hee might water it by the furrowes of her plantation. 1626Bacon Sylva §600 Carrying it [Water] in some long Furrowes; And from those Furrowes, drawing it trauerse. 1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 144 The soil..will not give it a passage into the furrows or drains. 1884Chr. World 21 Feb. 134/3 Fortunately, our water furrow is a swift-flowing stream.
†3. A quantity (of land) having the length or breadth of a furrow. Obs.
c1300Havelok 1094 Ne shulde he hauen of Engelond Onlepi forw in his hond. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 372 Þat a fote londe or a forwe fecchen I wolde. 1390Gower Conf. III. 245 Til they have with a plough to broke A furgh of lond. c1425Wyntoun Cron. ix. v. 135 Ðat nowþir Fure na Fute of Land Wes at þaire Pes þan of Ingland. c1470Henry Wallace viii. 22 Off him I held neuir a fur off land.
4. Anything resembling a furrow;
a. generally, e.g. a rut or track, a groove, indentation, or depression narrow in proportion to its length.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. metr. v. 132 (Camb. MS.) Som of hem..drawen after hem a traas or a forwh I-kountynued. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix cxxix. (1495) 938 Orbita is the forough of a whele that makyth a depe forough in the wyndynge and trendlynge abowte. 1513Douglas æneis ii. xi. 32 Thair followis [the sterne] a streme of fire, or a lang fur. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 282 The first furrow of the mouth—I mean that which is next unto the upper fore-teeth. 1665Hooke Microgr. 4 There were several great and deep scratches, or furrows. 1712Addison Spect. No. 416 ⁋2 The different Furrows and Impressions of the Chisel. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 205 The middle waters..sink in a furrow. 1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 615 This ligature produced a slight furrow in the arm.
b. on the face: A deep wrinkle.
1589Greene Tullies Loue Wks. (Grosart) VII. 204 If it [my brow] once proue full of angrie forrowes. 1609Dekker Guls Horne-bk. i. 7 Now those furrowes are fild vp with Ceruse and Vermilion. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian vi, Habitual discontent had fixed the furrows of their cheeks. 1859Helps Friends in C. Ser. ii. II. iv. 86 They make..furrows in the cheeks of the sufferers.
c. Milling. One of the grooves in the face of a millstone. furrow and land (see quot. 1880).
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 144 When the furrows become blunt and shallow by wearing, the running stone must be taken up, and both stones new dressed with a chisel and hammer. 1870Eng. Mech. 28 Jan. 485/2 Cutting all the short furrows into the master furrow. 1880Antrim & Down Gloss., Furrow and Land, the hollows and heights on the surface of a mill-stone.
d. Anat., Zool., etc. (= L. sulcus).
1807–26S. Cooper First Lines Surg. (ed. 5) 301 The lateral sinuses..occupy the deep transverse furrows in the middle of the inner surface of the os occipitis. 1832H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. (ed. 2) 327 Whorls..divided by eight or ten furrows into as many imbricating joints. 1846Ellis Elgin Marb. II. 26 A furrow which forms the line of contact with the forehead. 1868Darwin Anim. & Pl. I. v. 140 The external orifice or furrow of the nostrils was also twice as long. 1874Lubbock Orig. & Met. Ins. iii. 45 The median furrow easily discerned. 1879Calderwood Mind & Br. ii. 12 The soft mass [of the brain] being arranged alternately in ridges, and in grooves or furrows.
e. Bot.
1725Bradley Fam. Dict., Furrow, among Botanists..signifies a Ridge or Swelling on the Sides either of a Tree, Stalk, or Fruit. 1776Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 151 Seed single..marked with a furrow lengthways. 1862Darwin Fertil. Orchids iii. 118 If the furrow he touched very gently by a needle..it instantly splits along its whole length. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 396 The arrangement of..projecting longitudinal ridges, and depressions or furrows, is exactly repeated.
5. attrib. and Comb., as furrow-water; furrow-cloven, furrow-like adjs. Also furrow-board = mould-board; furrow-drain (see quot.), hence furrow-drain vb., furrow-draining; † furrow-face, one who has a wrinkled face; furrow-faced, -fronted a., having furrows or wrinkles on the face or forehead; furrow- (dial. fur-) side, the side of the plough towards the furrows already made; furrow-slice, the slice of earth turned up by the mould-board of the plough; furrow-weed, a weed that grows on the ‘furrow’ or ploughed land.
1649*Furrow-board [see earth-board].
1847Tennyson Princess vii 192 The firths of ice That huddling slant in *furrow-cloven falls.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Furrow-drain, a deep open channel made by a plough to carry off water.
1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 593 The new practice of *furrow-draining has been the most important of the recent improvements in Scotch agriculture.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. i. ii. iii. iv. 130 b, Pale, and leane, *furrow-faces.
1605B. Jonson Volpone i. i, I.. expose no ships To threat'nings of the *furrow-faced sea.
1640Rawlins Rebellion ii. i, The *furrow-fronted Fates have made an Anvill To forge diseases on.
1879D. M. Wallace Australas. xi. 225 The loose surface..sometimes forming hilly undulations, at others *furrow-like ripples.
1765A. Dickson Treat. Agric. (ed. 2) 215 This lessons the resistance from the *furrow-side. Ibid. 235 If the beam points to the fur-side, the plough will have too much land; and if it points to the land-side, the plough will have too little land.
1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. (1807) I. 5 The perfect turning over of the *furrow-slice. 1862J. Wilson Farming 206 In ploughing for a seed-bed the furrow-slice is usually cut about 5 inches deep.
1679Dryden Tr. & Cr. ii. iii, *Furrow Water Is all the Wine we taste.
1605Shakes. Lear iv. iv. 3 He was met euen now As mad as the vext Sea, singing alowd, Crown'd with ranke Fenitar and *furrow weeds.
▪ II. furrow, v.|ˈfʌrəʊ|
Also 5 forow, 6 furow, 7 furr.
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To make furrows in (earth) with a plough; to plough.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 354 They [oxen] drawe the plough, they furrowe the soyle. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 48 They furrow the earth like a draught of Oxen with a plow. 1894T. Roosevelt in Forum (U.S.) Apr. 202 Fields already fifty times furrowed by the German ploughs.
fig.1847James Convict v, Heaven..furrows the heart with griefs to produce a rich crop of joys hereafter.
b. transf. To make a track or tracks in (water); to cleave; to plough.
c1425Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 43 Certeyne shypmen at sandwyche, glad and mery with a prosperous cowrse forowid the dowtable see. a1547Surrey æneid ii. 1038 Long to furrow large space of stormy seas. 1583Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 76 With woodden vessel thee rough seas deepelye we furrowe. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 39 Prince Meleneone furrowed the surging waves. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. iii. i. §10 They pass down the strong current of Time with the same facility that a well built ship..doth furrow the Ocean. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iv. xiii, Now launch'd once more, the inland sea They furrow with fair augury. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. iii. 39 The whole sea was in places furrowed by them [porpoises]. 1876R. F. Burton Gorilla L. I. 171 We..saw sundry shoals of fish furrowing the water.
2. To make furrow-like depressions, indentations, or channels in. Also with up.
1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxix. i. 354 When..they began to..varie in their words, after their sides were throughly furrowed [L. fodicatis]. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. viii. 298 Furrowed from Pole to Pole with the Deep Channel of the Sea. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 656 The chapt Earth is furrow'd o'er with Chinks. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. vii. 83 They furrow'd their bodies with sharp stones. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 328 After furrowing up the sand, it hides itself under it, horns and all. 1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 287 A hard and irregular surface, furrowed by linear marks. 1863Baring-Gould Iceland 116 Then [the wind] rolls onward to furrow the snows on Eiriks Jokull. 1879Browning Ivan Ivanovitch 225 O God, the feel of the fang furrowing my shoulder! see! It grinds—it grates the bone.
b. To make wrinkles in.
1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. iii. 229 Thou canst helpe time to furrow me with age. 1627–77Feltham Resolves i. xiii. 20 Another lives hardly here, with a heavy heart, furrowing of a mournful face. 1661Sir A. Haslerig's Last Will & Test. Supp. 6 The inraged Tygre..furrowed his Front. 1729T. Cooke Tales, Proposals, etc. 595 Sev'nty years have furrow'd o'er her Face. 1838Lytton Leila i. v, The lordly features..furrowed by petty cares. 1870Morris Earthly Par. I. i. 5 Their brows seem furrowed deep with more than years.
c. fig. Said of the action of tears.
1523R. Hyrde tr. Vives' Instr. Chr. Wom. i. ix. I ij a, Howe can she weep for her sinne, yt muste bare her skynne there with, and forowe her face? a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 184 We may furrow our cheekes with our tears. 1816Byron Ch. Har. iii. xx, Fair cheeks were furrowed with hot tears. 1871Macduff Mem. Patmos ix. 113 The Apostle..with a tear..furrowing his cheek.
d. To gather up in folds or wrinkles. rare—1.
1853Dale tr. Baldeschi's Ceremonial 66 note, Cotta, the short surplice worn in Rome..is usually furrowed up in a full and tasteful manner.
3. intr. To make furrows or grooves; to make wrinkles.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 356 Let us catche the ploughe by the handle, and fall to furrowing. a1577Gascoigne Flowers, etc. Wks. (1587) 45 We furrowing in the foaming flouds to take our best availes. 1863J. L. W. By-gone Days 2 Where the ploughshare furrows in spring.
b. quasi-trans., as in to furrow (out, up) one's way. Of a river: to excavate (a channel), to force itself along a channel.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 820 Maragnon is far greater, whose waters having furrowed a Channell of six thousand miles, in the length of his winding passage [etc.]. a1639Wotton Ps. civ. in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 248 There go the ships, that furrow out their way. 1647W. Browne tr. Polexander iii. 241 Let thy choler furrow up and make a way to that Island whereto none can arrive. 1791Cowper Odyss. v. 492 And I have pass'd, Furrowing my way. 1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius vi, The circular wrinkle slowly furrowed its way round Barker's mouth. 1890H. M. Stanley Darkest Africa II. xxviii. 259 The Rami-lulu had eventually furrowed and grooved itself deeply through.
Hence ˈfurrowing vbl. n. and ppl. a. Also ˈfurrower, one who or that which furrows.
1611Cotgr., Canelure, a channelling, or furrowing in stone, or in timber; a fluting. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. i. 3 Vpon the utmost end of Cornwall's furrowing beake. Ibid. xviii. 78 She learn'd..To steele the coulters edge, and sharpe the furrowing share. 1841–3Anthon's Class. Dict. 380 Gyes (the part of the plough to which the share is fixed) is the Furrower. 1891Athenæum 17 Oct. 523/1 The greater number of them have been crushed and broken by the deep furrowing of the steam cultivator.
Add:4. intr. Esp. of the brow: to become furrowed; to wrinkle, crease.
1937W. Lewis Revenge for Love vii. iii. 356 Victor's brow furrowed, like the surfaces of a lake attacked by a thundersquall. 1961Mosquito Squadron (Battle Picture Libr. No. 826) (1974) ii. 31 The doomed machine bounced once and crunched down. The earth furrowed savagely as the Mosquito ploughed on in a frightful ground-spin. 1978C. Rayner Long Acre xii. 122 Charles's brow furrowed as he stood up and politely obeyed his host. 1983S. Naipaul Hot Country ii. 19 He spoke to himself rather than to her, his forehead furrowing.
▪ III. furrow
obs. form of foray.
▪ IV. furrow (cow)
see farrow a. |