| 释义 |
▪ I. frith, n.1 Obs. exc. Hist.
[Com. Teut.: OE. friðu, frioðu, freoðu str. masc. and fem., frið str. neut., = OFris. fretho, frede, ferd, OS. frithu masc. (MDu. vrēde, verde, Du. vrede masc.), OHG. fridu (MHG. vride, mod.G. friede), ON. frið-r (Sw., Da. fred), Goth. *friþu-s (in comb. Friþareiks = Frederick); f. OTeut. root *frî- to love: see friend.]
1. Peace; freedom from molestation, protection; safety, security.
c893K. ælfred Oros. v. ii. §8 He ᵹenom friþ wiþ þæt folc. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. x. 34 Ne cuom ic frið sende ah suord. O.E. Chron. an. 1011 (Laud MS.), Þonne nam man grið & frið wið hi. c1175Lamb. Hom. 13 Londe þet bið on griðe and on friðe under mire onwalde. c1250Gen. & Ex. 681 Euerilc man he gaf lif and frið ðat to ðat likenesse soȝte grið. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 90 Þat bataile was hard, fo men has no frith. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 289 Ȝif þes poscessioneris toke freþis in here lond. 1874Green Short Hist. i. §5. 45 Their leader was bound by a solemn peace or ‘frith’.
†2.
a. A game-preserve, deer-park.
b. water frith: a place where the fishing is preserved. Obs.
OE. had déor-frið in the abstract sense ‘protection of game’ (OE. Chron. an. 1086).
c1205Lay. 1432 Ȝe huntieð i þes kinges friðe [c 1275 parc]. 1584in Binnell Descr. Thames 63 Places inhibited to fish in, called Water Friths.
3. Comb.: frith-guild, a guild established for the maintenance of peace; also attrib.; frith-silver, ? some feudal payment (see quots.); frithsoken O.E. and Hist., an asylum, a sanctuary (the later explanations seem to be baseless conjectures).
a1000Law of æthelstan vi. c. 8 §9 (Schmid), Gif ure hlaford..us æniᵹne eacan ᵹeþæncean mæᵹe to urum *frið⁓gildum. 1861Pearson Early & Mid. Ages Eng. 128 The frank-pledge or frith-guild system had been vigorously enforced under Edward. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §4. 190 The tendency to unite in such ‘Frith-gilds’ or Peace-clubs became general throughout Europe.
1669in E. Salt Hist. Standon (1888) 114 It was agreed..that John Hardinge shall sett a gate..he payinge yearly the *frith selver of the towne. 1863N. & Q. Ser. iii. IV. 477 Frith-silver, up to the last fifteen or twenty years, a payment, chargeable on the poor rates of the parish [Alrewas, Lichfield], was annually made to Lord Somers, and bore the above name.
1014Laws of Ethelred viii. c. 1 (Schmid), Ðæt he *friðsocne..ᵹesece. c1250Gloss. Law Terms in Rel. Ant. I. 33 Frithsocne, Franchise de francplege. a1342Higden Polychr. (Rolls) II. 94 Frithsoken, id est, tutatio in jurisdictione; Gallice, seurte en defence.
▪ II. frith, n.2|frɪθ|
Forms: 1 (ᵹe)fyrhðe, fyr(h)ð, 4 friht, fryht, 5 freth, 9 Kent. fright (-wood, 6 fryth(e, 3– frith. Also firth n.1
[OE. (ᵹe)fyrhðe str. neut. (also fyrhð str. fem.):—OTeut. type *(ga)furhiþjom (see below). In ME. and in mod.E. the word seems to have been confused with others of similar sound: see the remarks under senses 1 and 4 below.
The OTeut. type *(ga)furhiþjom would appear to be a collective f. *furhâ fir; but there is no trace in Eng. of the etymological sense ‘fir-wood’, and as firs seem to have been not very abundant in early times in this country, the development of the general sense ‘wooded or waste land’ must have taken place on the continent. Cf., however, the mod.Ger. forchdistel, forchgras, forchheide (Grimm), which seem to contain a word that may be the source of med.L. frocus (OF. frou) waste land; if so fyṙhðe may be derived from it.
With regard to the form-history in Eng., the reduced form fyrðe is represented by firth n.1, and with metathesis by frith. The fuller form fyrhðe is represented, with metathesis, by ME. friht, mod.Kentish fright-wood.
The Welsh ffridd, ffrith, often given as the etymon, are adopted forms of the Eng. word.
To the scanty evidence for the OE. fyrhð(e must be added the place-name Pirbright in Surrey, which in documents of 13th and 14th c. appears as Pirifirith, Pirifright, Pirifrith, Purifright:—OE. *piriᵹ-fyrhðe pear-‘frith’: see Cal. Close Rolls 1326 p. 622, Manning & Bray Surrey I. 145, Surrey Fines (Surrey Archæol. Soc.) 22.]
1. With uncertain meaning, denoting a wood of some kind, or wooded country collectively, esp. in poet. phrases associated with fell, field.
In the later quots. the word occurs only as a poetical archaism of vague meaning. In the earlier quots. it may have had the more definite sense explained under 2. In senses 1, 2 there may be confusion with frith n.1 2 a.
826Charter of Ecgberht in Birch Cart. Sax. I. 545 Þonne on þone haᵹan to witan fyrðe. 898Charter of ælfred (Farleigh, Kent) ibid. II. 220 Ðonne is ðæt suð land ᵹemære ðæs cinges west andlang ðæs fyrhðes oð ðone bradan weᵹ. 956Charter of Eadwig ibid. III. 120 Of þan stapole on accan ᵹefyrhðe. 973–4(MS. 12th c.) Charter of Eadgar (Hants) ibid. III. 632 On ðet wot treow æt ðere baran fyrhðe. a1300Cursor M. 7697 In feild and tun, in frith and fell. a1310in Wright Lyric P. x. 36 In a fryht..y founde a wel feyr fenge to fere. c1320Kyng & Hermit 20 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 13 The grete herte for to hunte, In frythys and in felle. c1350Will. Palerne 2216 Þei trauailed al a niȝt, out of forest & friþes & alle faire wodes. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xii. 219 And of the floures in the fryth and of her feire hewes. 1562T. Phaer æneid ix. Aa iij, A Pynetree frith I had [Lat. pinea silva mihi]. 1573–80Golding To Rdr. in Baret's Alv. A v/1 In plant, or tree, By natures gift abroad in frith and feeld. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. xi. 174 As over Holt and Heath, as thorough Frith [margin, high wood] and Fell. 1855Bailey Mystic 83 Where now stretch Forest and upland frith.
2. A piece of land grown sparsely with trees or with underwood only. Also, a space between woods; unused pasture land (see quots.). Now only dial.
1538Leland Itin. (ed. 2, 1745) II. 3 From Maidenhedde Town a 2 Miles by narow wooddy Way to the Frithe, and so thorough the Frithe 3 Miles. Ibid. (margin), Fruticea Sylva, Angl. Frithe. 1628Coke On Litt. 5 b, Frythe is a plain between woods. 1641N. Riding Rec. IV. 216 The inhabitants of Sheriff Hutton presented for not repairing the high⁓way leading to le Frith. 1790Mrs. Wheeler Westmld. Dial. (1840), Frith, unused pasture land. 1869in Lonsdale Gloss. 1887Kentish Gloss., Frith..a thin, scrubby wood, with little or no timber, and consisting mainly of inferior growths. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., Frith, a clearing in a forest.
3. Brushwood, underwood; sometimes forming a hedge, hedgewood.
1605Rec. Chippenham 194 in Wilts Gloss. (1893) s.v., Itm to James Smalwood for an Acre and halfe of hedginge frith out of Heywood..Item for felling the same frith. 1631Markham Weald of Kent ii. i. (1668) 2 It will grow to frith or wood, if it be not continually..laboured with the plough. 1668Worlidge Dict. Rust., Frith, underwood, or the shroud of Trees. 1670J. Smith England's Improv. Reviv'd 27 A dead Hedge..made of dead wood, as Bushes and Frith, which is all sorts of small wood that are not Thorns. Ibid. 31 Frith..is all small lops or shreadings of trees, as also all Under-woods. 1796W. Marshall W. England I. 326 Frith, brush-wood. 1813T. Davis Agric. Wilts 267 Frith, thorns or bush underwood. 1853W. D. Cooper Sussex Gloss. (ed. 2), Frith, young underwood growing by the side of hedges. 1863Wise New Forest 183 Frith, too, still means copse-wood.
4. A hedge; esp. one made of wattled brushwood; also, a hurdle.[Although this sense appears to be chiefly a development of sense 3, it may partly belong to other words of similar form but etymologically unconnected. (1) The sense ‘hedge’, and the related frith v.2 i, might without difficulty be regarded as special uses of frith n.1 and v.1; cf. MHG. vride (= frith n.1) used in the senses of ‘fence, fenced place’, mod.Ger. einfriedigen to fence in. (2) As in S.W. dialects both fr- and wr- are represented by vr-, it is possible that frith in the sense of ‘wattled work’ may be partly a literary rendering of a dialectal vrith, vreath connected with OE. wríðan (see writhe, wreathe).] [c1430Durh. MS. Cell. Roll, Item in fridys, vjd. Item in cirpis, vjd.] 1511–1647MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb. in Kent. Gloss. s.v., To enclose the vij acres wt. a quyk fryth before the Fest of the Purification. 1810Voc. Dev. & Cornw. in Monthly Mag. XXIX. 466 Frith, writh, wattles or hurdles, placed in a gap. 1864T. Q. Couch E. Cornwall Wds. in Jrnl. Roy. Inst. Cornw. Mar., Freath, or Vreath, a wattled gap in a hedge. 1884Blackw. Mag. CXXXVI. 785/1, I was getting over a frith [foot-note, hurdle] by Nicholls's cow-house. 1887Kent. Gloss., Frith, a hedge.
†b. The same used as a fish-weir. Obs.
1602Carew Cornwall 30 The Weare is a frith, reaching slope-wise through the Ose, from the land to low water marke, and hauing in it, a bunt or cod with an eye-hooke, where the fish entering, vpon their comming backe with the ebbe are stopped from issuing out againe..and left drie on the Ose.
5. attrib. and Comb., as † frith-copse, † frith-man, frith-wood; † frith-pear, the name of a kind of pear; frith-work (dial.), wattling.
1583Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 32 In this greene *frith⁓cops a new sight newly repressed Long feareful dangers.
a1400–50Alexander 5597 Fiue thousand olifants in fere þa *frithmenn him broȝt.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 217 *Frith-Pears, Arundel-Pears (also to bake).
1887Kent. Gloss. s.v. Frith, Though some of the old woods bearing this name may now, by modern treatment, have been made much thicker and more valuable, they are also still called, as of old, *fright-woods, as the Fright Woods, near Bedgebury.
1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 134 The *frithe⁓work or wattling was made upon willow or sallow stakes.
▪ III. frith, n.3|frɪθ|
[Metathetic form of firth n.2; possibly suggested by the form frith n.2 = firth n.1, or by the once commonly supposed derivation from L. fretum.]
= firth2.
1600Holland Livy 1375 The Tyber..brake out many times, and having found a frith or creeke, it beat upon the foot of the Aventine. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 919 The warie fiend Stood..Pondering his Voyage; for no narrow frith He had to cross. a1698Temple Hist. Eng. (1699) 37 The Neck of Land between the two Fryths about Sterling and Glasco. 1722De Foe Col. Jack (1840) 243 Waiting to go up the frith with the flood. 1784Cowper Task ii. 16 Lands intersected by a narrow frith Abhor each other. 1806Gazetteer Scotl. Introd. 7 The Friths of Forth and Clyde. 1850Tennyson In Mem. Concl. 115 The friths that branch and spread Their sleeping silver thro' the hills.
▪ IV. † frith, v.1 Obs.
Also 3 fruðie, 4 south. vreþie, 5 frethe.
[OE. friðian, freoðian, f. frith n.1; cf. OFris. frethia, ferdia, OS. frithôn, OHG. (ga-)fridôn, ON. friða (Sw. freda, Da. frede). Cf. freith v.]
1. trans. To keep in peace, make peace with; to secure from disturbance, defend, help, preserve, protect.
c893K. ælfred Oros. iv. i. §9 Angunnan þa herᵹean & hienan þa þe hie friþian sceoldon. O.E. Chron. an. 921 Þæt hie..eall þæt friþian woldon þæt se cyng friþian wolde. c1175Lamb. Hom. 15 Eower lond ic wulle friþian. c1205Lay. 16804 Ȝif..þu me wult fruðien we þe wulleð to teon. a1300Cursor M. 24133 Þou frith me noght als freind. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8733 Þeyr buryels he þoughte for to honure Wyþ som þyng þat ay myght dure, & ffryþe þe stede þer þey lay. 1340Ayenb. 7 Me ssel hine loky and ureþie zo holyliche. a1400Morte Arth. 656 Fannde my fforestez be ffrythede..That nane werreye my wylde.
2. To free, liberate. Cf. freith v.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3094 Bi-sek ȝet god, ðis one siðe, ðat he vs of ðis pine friðe. 1470Harding Chron. clxix. v, Then was Vmfrey erle of Herford frethed clene, And enter⁓chaungid for Kyng Robertes wife.
▪ V. frith, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.|frɪθ|
Also 4 frethe, 9 dial. freath.
[f. frith n.2 (senses 3, 4); but perh. of mixed derivation: see note under frith n.2 4.]
1. trans. To fence in. Also fig.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 590 He is frithed in with floreines. a1400Morte Arth. 3247 Froytez..ffaire frithed in frawnke appone tha free bowes. c1400Beryn 292 The sauge & the Isope, I-frethid & I-stakid. 1541Old Ways (1892) 110 Walter was cuttyng off a hagge to frithe a corne.
2. intr.
a. To form a hedge of wattled brushwood; to wattle.
b. To cut underwood.
c. (See quot. 1893.)
1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 132 Frithing, or wattling with willow-stakes, or any other hardy wood. 1847–78Halliwell, Frith, to plash a hedge. Devon. 1866Blackmore C. Nowell l, A labourer..had been frithing: that is to say, cutting underwood in one of the forest copses. 1893Wiltsh. Gloss., Frith, to make a brushwood drain.
Hence ˈfrithing, material for fencing; brushwood, underwood.
1429Durh. MS. Cell. Roll, In ij Draghtrapis et iij frethyng', xixd. 1866Blackmore C. Nowell xlv, The frithings have not been cut for ten years. |