| 释义 |
▪ I. fume, n.|fjuːm|
Also 5 feum, 6 fewme.
[a. OF. fum masc. = Pr. fum, Sp. humo (earlier fumo), Pg., It. fumo:—L. fūmus smoke; also OF. fume fem. in the same sense, a derivative (like fumée, which has been retained in mod.F.) of fumer, fume v. The Eng. n. may be in part a direct adaptation from the Latin.]
I.
1. a. The volatile matter produced by and usually accompanying combustion; smoke. Also with a and in pl. Obs. or arch.
a1400Pety Iob 279 in Hampole's Wks. (Horstm.) II. 384 As frome the fyre departeth fume, So body and sowle a-sundre goth. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 56 Wyth the fume he [angel] toke to heven his flyht. 1549–62Sternhold & H. Ps. xxi. 9 Like an Oven burn them, Lord, in fiery flames and fume. 1618Bolton Florus iii. iv. 176 By this kinde of mockage defiling death as well with fire as fume. 1703Pope Thebais 600 While yet thin fumes from dying sparks arise. 1783Priestley in Phil. Trans. LXXIII. 403 A copious black fume came from it. 1854–6Patmore Angel in H. ii. Epil. (1879) 259 A fresh-lit fire Sends forth to heaven great shows of fume.
b. Odorous smoke (e.g. that of incense, tobacco). † Indian fume: tobacco smoke.
c1400Sowdone Bab. 681 Thai brente Frankensense That smoked up so stronge The Fume in her presence. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 34 b/1 It hath vertue tascende by the lightnes of the fume [of encence]. c1550Lloyd Treas. Health (1585) C ij, Fume made of Roes lether, doth myghtyly sterre hym vp. 1555Eden Decades 138 Whose fume is holsome ageynst reumes and heauynesse of the heade. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. xi. (1626) 230 Meane-while Alcyone holy fumes presents To all the Gods. 1627Drayton Moon Calf Poems (1748) 172 In some six days journey, doth consume Ten pounds in suckets, and the Indian fume. 1697Bp. Patrick Comm. Exod. xxx. 35 One of the most antient Ways of worshipping God; the first Men making a Fume, by burning parts of Trees, and Shrubs. 1784Cowper Task iv. 473 Curling clouds Of Indian fume. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. ii, And the fumes of choice tobacco scent the air.
†c. Something used or prepared for producing aromatic vapour. Obs.
1540–1Elyot Image Gov. 41 Duryng the time of his execucion the Emperour commaunded the beedile to crie, With fume shall he die, who fumes hath sold. 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 219 Rulandus makes a fume of one dram of white Amber to take at the Mouth. 1665Pepys Diary 4 Nov., They suspect by their sending for plaister and fume, that it may be the plague. 1679Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 451 A julep, 3s. 6d.; a fume 2s. 1722De Foe Plague (1884) 207 They had burnt a great variety of Fumes and Perfumes in..the Rooms.
2. Odour or odorous exhalation (either fragrant or offensive) emitted from a substance, flower, etc.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 251 Breke hem [braunchis of fenel] a litil with þi teeþ, and þan þou schalt blowe in his iȝe..þat þe fume of þe fenel mowe entre into his iȝe. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 10 b/1 The fume & stenche of donge. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. iv. iv, Aromatyke lycoure, Fragraunt of fume. 1599Life More in Wordsw. Eccl. Biog. (1853) II. 47 The fume of hilicampana is very pleasing. 1610Fletcher Faithf. Shepherdess v. ii, Send a fume, and keep the air Pure and wholesome. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xiv. 115 When these [poultesses] are taken off..there comes a great fume from the Wound. 1718Freethinker No. 92 ⁋6 She..cannot bear the Fumes of the Table. 1739R. Bull tr. Dedekindus' Grobianus 17 A horrid Fume shall straight your Crime proclaim To ev'ry Nose. 1865Swinburne Hymn to Proserpine 96 And the wind falls faint as it blows with the fume of the flowers of the night.
3.
†a. Vapour or steam given out by bodies when heated. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 278 Stoppe it [þe vessel] faste, þat þer mowe come out þerof no fume. 1544T. Phaer Regim. Lyfe (1553) C iv b, Receyuing the fume of the sayd decoccyon wythin the eyes. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 93 The liver of a Roe sod in salt water, and the eyes of a purblinde man held over the fume or reek thereof, are cured of their blindeness. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iv. (1723) 236 Flowing out of the Mouth in Form of a Fume, or crasser Vapour.
b. The vapour given off by acids and volatile substances; said esp. of exhalations or vapours which are irritant, stifling, or the like. Rare in sing.
1665Hooke Microgr. 229 Looking at bodies through the fumes of Aqua fortis. 1680Boyle Scept. Chem. i. 87 The Predominant Fire will Carry up all the Volatile Elements Confusedly in one Fume. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 319 The fumes of hot iron, copper, or any other heated metal. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 467 The nitrat of pneum..discharges the acid in red fumes. 1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 65 The inhalation of acrid fumes..sometimes gives rise to pulmonary catarrh. 1879G. Gladstone in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 17/1 The fume when given off from the furnace appears as a dense white smoke.
c. An exhalation or watery vapour rising from the earth, the sea, etc.
1549Compl. Scot. vi. 38 Al corrupit humiditeis, ande caliginus fumis..that hed bene generit in the sycond regione of the ayr. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. i. Wks. 1856 I. 11, I descry a fume Creeping from out the bosome of the deepe. 1635N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. i. 12 The vpper face of the Earth..sendeth forth many times certaine hot fumes and vapours. 1755B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sc. xv. 103 A prodigious Quantity of Fume and Vapours flying off from the Body of the Comet. 1828J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 127 The sun's rays upon the earth cause vapours or fumes to be continually rising from it. 1875M. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 62 The fissure is filled with fume and spray.
4. A vapour or exhalation produced as an ‘excrement’ of the body; esp. a noxious vapour supposed formerly to rise to the brain from the stomach (now chiefly as the result of drinking ‘strong’ or alcoholic liquors).
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 163 Þe lungis drawiþ eir into þe herte, for to do awei þe fume and þe untemprid heete of þe herte. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 3880 Whan the paunch is fulle, A fume clymbethe up into the hede. 1548–77Vicary Anat. ii. (1888) 24 The Nayles..are a superfluitie of members, engendred of great earthly smoke or fume. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 1050 Grosser sleep, Bred of unkindly fumes. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece ii. xiii. (1715) 309 Dreams were believ'd to proceed from the Fumes of the last Night's Supper. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. viii, The wine..raise[d] disagreable fumes from the stomach into the head. 1806Gazetteer Scotl. (ed. 2) 203 The fumes of the whisky had taken possession of his brain. 1844Thirlwall Greece VIII. lxiii. 240 The fumes of the wine at length thawed their reserve.
II. Figurative senses.
5. Something comparable to smoke or vapour as being unsubstantial, transient, imaginary, etc.
When used with reference to flattery, the word has often a mixture of the notions of ‘incense’ (1 b), and of sense 6.
1531Elyot Gov. ii. i, Fainte praise that is goten with feare or by flaterars gyuen..is but fume whiche is supported by silence prouoked by menacis. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. i. 196 Loue, is a smoake made with the fume of sighes. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. i. §6. 10 Such Naturall Philosophie..shall not vanish in the fume of subtile, sublime, or delectable speculation. 1613–18Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1626) 4 Claudius..hauing much of the fume of glory, and little fire to raise it otherwhere. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. Democr. to Rdr. (1651) 34 To smother him with fumes and eulogies. 1648Milton Observ. Art. Peace Wks. (1851) 566 As if the known and try'd Constancy of that valiant Gentleman were to be bought with Court fumes. 1784Cowper Task iii. 172 Great pity too..That..They should go out in fume and be forgot. 1843Lefevre Life Trav. Phys. I. i. ix. 198 The fumes of philosophical reasoning were dissipated by more material..ingredients. 1871R. Ellis Catullus liv. 3 Libo's airs to a fume of art refine them.
6. Something which ‘goes to the head’ and clouds the faculties or the reason.
1574Mirr. Mag., Sabrine viii, For gelouzie..With frensies fume, enragde hir restles braine. 1610Shakes. Temp. v. i. 67 Their rising sences Begin to chace the ignorant fumes that mantle Their cleerer reason. 1691Hartcliffe Virtues 391 Vertue doth refine and purifie our Minds, by stifling the fumes and steams of every Vice and Passion. 1712Addison Spect. No. 281 ⁋14 It dissipated the Fumes of Sleep and left me in an Instant broad awake. 1761–2Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. lx. 517 The fumes of enthusiasm presently dissipate. 1865M. Arnold Ess. Crit. ii. 75 Sometimes his head gets a little hot with the fumes of patriotism.
7. a. A fit of anger, an irritable or angry mood. Chiefly in phrase in a fume.
1522Skelton Why not to Court 421 In a fume or an hete Wardeyn of the Flete Set hym faste by the fete. 1535Joye Apol. Tindale (Arb.) 27 Softe & pacient, good wordis Tindale: and no furiouse fumes. 1539Taverner Gard. Wysed. i. 27 b, He was in suche a fume, that he ranne vpon the yonge man, to haue beaten him. 1602Marston Antonio's Rev. i. v. Wks. 1856 I. 88 Tis not true valors pride..To stab in fume of blood. 1654Trapp Comm. Neh. iii. 20 He burst out in a heat, being angry both at himself and others..and in an holy fume, finished quickly. 1775Johnson Lett. to Mrs. Thrale 13 June, Every now and then a lady in a fume withdraws her name. a1839Praed Poems (1864) II. 96 There's Serjeant Cross, in fume and fret. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xxi. vi. X. 103 Kaiser Joseph, in a fume at this, shot-off an express to Bohemia.
b. One who is apt to ‘get into a fume’. rare—1.
1768Sterne Sent. Journ. (1775) II. 123 The notary's wife was a little fume of a woman.
III. 8. attrib. and Comb., as fume-black, fume-blind; fume-chamber, -cupboard, -hood, -pipe, ventilation contrivances for getting rid of noxious gases generated in laboratory work; † fume-gallant (humorously), a smoker; fume-worts, a book-name for plants of the family Fumariaceæ (Lindley Veg. K. 1846, p. 435).
1573Art of Limming 6 To make a fume blacke called Sable. a1618Sylvester Du Bartas, Panaretus 791 A rash Excesse of Courage boiling fell; whose fume-blind force..Resembles right a sightlesse Polyphem.
1905Strand Mag. Apr. 422/1 It is..fitted up with..‘muffles’..fume chambers, [etc.]. 1913Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 4 June 943/2 [Apparatus of the pharmacological laboratory] Fume chamber. 1921A. E. Munby Laboratories 35 Fume cupboards or draught closets..consist of a wood-framed glazed case in which the experiment is performed, with some special means of ventilation. 1938Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLII. 744 The bath is placed in a fume cupboard with forced ventilation. 1621Venner Tobacco C 4 b, Let these fume-gallants enioy their vanity.
1921A. E. Munby Laboratories 34 Fume hoods on the benches are sometimes provided in the form of a metal or wood tube or boxing with a small hood 9 or 10 ins. square attached to a ventilating trunk in the bench. 1965Economist 25 Dec. 1437/3 (caption) Fume hood.
1921A. E. Munby Laboratories 44 Fume pipe for benches or lecture table.
Hence ˈfumeless a., free from fumes.
1864in Webster; and in later Dicts.
▪ II. fume, v.|fjuːm|
Also 7 feum.
[a. F. fumer = Pr., Sp., Pg. fumar, It. fumare:—L. fūmāre, f. fūm-us: see prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To apply smoke or fumes to; to fumigate.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 179 Herwiþ anoynte hise heeris, and firste þou schalt fumie hem wiþ sulphur. 1544T. Phaer Pestilence (1553) L vj a, The Egipcyans were wont to fume their houses..with turpentine or rosin. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 74 Succinum..is good..to fume a ship or house in time of infectious aires. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 217 Fuming the holes with Brimstone, Garlick, and other unsavoury things, will drive them out. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece i. v. 267 First fume the Vessel with Brimstone.
b. To perfume with incense; to burn incense before or offer incense to.
1641Milton Reform. 1 They hallowed it, they fumed it, they sprinkled it. 1700Dryden Fables, Ceyx & Alcyone 241 She fum'd the temples with an od'rous flame. 1849–53Rock Ch. of Fathers IV. xii. 186 The celebrant..went up to the altar, and..fum'd it all about with incense.
fig.1784Cowper Task v. 266 They demi-deify and fume him so.
†c. To perfume. Obs.
a1483Liber Niger in Househ. Ord. (1790) 40 That the kings robes, doublettes, shetes & sheortes be fumyd, by all the yere, of the yeoman pothecary. 1592Greene Poems 113 Crisps and scarfs, worn a la morisco, Fumed with sweets. 1607Marston What You Will iii. i, Now are the Lawne sheetes fum'd with Vyolets. 1680Shadwell Woman-Captain ii. Wks. 1720 III. 361 Let me have costlier scents, and fume the room. 1740Dyer Ruins of Rome 501 Chian Wines with Incence fum'd.
†d. To preserve by smoking; to smoke-dry (provisions). Obs.
1602Carew Cornwall i. (1723) 33 Those [fish] that serue for the hotter Countries of Spaine and Italie, they vsed at first to fume, by..drying them with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire. 1661Evelyn Fumifugium Misc. Writ. (1805) i. 228 If one hang up gammons of bacon, beefe, or other flesh to fume, and prepare it in the chimnies.
e. Photogr. To expose to the fumes of ammonia.
1890Abney Treat. Photogr. (ed. 6) 164 By fuming the film with the vapour of ammonia..increased vigour is imparted to the print. 1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 68 Some say fume ten minutes, and some say an hour.
2. a. intr. To emit fumes, smoke, or vapour.
c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 946 To fume, fumer. 1600Fairfax Tasso viii. 74 Like boyling liquor..That fumeth, swelleth high and bubbleth fast. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 539 A Censer is there left fuming all the day and night. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. ii. (1626) 29 The Poles aboue At either end do fume. 1743Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (ed. 2) 306 It will make the Drink fret and fume at the Bung. 1784Cowper Task v. 56 A short tube That fumes beneath his nose. 1791–1823D'Israeli Cur. Lit. (1859) II. 259 On other occasions, they put burnt old shoes to fume in the censers. 1853W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 119 The acid appears as a very volatile liquid..fuming in the air. 1878C. D. Warner In the Wilderness vi. 143 The fire sputters and fumes.
fig.1620in Farr S.P. Jas. I (1848) 74 Lust's a fire..Lighting never, ever fuming. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Nature ii, If thou shalt let this venome lurk, And in suggestions fume and work. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge iv, The spiritual essence or soul of Sim would sometimes fume within that precious cask, his body.
†b. trans. To cause to emit fumes. Obs. rare.
1652Gaule Magastrom. 248 Frankincense being fumed, and candles being lighted. 1666W. Boghurst Loimographia (1894) 62 Burning or fuming vinegar and rose water. 1681[see fuming vbl. n.].
3. a. intr. Of smoke, a vapour, etc.: To issue, rise, pass off; to rise and pass away.
1593Shakes. Lucr. 1043 As smoke..which from discharged cannon fumes. 1595Spenser Col. Clout 720 Even such is all their vaunted vanitie, Nought else but smoke, that fumeth soone away. 1620Venner Via Recta (1650) 309 The vapours..do slowly fume and ascend to the head. 1643Wither Campo Musæ 17 Whence, may fume Into thy nostrils, that sweet-smelling savour. 1667Milton P.L. vii. 600 Incense Clouds Fuming from Golden Censers, hid the Mount. 1870Bryant Iliad II. xiv. 67 From it fumes A stifling smell of sulphur.
†b. Of food, wine, etc.: To rise as fumes (to or into the head). Also with up. Obs.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. lxxv. 9 Stronge wyne fuminge quickly and strongly into the brayne. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 407 One of them when the wine had a little fumed up into the head, began both to speake and doe foolishly. 1610P. Barrough Meth. Physick i. ii. (1639) 3 He must abstaine from milke, and meates that fume into the head. 1626Bacon Sylva §782 They haue a manner to prepare their Greek-Wines, to keepe them from Fuming and Inebriating. 1703Art & Myst. Vintners 9 To prevent their fuming up to the head and inebriating.
c. To pass away or off in fumes or vapour. rare.
1705Cheyne Philos. Princ. Relig. i. §38. 78 Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity. 1866Mrs. Whitney L. Goldthwaite x. 253 They..did something to it—applied heat, I believe—to drive away the sulphur. That fumed off, and left the rest as promiscuous as before.
fig.1728–46Thomson Spring 244 Their light slumbers gently fum'd away, And up they rose. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 172 ⁋4 The madness of joy will fume away. 1852James Agnes Sorel (1860) II. 2 The Gamin spirit fumed off in a metaphor. a1859De Quincey Post. Wks. (1891) I. 73 Yet all this marvellous learning fumes away in boyish impertinence.
†4. trans. To send forth or emit as vapour, disperse in vapour. Also with away, forth, out. Obs.
1563T. Hill Art Garden. (1593) 38 The snake and Adders..be driuen away with euery sharpe and stincking sauour fumed abroad. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xiv. 67 Some..will..fume out a most stinking..smoke. 1647Trapp Comm. Matt. xxvii. 36 That golden censer, Christ's body; which through the holes that were made in it..fumed forth a sweet savour. 1700T. Brown tr. Fresny's Amusem. Ser. & Com. 116 Which being Foppishly fumed into their Noses, Eyes, and Ears, has the Vertue to make them Talk. 1707Mortimer Husb. Bees 213 Otherwise the heat will fume away most of the Scent.
fig.1606Warner Alb. Eng. xiv. xci. (1612) 369 An Indian weede, That feum'd away more wealth than would a many thousands feed. 1742Young Nt. Th. vii. 1370 How vicious hearts fume phrensy to the brain! 1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. xv. (1878) 320 The worship of one's own will fumes out around the being an atmosphere of evil.
†5. intr. Of the head or brain: To be ‘clouded’ with fumes (of liquor). Obs.
1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. ii. i. 24 Tye vp the Libertine in a field of Feasts, Keepe his Braine fuming.
6. fig.
a. To give way to or exhibit anger or irritation. Often in phrase fume and chafe, fret and fume. Also with up.
1522More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 85/1 As the fire of the burnyng hyl of Ethna burneth only it self, so doth the enuious parson, fret, fume, & burne in his owne hert. 1535,1581[see chafe v. 10]. 1551,1875[see fret v.1 9]. 1676Hobbes Iliad 187 He..fum'd Both for the loss of the good spear he brake, And of the victory he had presum'd. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 313 How much he will fret and fume when he comes to discover the roguery. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xxxii, Nicholas, who had been fuming and chafing until he was nearly wild. 1839–40W. Irving Wolfert's R. (1855) 211, I walked up and down the bar-room, fuming with conscious independence and insulted dignity. 1859Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. II. lxxxii. 44 People who would fume up at any intimation that they were indifferent. 1872Black Adv. Phaeton v, The Lieutenant..was fuming about the yard to rout out the ostler's assistants. 1878M. E. Braddon Open Verd. I. i. 9 Your wisely selfish man knows his own interest too well to fret and fume about trifles.
b. quasi-trans. with a sentence or words as obj.: to utter irritatedly. Also with away: to pass or spend (time) fuming.
1897W. W. Jacobs Skipper's Wooing xii, Glover fumed the afternoon away. 1907Munsey's Mag. Dec. 392/1 ‘What are you doing—guying us?’ fumed Bailey. 1908Smart Set Sept. 76/2 ‘Good Gad, Titcomb,’ fumed Parmalee,..‘it's a chamber of horrors.’
Hence fumed ppl. a.; fumed oak, oak which has been darkened by exposure to ammonia vapour (cf. fumé a. b and fumigated ppl. a.).
1612Webster White Devil v. iv, Isabella..was impoisoned By a fumed picture. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. ii. iv. 96 They exported..pickeld and fumed Herrings. 1890Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 308 Fumed paper should be used within a day or two after fuming. 1902Idler Nov. 255 Bookcase in Fumed Oak. 1910Encycl. Brit. XI. 301/1 ‘Fumigated’ or ‘fumed’ oak. 1915T. Burke Nights in Town 110 There is one of those ubiquitous fumed-oak bookcases. 1936Punch 23 Dec. 726/2 But Mrs. Twankey and her son Jack now live..in a semi-detached villa, where their fumed-oak sideboard and brown plush drawing-room suite are the envy of all their neighbours. 1936N. Coward To-night at 8.30 ii. 33 (title) Fumed oak. A comedy in two scenes. Ibid. 35 There is a fumed oak dining-room suite consisting of a table, and six chairs. Ibid. 61 They knew there was a bit more to it [sc. life] than refinement and fumed oak and lace curtains. 1958B. White Remodelling Old Furniture vi. 140 Fumed oak should be coated with clear polish. |