| 释义 |
▪ I. fuel, n.|ˈfjuːəl|
Forms: 4–5 fewaile, 5–6 -all, 5–8 -el(l, 4–5 fowayle, 5 -aly, -el(l, 4 Sc. fwaill, 4–7 fuell(e, 8 feuel, 7– fuel.
[a. OF. fowaille, feuaile:—popular L. focālia, neut. pl. of focālis adj., f. focus fire: see focus. In the mediæval Lat. of France and England focalia pl., focale or focalium sing., frequently occur in charters with reference to the obligation to furnish or the right to demand supplies of fuel.]
1. a. Material for burning, combustible matter as used in fires, etc.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xv. cix. (1495) 528 In many places the grounde is glewy: and of it they make good fuell. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxvii. 126 Men..driez bestez dung and brynnez for defaute of fewaile. c1450Bk. Curtasye 385 in Babees Bk. 311 Fuelle þat schalle brenne In halle. 1548Forrest Pleas. Poesye 347 Meate, clothe, and fewell withe the same to bye. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 497 Divers kinds of Coale, and earth fewell. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. i. 180 Dry grass and sea-weed which I intended for feuel. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 381 Shrubs, which..serve for fuel. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. iv. 98 The fuel to be used in furnaces..coal, coke, and charcoal.
⁋In the poem of Coer de Lion, which contains the earliest known examples of the word in Eng., it seems to be used for ‘victuals, provisions’, perh. by a misinterpretation of the OF. phrase bouche et fouaille ‘meat and fuel’, which seems to have been current as a general expression for the necessaries of life; cf. the quots. from Barbour below.
13..Coer de L. 1471 No man selle hem no fowayle. Ibid. 1545 ‘Swylk fowayle as we bought yistyrday, For no catel get I may.’ Rychard aunsweryd..‘Off froyt here is gret plente!’. 1375Barbour Bruce iv. 64 The castell weill vittalit thai, With met and fwaill can purvay. Ibid. 170 [Thai] na wittaill na fwaill had.
b. fig.; esp. something that serves to feed or inflame passion, excitement, or the like.
c1580C'tess Pembroke Ps. cxlvii. 3 [He] Fuell of life to mountaine cattaile yieldes. 1596Drayton Legends iii. 147 My blandishments were Fuell to that fire. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 206 They foment, and adde fuell to their inimicitious qualities. 1681Temple Mem. iii. Wks. 1731 I. 339 Lord Shaftsbury had been busie in preparing Fewel for next Session. 1709Steele Tatler No. 150 ⁋6 Where each Party is always laying up Fuel for Dissention. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. viii. 273 This elevation added fuel to the ambition of Hyder. 1835Thirlwall Greece I. viii. 299 Enjoyments which could supply fuel to private cupidity. 1855Bain Senses & Int. iii. iii. §13 Difficulty adds fuel to the flame.
2. (With a and pl.) A kind of fuel. † Also pl. in collective sense, articles serving as fuel.
1626Bacon Sylva §775 Turf, and Peat, and Cow-sheards are cheap Fewels, and last long. a1694M. Robinson Autobiog. (1856) 60 That none should be troublesome to their neighbours by cutting their wood or breaking their fuels. 1776Adam Smth W.N. i. xi. ii. (1869) I. 176 Coals are a less agreeable fuel than wood. 1858Lardner Hand-bk. Nat. Phil. 386 This fuel, like coal, consists principally of carbon and hydrogen in various proportions. 1894Daily News 25 May 2/6 Mr. G. Stockfleth read a paper on ‘Liquid Fuels’.
3. Specific senses, related more or less closely to senses 1 and 2.
Senses b and c below are properly regarded as uses of senses 1 and 2 in specific contexts. Senses a and d represent two extensions in sense, more or less corresponding to similar extensions in the meaning of burn vb. and combustion.
a. Food, regarded as that which supplies the body with energy; those constituents of food which are utilized by the body to produce energy. (Usu. as a conscious metaphor.)
1876A. H. Church Food i. i. 1 In the case of the human body we likewise have, first, a material structure; secondly, fuel, in the form of our daily rations of food. 1902W. G. Thompson Pract. Dietetics (ed. 2) i. 9 If water is withheld, preventing the transportation of the fuel and oxygen to various parts of the body, death follows in about two to seven days or more. 1949L. J. Bogert Nutrition & Physical Fitness viii. 121 Calorie values are especially useful in thinking or talking of food as body fuel. 1952McLester & Darby Nutrition & Diet (ed. 6) iii. 39 In the calculation of fuel requirements, the physician will not go far astray if he adds to the physiologic basal metabolism some 10 per cent to cover the cost of the specific dynamic action of the ingested food. 1964A. Z. Baker Dietetics & Nutrition ii. 21 When other energy-releasing foods are lacking, as in starvation, body proteins are used as fuel. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Studies I. iv. 2 The fuels of the body are carbohydrate, fat, protein and ethyl alcohol, taken in the diet. 1970Fisher & Bender Value of Food i. 19 When fuel, for example glucose, is burned oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is formed.
b. (A kind of) liquid or other material which by its combustion with air in an internal combustion engine provides power.
1886D. Clerk Gas Engine i. 23 The fuel..is, in the gas engine, introduced directly to the motive cylinder and burned there. It is indeed part of the working fluid. 1902A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors xii. 243 Instead of the combustible or fuel being burned..in the cylinder of the engine, as in the internal combustion engine of the petrol car, it is burned under a boiler. c1915Autocar Handbk. (ed. 6) iii. 61 The function of the carburetter is to convert the liquid fuel (petrol in most cases) into a gas. 1918V. W. Pagé Aviation Engines v. 110 The power obtained from the gas-engine depends upon the combustion of fuel in the cylinders. 1955Times 26 Aug. 4/5 In a conventional jet engine all the air is compressed and then heated by the injection of burning fuel. 1963C. Campbell Sports Car Engine iv. 61 The commercial motor fuels sold to-day are all blended to conform to a very narrow specification.
c. (A kind of) material which reacts with an oxidizer to produce thrust (in a rocket engine) or electricity (in a fuel cell). Also loosely, a propellant.
1922Trans. Faraday Soc. XVII. 467 If..natural fuel consisted of metallic zinc—not coal—it could be burnt in primary cells to give electrical power directly. 1929R. H. Goddard Papers (1970) II. 662 Construction and tests of rocket having same fuel capacity as large rocket previously used in tests of lifting power. Ibid. 675 The ascent [of the rocket] was about 100 feet, the horizontal distance being much greater, but there was fuel enough to last about half a minute. 1947W. Ley Rockets & Space Travel (1948) x. 238 For the more distant future one may speculate on monatomic hydrogen as a rocket fuel. 1952E. Burgess Rocket Propulsion i. 14 Essentially then, the rocket consists of two tanks containing a fuel and an oxidiser and these two propellants are forced into a combustion chamber. 1962A. Shepard in Into Orbit 97 At 3:30 a.m., with the liquid oxygen fuel already loaded aboard the booster, the technicians..declared a hold. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. V. 551/2 Modern fuel cells use gaseous fuels, either H2 or CO or mixtures of these gases. The oxidizer is normally oxygen or air. 1970C. M. Beighley et al. in G. A. Partel Space Engin. 167 Current operational propellants are based on hydrogen and hydrogen-rich compounds of carbon and nitrogen as fuels and oxygen or oxygen-based oxidizers.
d. Nuclear Sci. (A kind of) material used as a source of energy in a nuclear reactor; material that can support a self-sustaining chain reaction.
1946Edison Electric Inst. Bull. Jan. 23/3 Large power and heating plants using atomic fuel. 1948Nature 28 Aug. 318/1 Uranium 235, the only naturally occurring, or ‘primary’, nuclear fuel must be made to breed ‘secondary’ fuel from more abundant materials: either plutonium from uranium 238 or U233 from thorium. 1950Glasstone Sourcebk. Atomic Energy xiv. 402/2 In the construction of a breeder reactor, the fertile material..may form a blanket or reflecting shield surrounding the core of fuel. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics x. 421 Less than 1 percent of the uranium fuel will be fissioned in present rocket engine reactors. 1963B. Fozard Instrumentation Nucl. Reactors xiii. 158 For a given core arrangement the reactivity depends upon the balance between the amount of neutron-producing material (fuel) and the amount of neutron-absorbing material (absorber).
4. a. attrib. and Comb., as fuel consumption, fuel economy, fuel-forest, fuel-house, fuel-log, fuel tank, fuel-wood; fuel economic adj.
1890W. Robinson Gas & Petroleum Engines i. 6 The total *fuel consumption..was only 1·2 lb. per indicated horse-power per hour. 1907Woodward & Preston tr. Sorel's Carbureting & Combustion in Alcohol Engines i. 18 It is probable that for any given engine the fuel consumption is also affected by the quantity and temperature of cooling water used. 1971Selling Today Sept. 4/2 Devices for cutting fuel consumption are frequently advertised as bringing about substantial savings in motoring costs.
1975Aviation Week & Space Technol. 10 Nov. 87/1 Laminar flow control..is one technology—which NASA separates from the *fuel economic aircraft studies. 1983Punch 27 Apr. 69/2 These are incorporated in the full range of Pirelli tyres, from the highly successful P4 and P6 to the fuel-economic P8.
1904Booth & Kershaw (title) Smoke prevention and *fuel economy. 1932Economist 2 Jan. 9/2 Continental makers had no advantage over Great Britain in coal. But that undoubtedly stimulated European pursuit of important methods of fuel economy. 1979Washington Post 12 Aug. a2/1 More efficient and durable products and buildings, automobiles with higher fuel economy, [etc.].
1895Daily News 16 May 6/5 A French *fuel forest.
1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 473 *Fuel-house.
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 126 One half of her deck is dedicated to *fuel logs.
1900A. H. Goldingham Oil Engines i. 13 The oil is stored under pressure in the *fuel-tank. 1935Economist 7 Dec. 1144/2 The adoption of fuel pressure systems..has enabled the fuel tank to be located in a non-vulnerable position. 1959Observer 1 Mar. 21/5 Twin fuel tanks in the rear wings leave space for a big, deep trunk.
1668Wilkins Real Char. 330 Hay, Straw, *Fewel wood. 1823in Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 361 There is a good deal of fuel-wood.
b. Special comb.: † fuel-bear (see quot. and bier); fuel cell, a primary cell which consumes fuel continuously and converts its chemical energy directly into electrical energy; fuel-economizer, a contrivance for saving fuel in an engine or furnace; fuel efficiency, the efficient use of fuel in an engine or other system; the capacity of an engine to obtain energy from fuel; also fuel-efficient a.; fuel element, an assemblage of nuclear fuel with other materials to form a unit for use in a reactor; also fuel rod; fuel-feeder (see quot.); fuel food, food that is rich in fats or carbohydrates and therefore provides the body with energy, in contrast to food that is of value chiefly because of the vitamins or trace elements it contains; fuel-gas, gas intended for use as fuel; fuel injection, the direct introduction of fuel under pressure into the combustion chamber or its intakes in an internal combustion engine; so fuel injector, the nozzle through which the fuel is forced, with its associated valve mechanism; fuel oil, oil used as fuel in an engine or furnace; fuel-value, (a) the value of a combustible article as fuel; (b) the value of food as a source of energy; the amount of energy obtained by the body from a given quantity of food.
1612Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 117 The *Fewell-beare is a generall part of a Furnace which beareth and holdeth the fewell and fire.
1922Trans. Faraday Soc. XVII. 482 *Fuel cells may be classified as—(1) Direct fuel-cells burning solid fuel... (2) Semi-direct fuel-cells burning gaseous fuel... (3) Indirect cells of (a) Oxidation-reduction Type... (b) Metal Anode Type. 1956Engineer 20 July 93 (heading) High-pressure hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. 1969New Scientist 13 Nov. (Energy Suppl.) 16/2 Both the Gemini and Apollo programmes relied on fuel cells of different kinds for their power.
1880Engineering 2 Apr. 262 An arrangement of *fuel economiser.
1974Science 19 Apr. 265/1 The present concern with *fuel efficiency in industry follows a wave of unprecedented oil price increases. 1978Newsweek (Atlantic ed.) 25 Sept. 39/2 The EPA fuel-efficiency standards have left their mark on every automaker. 1982Gloss. Terms Solid Mineral Fuels (Standards Assoc. Austral.) vi. 5 Fuel efficiency, the proportion of the potential heat of a fuel converted into a required form of energy. 1986Financial Times 6 Aug. 8/2 This in turn leads to lower weight, improved fuel efficiency and quieter operation.
1975Business Week 20 Jan. 82/1 Detroit must learn to build cars that are both *fuel-efficient and reasonably priced. 1979Time 2 Apr. 21/2 With only two engines and a ‘supercritical’ wing that cuts aerodynamic drag, it is the most fuel-efficient commercial jet flying today.
1951Nucleonics Nov. 20/1 The fission products gradually build up inside these sealed *fuel elements. 1970Nature 26 Dec. 1245/2 Among the recent innovations is the introduction of fuel elements in the form of large blocks of graphite with machined holes to carry tubular pins.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 921 *Fuel-feeder, a device for feeding fuel in graduated quantities to a furnace.
1905Daily Chron. 14 July 4/4 At the present period of year there is comparatively little demand for *fuel-food. 1944J. S. Huxley On Living in Rev. xiii. 134 The civilian population..will have been going short of vitamins and fuel-foods.
1886Jrnl. Franklin Inst. CXXI. 311 Some form of *fuel-gas will be manufactured to take its place.
1900A. H. Goldingham Oil Engines 53 This method of *fuel injection forms the subject-matter of U.S. patent 650,583, granted to the writer May 29, 1900. 1941Nature 26 July 105/1 The Minister of Aircraft Production..mentioned that where the British aero engine industry uses the carburettor, the Germans have adopted the fuel injection system. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. V. 555/2 In engines with continuous combustion, such as gas turbines and liquid-fueled rockets, fuel injection is necessary because the pumping action of piston-type engines is unavailable to draw fuel into the combustion chamber.
1914Hiscox & Pagé Gas, Gasoline & Oil-Engines (ed. 21) xvii. 458 The *fuel injectors are of the orthodox pattern with oil-spreading plates. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics x. 401 The combustion chamber contains the fuel injectors, spark plugs, flame holder, and the exhaust nozzle.
1893Power Mar. 6 A contract..for the supply of all *fuel oil required during 1893. 1957‘N. Shute’ On Beach i. 4 He had returned to Williamstown in Anzac on the last of her fuel oil.
1947C. Goodman Sci. & Engin. Nuclear Power I. 319 Solid *fuel rods, clad with a non-corrosive metallic coating.
1886Lett. fr. Donegal 36 Bog once ‘cut out’ does not grow again, and the *fuel-value is permanently lost to the land. 1902W. G. Thompson Pract. Dietetics (ed. 2) i. 13 A day labourer requires 0·28 pound of protein per diem plus enough fat and carbohydrate to yield a total fuel value of 3,500 calories. 1928A. B. Callow Food & Health 18 Water cannot be burnt in the body, and therefore has no fuel-value. 1949L. J. Bogert Nutrition & Physical Fitness viii. 122 In general, the foods with high fuel value will be seen to be those which are either rich in fat or low in water content. 1964H. H. Mitchell Comp. Nutrition Man & Dom. Anim. II. xviii. 480 In terms commonly used in human nutrition, the fuel value or available energy in the diet would be 2745 cal.
Add:[4.] [b.] fuel-injected a., of a motor engine or vehicle: equipped with a fuel-injection system; also fig.
1963Times 27 Apr. 3/3 J. Clark set a new unofficial lap record in his *fuel injected Lotus 25. 1972Drive Spring 143/3 The advanced, fuel-injected, 5.3 litre engine is tuned with ultimate acceleration and speed in mind. 1989N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 29 Oct. 38/4 The narrative moves along at a fuel-injected clip.
▸ fuel poverty n. chiefly Brit. the condition of being unable to afford sufficient fuel for one's domestic needs, esp. for heating.
1976J. Lewis & M. Winwood in Social Work Today 15 Apr. 44/2 *Fuel poverty for an individual or a family refers to insufficient resources to meet ‘fuel needs’. 1992New Scientist 4 Jan. 40/1 There are now an estimated seven million households in Britain suffering from fuel poverty. 2000Environmental Health News 18 Feb. 5/3 [They] manage the New Home Energy Efficiency Scheme, a programme to tackle fuel poverty through better heating and insulation.
▪ II. fuel, v.|ˈfjuːəl|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To feed or furnish with fuel. lit. and fig.
c1592Marlowe Massacre Paris i. i, The native sparks of princely love..May still be fuell'd in our progeny. 1609W. M. Man in Moone (1849) 12 Five chimnies, well fewel'd, vent not more smoake then his mouth and nostrils. 1647Cowley Mistress, Despair ii, That dreadful Name, Which fewels the infernal Flame. a1711Ken Hymnarium Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 130 Wealth fuel'd Sin. 1733Cheyne Eng. Malady ii. viii. §8 (1734) 204 Neglecting the Means, or fuelling the Disease by a Mal-regimen. 1811W. R. Spencer Poems 120 Whose fires are not lighted and fuel'd by Love. 1817Coleridge Sibyl. Leaves (1862) 129 The magic cauldron of a fervid and ebullient fancy, constantly fuelled by an unexampled opulence of language. 1859Ld. Lytton Wanderer 169 We fuel ourselves, I conceive, The fire the Fiend lights. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. xvi, I would not put a trunk of wood on the fire in the kitchen, but let Annie..fuel it. 1950F. Gaynor Encycl. Atomic Energy 62 The Los Alamos fast-neutron reactor..is ‘fuelled’ by plutonium. 1950Sci. Amer. Mar. 11/2 In the President's first announcement of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, it was stated that the bomb drew its energy from the same source that fuels the sun and the stars. 1962A. Shepard in Into Orbit 99 The crews started fuelling the Redstone with liquid oxygen shortly after midnight. 1970Guardian 15 Apr. 5/6 Students who raided administrative files discovered that outside complaints had been recorded... This fuelled suspicion at other universities.
2. intr. To get fuel.
1880Dixon Windsor IV. ii. 14 Poor people had enjoyed the right of fuelling in the park. |