| 释义 |
▪ I. aggregate, ppl. a. and n.|ˈægrɪgət, -eɪt|
Also 4–5 aggregat.
[ad. L. aggregāt-us united in a flock, associated, pa. pple. of aggregā-re, f. ag- = ad- to + gregā-re to collect; f. grex, greg-em a flock.]
A. ppl. adj.
1. pple. Collected into one body.
c1400Apol. for Loll. 16 Aggregat, or gedred to gidre in on. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. in Ashmole (1652) iv. viii. 146 In our Conjunccion four Elements must be aggregat. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. (1845) 181 Whan in my minde I had well agregate Every thinge that I in hym had sene. 1672Baxter Bagshaw's Scandals iv. 23 Scarce now to be numbred, any more than drops that are aggregate in a Pond. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. x. 165 After the Reformation estates became more aggregate and insulated.
2. adj.
a. Constituted by the collection of many particles or units into one body, mass, or amount; collected, collective, whole, total.
1659Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 116 Were I not an aggregate person, and so obliged..to provide for my dependents. 1685Morden Geogr. Rect. 68 Polonia..is an aggregate Body consisting of many distinct Provinces. 1824Dibdin Libr. Comp. 15 Publications..of which the aggregate total is scarcely to be credited. 1859Edin. Rev. No. 223, 49 Or were they but the representatives of the aggregate Hellenic races? 1876Rogers Pol. Econ. ii. 2 The aggregate amount of labour expended..is called the cost of production.
b. aggregate demand (Econ.), the total demand for, or spending on, goods, services, etc., within a particular market; conversely, aggregate supply.
1894J. N. Keynes in R. H. I. Palgrave Dict. Pol. Econ. I. 541/1 The aggregate demand for a commodity in general use. 1899W. E. Johnson in Ibid. III. 488/2 The aggregate supply price may be in excess of the aggregate expenses of production. 1936J. M. Keynes Gen. Theory Employment ii. iii. 25 The volume of employment is given by the point of intersection between the aggregate demand function and the aggregate supply function. Ibid. iv. 40 A raising of the aggregate demand function, will lead to an increase in aggregate output. 1952R. A. Gordon Business Fluctuations ii. 10 We may..speak of ‘aggregate demand’ and ‘aggregate supply’ in describing the forces which lead to changes in the total output of goods and services. 1958J. K. Galbraith Affluent Society viii. 92 The immediate..cause of depression is a fall in the aggregate demand..for buying the output of the economy. 1970C. Furtado in I. L. Horowitz Masses in Lat. Amer. ii. 49 The action of these factors [etc.]..are bound to{ddd}make the pattern of aggregate demand and the structure of aggregate supply compatible.
3. Law. Composed of many individuals united into one association.
1625Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 91 Corporations..whereof some are aggregate of many persons, that is to say, of a head and body: other consist in one singular person. 1771Act 11 Geo. III, xix. in Oxf. & Camb. Enactmts. 78 Whether of University or City, aggregate or sole. 1862Ld. Brougham Brit. Constitn. xvii. 272 Each chapter is a corporation aggregate, and each person is a corporation sole.
4. Zool. Consisting of distinct animals united into a common organism.
1835Kirby Habits & Inst. Anim. I. v. 164 All the polypes are aggregate animals. 1848Dana Zoophytes iv. 82 Aggregate, when the polyps of a compound zoophyte are united to one another by their sides.
5. Bot. Consisting of florets united within a common calyx or involucre, as in scabious, honeysuckle, and valerian. Sometimes of flowers, fruits: Collected into one mass.
1693in Phil. Trans. XVII. 928 Such Trees and Shrubs, whose Flower and Fruit are Aggregate, as the Ficus. 1794Martyn tr. Rousseau's Bot. vi. 67 An aggregate or capitate flower; or a head of flowers. 1845Lindley Sch. Bot. (1858) iv. 42 Lobel's Catchfly, Flowers aggregate, tufted. 1858Gray Bot. Text-bk. 395 Aggregate Fruits, those formed of aggregate carpels of the same flower.
6. Geol. Composed of distinct minerals, combined into one rock, as granite. Cf. B. 4.
1795Mills in Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 40 A compact aggregate substance, apparently compounded of quartz, ochraceous earth, chert, etc.
†7. Gram. Collective. Obs.
1683Dryden Plutarch 34 One in the aggregate sense as we say one army, or one body of men, constituted of many individuals. 1756Burke Subl. & B. Wks. 1842 I. 69 Such as represent many simple ideas united by nature to form some one determinate composition, as man, horse, tree, castle, etc. These I call aggregate words.
8. absol. quasi-n. (sc. state, etc.) esp. in phr. in (the) aggregate.
1777Richardson Dissert. Lang. 31 Man in the aggregate, is too irregular to be reduced to invariable laws. 1852McCulloch Taxation ii. xi. 377 These payments must amount, in the aggregate, to a vast sum. 1973O. Sacks Awakenings (1976) 16 These ‘footnotes’ sometimes have the form and length of miniature essays, and in aggregate now constitute about one third of the book's length.
9. aggregate recoil: the ejection, from the surface of a radioactive sample, of atoms additional to those which recoil on disintegrating (B.S.I. Gloss. Terms Nucl. Sci. 1962).
1919R. W. Lawson in Nature 13 Feb. 464/2 To the recoil of a compact cluster of atoms of the active matter when one of the atoms contained in it disintegrates with an ejection of an α-particle..I recently gave the name of ‘aggregate recoil’. 1926― tr. Hevesy & Paneth's Man. Radioactivity vi. 61 Aggregate recoil phenomena can also be observed with preparations in which the polonium was not deposited electrolytically.
B. n.
1. Collected sum, sum total.
1656tr. Hobbes's Elem. Philos. (1839) 77 A cause is the sum or aggregate of all such accidents..as concur to the producing of the effect propounded. 1846Mill Logic ii. vii. §2 (1868) 296 Every such belief represents the aggregate of all past experience. 1877Mozley Univ. Serm. v. 120 The general only regards his men as masses, so much aggregate of force.
2. A mass formed by the union of individual particles; an assemblage, a collection.
1650Hobbes De Corp. Polit. 78 A Multitude considered as One Aggregate. 1667Boyle Orig. Formes & Qual. 30 Agitating water into froth..that aggregate of small Bubbles. 1758Johnson Idler No. 36 ⁋9 Four is a certain aggregate of units. 1855H. Spencer Psychol. (1872) I. ii. i. 159 Mind..is a circumscribed aggregate of activities. 1869Gladstone Juv. Mundi v. 134 That marvellous aggregate which we know as the Greek nation. 1878P. Bayne Pur. Rev. ii. 28 He was an aggregate of confusions and incongruities.
3. esp. Physics. A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles (in distinction from a compound).
1692Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. 231 The whole Aggregate of Matter would retain well-nigh an uniform tenuity of Texture. 1704Ray Creation i. 114 Those vast Aggregates of Air, Water, and Earth. 1814Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. 9 The chemical elements acted upon by attractive powers combine in different aggregates. 1870Tyndall Heat vi. §225 Snow..is not an irregular aggregate of ice particles.
4. Geol. A mass of minerals formed into one rock.
1795Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 338 Masses of different aggregates inhering or adhering to each other. Ibid. 370 Derivatives..differ from aggregates in this, that the associated ingredients are not visibly distinct. 1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 169 To render fit for soils, even the hardest aggregates belonging to our globe. 1869Phillips Vesuvius ii. 36 Pompeii was built on a mass of volcanic aggregates.
5. Build. Gravel, sand, slag or the like added to a binding agent to form concrete, tarmacadam, etc.
1881Mechanic §1111. 522 Any waste material of a hard nature may be used as aggregate in making concrete. 1930Engineering 19 Dec. 764/3 The importance of mineral aggregates for concrete. 1933Archit. Rev. LXXIII. 217/1 The solid concrete balustrade has had the aggregate exposed. 1949P. C. Carman Chem. Const. of Engin. Mat. xvi. 464 By mixing cement with sand or ‘fine aggregate’ and broken rock or ‘coarse aggregate’..the resulting concrete is..stronger than cement itself. 1958Daily Mail 16 July 7/2 Coated roadstone—known as ‘tarmac’—which is a mixture of tar or bitumen with aggregates of natural stone or..slags.
6. Metallurgy. (See quots.)
1935A. Sauveur Metallogr. of Iron & Steel (ed. 4) i. 8 When an alloy contains more than one of these phases, it is generally referred to as an aggregate. 1958A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 3/1 Aggregate..In reference to metals and alloys, the term is applied to mechanical mixtures of two or more phases. Quenched steel, for example, is an aggregate of three phases: solid solution of carbon in gamma-iron, alpha-iron and iron carbide.
Senses B. 5, 6 in Dict. become B. 6, 7. Add: [A.] 10. Bot. Designating, constituting, or considered as an aggregate (sense *B. 5 below).
1870H. C. Watson Compendium Cybele Brit. iii. 427 When aggregate species AB comes to be made into two by the severance of B from it, leaving A equally alone, what are we to do with all its old recorded localities? 1937A. H. Wolley-Dod Flora Sussex 58 Arnold says that aggregate [Viola] tricolor is rare in West Sussex, and all segregates of arvensis are rare in Div. VI.
[B.] 5. Bot. A group of several closely related species formerly (and still occasionally for convenience) not distinguished from each other. Opp. segregate n. 2.
1859H. C. Watson Cybele Britannica IV. 52 He must consult records in which the segregate species of the present day are treated as unit-species under names which are now the names of aggregates. 1870― Compendium Cybele Brit. iii. 427 Some pages will be devoted to expositions of the manner in which the aggregates (the recognized species of the older botanists, and still accepted in the same character by influential botanists of the present time) have passed into the modern segregates. 1912J. W. White Flora of Bristol 405 The old [Hieracium] murorum aggregate has long been split into many ‘species’. 1957Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles II. 220 When the + sign is placed in parentheses, this indicates that Trail recorded an aggregate which now includes the species, e.g. he recorded Caux flava but not C. demissa. 1978Watsonia XII. 113 The history of the taxonomic treatment of the Juncus bufonius L. aggregate is surveyed. Five species within it are recognized in Europe.
▸ Brit. Sport. on aggregate: after the calculation of the total score of each competitor or team in a fixture comprising more than one part, game, or round.
1901Times 11 Sept. 5/5 One side might lead for the first three parts of the game and yet, were the match played out, might still lose on aggregate the whole four points. 1955Times 29 July 9/4 The..yellow jersey which the rider, who is so far ahead on aggregate, is privileged to wear as the emblem of leadership. 1981Guardian Weekly (Nexis) 29 Mar. 23 Victory by 1–0 still left them 4–2 down on aggregate. 2004This is Anfield (Liverpool Football Club Official Matchday Programme) 24 Aug. 35/1 Liverpool..defeated FC Haka of Finland 9–1 on aggregate.
▪ II. aggregate, v.|ˈægrɪgeɪt|
Also 6 agregate. Pa. pple. at first aggregate, afterwards aggregated.
[f. aggregate a. Cf. mod.Fr. agréger.]
1. trans. To gather into one whole or mass; to collect together, assemble; to mass.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. viii. viii, The retentyfe memory..must ever agregate All maters thought to retayne inwardly. 1633T. Adams Comm. 2 Pet. ii. 1 (1865) 210 The light which lay diffused abroad..was afterwards aggregated into the body of the sun. 1794Sullivan View of Nat. I. 71 The flux, reflux, and currents indisputably aggregated large quantities of matter. 1864Spect. 1406 Population is aggregated in small villages. 1865Grote Plato I. i. 6 This peripheral fire was broken up and aggregated into separate masses.
2. refl. and intr. in sense 1.
1855H. Spencer Psychol. (1872) I. ii. vii. 255 The taste of honey aggregates with sweet tastes in general. 1870Proctor Other Worlds iv. 107 We see the polar snows aggregating. 1875Darwin Insectiv. Plants iii. 42, I distinctly saw minute spheres of protoplasm aggregating themselves.
3. trans. To unite (an individual) to (rarely with) an association or company; to add as a constituent member.
1651Life of Father Sarpi (1676) 15 Being a year before that, aggregated to that most famous College of Padua. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. v. 112 Hard to discern, to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. 1801T. Jefferson Writings (1830) III. 456 These people are now aggregated with us. 1860Trench Serm. Westm. iii. 22 That great thirteenth apostle, who after the Resurrection was aggregated to the other twelve.
4. ellipt. [from n.] To amount in the aggregate to; to form an aggregate of. (Colloq. Cf. to average.)
1865Morn. Star 17 Apr., The guns captured..will aggregate in all probability five or six hundred. 1879W. Webster in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 132/1 British vessels, aggregating 520,019 tons burden.
▪ III. aggregate
erroneous for older aggrege q.v. |