| 释义 |
▪ I. frog1|frɒg|
Forms: 1 frogga, 2–7 frogge, 4 frock, 5 froke, (4 froge, 5 frugge), 7 frogg, 5– frog. pl. 2 froggen, 3 wroggen.
[OE. frogga wk. masc.; a hypocoristic formation (peculiar to Eng.), from the root contained in the various Teut. synonyms, of which there are three different types: (1) OE. frox, (*frosc). forsc str. masc. (see frosh) = Du. vorsch, OHG. forsk (MHG. vorsch, mod.G. frosch), ON. frosk-r:—OTeut. *frosko-z; (2) ME. frūde, froud, frog or toad, related by ablaut to ON. frauð-r, OSw. pl. frødhir (Da. frö); cf. OF. froit, frot toad, which is perh. of Scandinavian origin; (3) ON. frauke, whence perh. the ME. froke, given among the forms of the present word.
The etymological relation between the various Teut. words involves some unsolved difficulties. Some scholars, on the ground of OE. frogga, and ON. frauke, assume a root ending in a guttural, and explain OTeut. *frosko- as = *froh-sko-. This does not account for the ME. frūde, ON. frauð -r, and hence it has been suggested that the common root of all the words is frud- (frod-), fraud-, frūd-; OTeut. frud- + suffix -ko- would by phonetic law become *frosko-; the ON. frauke appears to be for *frauðke. With regard to OE. frogga it may be remarked that the ending -gga occurs in several other names of animals: cf. stagga, docga, wicga. It is possible that frogga may owe its form to the analogy of other animal names with this termination.]
1. a. A tailless amphibious animal of the genus Rana, or, in wider sense, of the family Ranidæ.
The Promp. Parv. (Norfolk, c 1440) explains frogge, frugge as meaning ‘toad’ (bufo), while the forms froke and frosche are said to mean ‘frog’ (rana). It is not known whether this distinction was recognized in the Norfolk dialect of the time; modern East Anglian glossaries do not mention it.
c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 122/10 Rana, frogga. c1000― Hom. II. 192 He afylde eal heora land mid froggum. c1175Lamb. Hom. 51 Þer wunieð in-ne..ȝeluwe froggen and crabben. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 69 For it alles com forþ, yt was a foul frogge. a1300Vox & Wolf 256 Wroggen haueth his dou iknede. 13..M.E. Glosses in Rel. Ant. I. 80 Frock, reyne. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 397 Þey..made hym unwitynge drinke a frogge. c1440Promp. Parv. 180/1 Froke or frosche..rana. 1486Bk. St. Albans C iv b, Yeue hir a frogge for to eete. 1555Eden Decades Pref. (Arb.) 53 Leaste..thou bee lyke vnto Isopes frogges. 1605Shakes. Macb. iv. i. 14 Eye of Newt, and Toe of Frogge. 1653Walton Angler vii. 145 The Pike will eat venemous things (as some kind of Frogs are). 1698G. Thomas Pennsylv. (1848) 16 There is another sort of Frog that crawls up the Tops of Trees. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 73 The frog..can live several days under water, without any danger of suffocation. 1802Bingley Anim. Biog. (1813) II. 389 The Edible Frog. 1840Hood Up the Rhine 129 Amongst the fossils is a complete series of frogs.
b. In various proverbial expressions.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. John Pref. 4 The whiche peraduenture will..saye yt I geue frogges wine, as the Greke prouerbe speaketh. a1555Latimer in Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 413 Well, I have fished and caught a Frog; brought little to pass with much ado. 1603Dekker Grissil v. i, Old M[aster] you haue fisht faire and caught a frog. 1823Lockhart Reg. Dalton vi. i. (1842) 345 Whose coat was as bare of nap as a frog's is of feathers.
2. Applied to certain animals more or less resembling frogs, e.g. the frog-fish or angler 2.
1769Pennant Zool. (1776) III. 106, I have changed the old name of Fishing Frog to the more simple one of Angler. 1855Ogilvie Suppl., Frog, Frog-fish, names sometimes applied to..(Lophius piscatorius) the angler. 1885T. Roosevelt Hunting Trips vi. 191 The horned frog is not a frog at all, but a lizard.
3. a. As a term of abuse applied to a man or woman. Also, † a Dutchman.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1782 Formest was sire Gogmagog, He was most, þat foule froge. 1535Lyndesay Satyre 2136 Ane Frog that fyles the winde. 1626L. Owen Spec. Jesuit. (1629) 54 These infernall frogs [Jesuits] are crept into the West and East Indyes. 1652Season. Exp. Netherl. 2 Neither had I ever wished the charming of those Froggs [the Dutch].
b. = froggy n. 2. Also, the French language. Also attrib. or as adj.
1778F. Burney Evelina I. xiv. 79 Hark you, Mrs. Frog..you may lie in the mud till some of your Monsieurs come to help you out of it. 1845F. A. Kemble Let. 15 Dec. in Rec. Later Life (1882) III. 110 Surely I shall always be able, go where I will, among frogs or maccaronis, to procure sucre noir, or inchiostro nero. 1914R. Brooke Let. July (1968) 601 Could we go on Friday to the Frog-Art show at Grosvenor House? From the First Frog to Cézanne. 1932J. Dos Passos Nineteen Nineteen 55 Even the dogs looked like frog dogs. 1938S. V. Benét Thirteen O'Clock 234 But there'd be the nuisance of learning frog-talk and the passage there and back. 1955W. Faulkner Fable 333 Ask him... You can speak Frog. 1962I. Murdoch Unofficial Rose viii. 84 Not that I want you to marry a frog, but she sounded quite a nice girl. 1970Private Eye 27 Mar. 16, I dunno about the no hard feeling's bit—from what I hear about them frog sheilahs!
4. a. A name given to certain diseases of the throat or mouth.
1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 174 The Frog—It is a swelling under the Tongue that is common to children. 1748tr. Renatus' Distemp. Horses 235 Little Frogs, Pushes or Swellings in the Tongues of Oxen. 1876Mid-Yorksh. Gloss., Frog-i-t'-mouth, a popular name for the complaint known as the thrush. 1885Syd. Soc. Lex., Frog, the thrush, or aphthous stomatitis, of infants.
b. Colloq. phr. frog in the throat: (temporary) hoarseness; an irritation in the throat.
1909in Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1933F. Richards Old Soldiers never Die xvii. 223 One was speaking very thickly and the other lost his temper and told him to pull the bloody frog out of his throat. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vii. 125 If the speaker has a frog in his throat..it will not do any harm to leave in the cough which clears it.
5. = frog-stool.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cviii. (Tollem. MS.), Yf it is doo amonge frogges [1535 frogge stoles: Lat. fungos] & venemouse meetes, it..quencheþ all þe venym.
6. Brickmaking. (See quot.)
1876Sir E. Beckett Bk. Build. 162 Making bricks with a hollow in one or both faces which I have heard absurdly called a frog.
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. attributive, as frog-colour, frog-concert, frog-green, frog-kind, frog-pit, frog-spear, frog-tribe; frog-like adj.;
b. objective, as frog-fishing;
c. parasynthetic, as frog-coloured, frog-hearted, frog-voiced adjs.
1836B. D. Walsh Aristoph., Knights i. iii, Died himself *Frog-colour.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 238 Many of the faces round me assumed a very doleful and *frog-coloured appearance.
1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. II. 184 We were being treated with a *frog-concert.
1889Century Dict., *Frog-fishing, the act or practice of fishing for frogs with hook, line, and rod; frogging.
1890Daily News 20 Nov. 2/1 The small bonnet..is in *frog-green velvet.
1846E. FitzGerald Lett. (1894) I. 201 A *frog-hearted wretch.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 97 The *Frog kind.
1561J. Daus tr. Bullinger on Apoc. (1573) 225 b, By their complaintes..and disputations altogether *frogge-lyke and fenlyke, they be hatefull both to God and men. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy xix. 176 As loud as his frog-like voice permitted.
1615J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. A viij b, They that take From puddles or dull *Frog-pits, never make Themselves nor others happy.
1891Fur, Fin & Feather Mar. 196 If the tourist likes frogs' legs..a *frog spear is handy but not necessary.
1849–52Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 1213/1 The larva, resembling in appearance a *frog-tadpole.
1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 396 The *Frog tribe, which forms the lowest order of Reptiles.
1799Coleridge Lett. (1895) 308 You ill-looking *frog-voiced reptile!
8. a. Special comb.: frog-back, a ‘back’ at leap-frog; frog-catcher (see quot.); frog-clock, ? = frog-hopper; frog-crab, a member of the crustaceous genus Ranina; frog-dance, ? a kind of hornpipe in which the performer crouches down in a frog-like attitude; frog-eater, one who eats frogs, a term contemptuously applied to Frenchmen; so frog-eating ppl. a.; frog eye, a fungal disease of plants indicated by spots on the leaves, esp. a tobacco disease caused by Cercospora nicotianæ or an American disease of apple and other trees caused by Physalospora obtusa; also attrib.; also frog's eye; frog-face, (a) a face like that of a frog; (b) Path., a type of facial deformity usu. caused by a tumour in the region of the nose; frog-hopper, a group of homopterous insects of the family Cercopidæ, so called from their shape and leaping powers; frog's hornpipe (see frog-dance); † frog-paddock, a large kind of frog; frog-pecker, a heron; frog-pike, frog-plate, frog-shell (see quots.); frog-spit, -spittle, (a) = cuckoo-spit2 1: (b) = frog-spawn; frog-tongue (see quot.).
a1861Mrs. Browning Lett. R. H. Horne (1877) II. 258 Everybody was bound to run at the ‘*frog-back’ given, and do his best.
1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 212 Quaw bird or *Frog Catcher, Ardea clemata.
1653W. Lauson Comm. J. D[ennys] Secr. Angling in Arb. Garner I. 196 Washing down worms, flies, *frog-clocks, etc.
1879Rossiter Dict. Sci. Terms, *Frog crab, Ranina: can climb trees, etc.
1895Westm. Gaz. 30 Oct. 1/2 A ‘*frog-dance’, cleverly executed by a budding barge-builder of seventeen.
1863G. Kearley Links in Chain viii. 179 M. de Lacépède was a *frog eater.
1889Century Dict., *Frog-eating.
1914Jrnl. Agric. Res. II. 57 Enlargements, which give to the disease the common name of ‘*frog-eye’, are usually in alternating rings or zones of brown and gray. Ibid. 66 (caption) Typical spots of the frog-eye disease. 1926F. D. Heald Man. Plant Dis. xxii. 585 The leaf attacks [of Physalospora cydoniæ] are referred to as leaf spot, leaf blight, brown spot and frog eye. 1950C. Westcott Plant Dis. Handbk. iv. 308 Frog-eye leaf spot, general on apple, [etc.]. 1971K. M. Graham Plant Dis. Fiji 210 Frog eye is common on tobacco wherever it is grown... The frog eye fungus persists in crop refuse.
1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. iv. xxxiv. 189 A little round head with bulging eyes—a sort of *frog-face. 1884M. Mackenzie Man. Dis. Throat & Nose II. 385 The most marked symptoms [of enchondromata of the nose] are obstruction of the nasal passages, and deformity in advanced cases amounting to ‘frog-face’. 1948Ann. Surg. CXXVII. 522 As the growth expands and advances, the floor of the orbit is elevated (unilateral or bilateral), producing ‘frog-face’ deformity.
1711Phil. Trans. XXVII. 351 The remaining Ranatræ, or *Froghoppers. 1857Livingstone Trav. (1861) 281 Our own ‘frog-hopper’ (Aphrophora spumaria) or ‘cuckoo-spit’.
1844Dickens Mart. Chuz. xi, A dancing step..commonly called the *Frog's Hornpipe.
1653Walton Angler vii. 151 The green Frog..is by Topsel taken to be venemous; and so is the Padock, or *Frog-Padock, which usually keeps or breeds on the land.
1825Scott Betrothed xxiii, I will shew you one of these *frog-peckers.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Frog-pike, a female pike, so called from its period of spawning being late, contemporary with the frogs.
1867J. Hogg Microsc. i. ii. 110 A *Frog-plate for viewing the circulation of the blood in the web of a frog's foot.
1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 1038/1 ‘*Frog's eye’, or ‘leaf spot’, denotes the occurrence of small white specks on the leaf. This disease is probably bacterial in origin.
1855Ogilvie Suppl., *Frog-shell, the name applied to various species of shells of the genus Ranella.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, *Frog-spit.
1855Ogilvie Suppl., Cuckoo-spittle or *frog-spittle (Aphrophora spumaria).
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 94 The Ranula or *frog-tongue, is a tumour under the tongue.
b. In various plant-names, as frog-bit, (a) Hydrocharis Morsus-ranæ, an aquatic plant; (b) Limnobium Spongia, a similar plant of America; frog-cheese, (a) (see quot. 1866); (b) Malva sylvestris (cf. cheese n.1 5); frog('s-foot, duckweed (Lemna); frog-grass, (a) = crab-grass 1; † (b) Juncus bufonius; frog's lettuce, water caltrops, Potamogeton densus; frog-lily U.S., the American yellow water-lily, Nuphar advena; also called spatterdock and cow-lily; frog-orchis (see quots.); † frog-parsley, some plant (? = fools' parsley); frog-stool = toadstool n.; frog-wort, a name given to species of Orchis.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. lxxi. 106 The thirde [kind of floating weeds]..is called..*Frogge bitte. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. iii. 374 The..Spearwort, and Frogbits. 1866Treas. Bot., Frog-bit, American, Limnobium. 1868Nat. Encycl. I. 659 One of the Frogbit tribe of plants.
1818Withering's Brit. Plants (ed. 6) IV. 453 Lycoperdon..*Frogcheese. 1866Treas. Bot., Frog-cheese, a name applied occasionally to the larger puff-balls when young.
1529Grete Herbal cclix. P i, Lentylles of the water ben called *frogges fote. 1863Prior Plant-n. 87 Frog-foot, lemna. 1597*Frog grasse [see crab-grass 1]. 1640Parkinson Theat. Bot. Index 1738 Frogge grasse or Toadegrass. Ibid. ii. lviii. 281 The people that dwell neare it by the Sea side, call it Frogge grasse or Crab grasse. 1861Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. IV. 385 Glass-wort is sometimes called..Frog-grass.
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. ccxcviii. 824 Small water Caltrops or *Frogs lettuce.
1869J. G. Fuller Flower-Gatherers 204 It flourishes best in dull, stagnant pools, and is often called the *Frog-lily. 1931W. N. Clute Common Names of Plants 111 The frog lily (Nymphaea advena) is better named, for frogs delight to rest on its round floating leaves.
1840Paxton Bot. Dict., *Frog-orchis, see Gymnadenia viridis. 1861Miss Pratt Flower. Pl. V. 214 Green Habenaria..sometimes called..Frog Orchis.
1651J. F[reake] Agrippa's Occ. Philos. xviii. 41 Sheep fly from *Frog-parsley as from some deadly thing. 1535*Frogge stoles [see 1398quot. in frog n.1 5]. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 144 The dung helps against Frogstooles with wine and vineger. 1865Science Gossip 1 Nov. 258 In Dorsetshire poisonous fungi are often called ‘Frogstools’.
a1824Holdich Ess. Weeds (1825) 65 Man-orchis, Red-lead and *Frogwort are the only English names we have heard given to these weeds in damp pastures.
c. In names of games, as frog-in-the-middle, frog over an old dog. Also leap-frog n.
1801Strutt Sports & Past. iv. iv. 293 Another [game] equally..well known with us, and called Frog in the middle. 1847–78Halliwell Frog over an old dog, leap-frog, list of games, Rawl. MS.
Sense 7 in Dict. becomes 8. Add: 7. Mus. (orig. and chiefly U.S.). [tr. G. Frosch; cf. am Frosch (played) near the nut.] The device at the lower end of a violin-bow (or the bow of any similar instrument) to which the bow hairs are fixed, now usu. movable to allow the tension of the hairs to be adjusted. Cf. nut n.1 12 c.
[1876Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms 179/1 Frosch (Ger.), the nut of a violin bow.] 1926Whiteman & McBride Jazz ix. 203 Jazz makes frequent use of the staccato on the violin by playing near the frog of the bow. 1944W. Apel Harvard Dict. Mus. 93/1 The nut (frog) originally was a small piece of wood fastened to the stick. 1971Islander (Victoria, B.C.) 23 May 3/2 The frog, which is generally of ebony, has a silver or brass mounting; sometimes it is made of ivory, or tortoise shell. 1984New Grove Dict. Mus. Instruments I. 799/2 At an early stage of its evolution, the frog was horn shaped and fixed... Later on..the frog was made movable... The term ‘heel’ or ‘nut’ has been used in England to mean what has been described above.
▪ II. frog2|frɒg|
[Of doubtful origin.
Perh. a use of prec., suggested by some resemblance in sound between this word and the It. name forchetta, or some dialectal variant of F. fourchette.]
a. An elastic, horny substance growing in the middle of the sole of a horse's hoof.
1610Markham Masterp. ii. ci. 384 The Frush, which of some is called the Frogge of the foot, is the tenderest part of the hoofe towards the heele. 1727Swift Gulliver iv. ix, They have excellent medicines..to cure..cuts in the pastern or frog of the foot. 1840Youatt Horse xviii. 376 In the space between the bars, and accurately filling it is the frog.
b. Comb.: frog-band, a band running from above the wall below the coronary band to join the frog; frog-pad = cushion n. 4 b; frog-stay (see quot.).
1829B. Clark Hippodon. (ed. 2) 61 This cell or cleft of the frog is..prevented from rupturing inwards towards the quick by a stout considerable cone of horn passing directly from it into the sensitive frog..This cone commences nearly opposite to the termination of the heels of the coffin-bone..This part..being without even a name, I gave it the epithet frog-stay..from its closing the frog, and holding more firmly its halves together. 1831W. Youatt Horse p. vi, The Anatomy of the Foot... The coronary ligament: the coronary ring: the frog-band. 1908Animal Managem. 217 A firm, soft cushion, sometimes called the ‘frog pad’ or ‘cushion of the heels’.
▪ III. frog3|frɒg|
[Of obscure origin; perh. ad. Pg. froco (repr. L. floccus flock n.), which has much the same sense.]
1. An attachment to the waist-belt in which a sword or bayonet or hatchet may be carried.
1719De Foe Crusoe i. xv, A belt with a frog hanging to it, such as..we wear hangers in. 1725― Voy. round World (1840) 150 Every man a hatchet, hung in a little frog at his belt. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict., Frog..that part of a soldier's accoutrements which is attached to the waist-belt for holding the bayonet. 1879Rutley Study Rocks v. 40 A small leathern frog with a flap.
2. An ornamental fastening for the front of a military coat or cloak, consisting of a spindle-shaped button, covered with silk or other material, which passes through a loop on the opposite side of the garment.
1746Berkeley Let. Wks. 1871 IV. 306 Laces, frogs, cockades..are so many..obstacles to a soldier's exerting his strength. 1770W. Richardson Anecd. Russian Emp. 325 In a light blue frock with silver frogs. 1796J. Anstey Pleader's Guide (1803) 181 The coat..With tabby lin'd and frogs complete. 1836Dickens Sk. Boz vii, He wore a braided surtout with frogs behind. 1846Hist. Rec. 3rd Light Dragoons 39 The buttons set on three and three upon yellow frogs or loops. 1848Craig, Frog..a small barrel-shaped silk ornament with tassels, used in the decoration of mantles, etc. 1896Daily News 19 Mar. 6/5 Serge suits and tweed costumes are better adapted than any other to this style of ornamentation. Frogs are sold in sets to accompany the braiding.
3. Comb., as frog-belt, frog-button.
1719De Foe Crusoe ii. iv. (1840) II. 68 He drew a hatchet out of a frog-belt. 1827Hone Every-day Bk. II. 190 A coat with frog-buttons. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Frog-belt, a baldrick.
▪ IV. frog4|frɒg|
(See quot. 1860.)
1847Rep. U.S. Comm. Patents 1846 95 Frogs are used having guards or grinders on their outsides, and double inclined planes up and down, by which the wheels are guided to the right track. 1860Worcester (citing Williams), Frog (Railroads), a grooved piece of iron placed at the junction of the rails where one track crosses another. 1889Scott. Leader 30 Apr. 5 The accident..would appear to have been caused by the train suddenly leaving the rails at a ‘frog’. |