| 释义 |
▪ I. friend, n. and a.|frɛnd|
Forms: 1 fréond, fríond, (dat. fríend, frýnd), 2–3 friend, 4 south. vriend, 2–7 frend(e, 4 south. vrend(e, 3–4 freond, (3 south. vreond), 3–7 freind(e, 4 south. vrind, vryend, 4–6 freend(e, freynd, 5–7 frind(e, 5–6 frynd(e, (6 Sc. freyind), 6– friend. pl. 1 fríend, frýnd, fréond, fréondas, fríondas, 2–3 frend, friend(e, 3 frond, 3–4 freond; otherwise regular.
[Com. Teut.: OE. fréond str. masc. = OFris., OS. friund, friond (Du. vriend), OHG. friunt (MHG. vriunt, mod.Ger. freund), ON. (with change of declension in sing.) frǽnde (Sw. frände, Da. frænde), Goth. frijônds; the pr. pple. of the OTeut. vb. *frijôjan to love (OE. fréoᵹan, fréon, Goth. frijôn; the Ger. freien, Du. vrijen to woo, and the rare ON. friá to caress, are prob. not identical, though from the same root), f. pre-Teut. *priyo- dear: see free a.]
A. n.
1. a. ‘One joined to another in mutual benevolence and intimacy’ (J.). Not ordinarily applied to lovers or relatives (but cf. senses 3, 4).
Beowulf 1018 (Gr.) Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 2025 Þa þæt inwitspell Abraham sæᵹde freondum sinum. c1200Ormin 17960, & whase iss þatt bridgumess frend, He stannt wiþþ himm. c1205Lay. 703 Ȝe sculen..beon mine leofe freond. c1305Pilate 98–9 in E.E.P. (1862) 114 Gode freond hi were For tuei schrewen wolleþ freond beo. c1400Destr. Troy 8523 Ho was vnkyndly to knaw of hir kyd frendis. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop iii. xiii, A trewe frend is oftyme better at a nede than a Royalme. 1557Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 185 A faythfull frende is thing most worth. c1651Hobbes Rhet. (1840) 455 A friend is he that loves, and he that is beloved. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 310 If we observe the common discourses of mankind, we shall find a friend to be one we frequently visit, who is our boon companion, or joins with us in our pleasures and diversions, or [etc.]. 1801Southey Thalaba viii. i, The sound of his dear native tongue May be like the voice of a friend. 1881Besant & Rice Chapl. Fleet I. 91 The doctor is a private friend of the dean.
b. In various proverbial expressions. † but a friend's friend: ever so remotely connected.
1340Ayenb. 186 Þanne he yziȝþ his niede: uor ate niede me yziȝþ huet þe urend is. c1468Paston Lett. No. 582 II. 313 Better ys a frende unknow then knowen. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xix. 433 It is sayd, that at the nede the frende is knowen. 1539Taverner Erasm. Prov. (1552) 32 A frende is more necessary than either fyer or water. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 37 Many kynsfolke and few freends, some folke saie. 1562― Prov. and Epigr. (1867) 132 Proue thy freende er thou neede. 1599Porter Angry Wom. Abingd. (Percy) 82 No, by lady, a friend is not so soone gotten as lost. 1642Jer. Taylor Episc. Pref., I am confident you will owne any thing that is but a friends friend to a cause of Loyalty. 1816‘Quiz’ Grand Master v. 100 ‘A friend in need’ Is, certainly, ‘a friend in deed’.
c. friend of God: a person eminent for piety, and presumed to enjoy God's special favour. Now only with express reference to Jam. ii. 23.
O.E. Chron. an. 654 He wæs swyðe Godes freond. c1205Lay. 9145 Þat scolde beon i-haten Hælend & helpen his freondes. c1230Hali Meid. 7 Þus hauen godes freond al þe fruit of þis world. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Berthol. 41 Of mychty god..þe frende he is.
d. Used in subscribing a letter.
1529Wolsey in Four C. Eng. Lett. 11 Youre olde brynger up and lovying frende. 1650Chas. II in Hamilton Papers (Camden) 254 Your most affectionate frinde, Charles R. 1661Jer. Taylor in Hatton Corr. (1878) 27 Your Lorps most endeared, as most obliged, freind and servant.
e. Applied to a second in a duel.
1800M. Edgeworth Belinda (1832) I. iv. 72 Miss Honor O'Grady would be her friend upon the occasion. 1874E. B. de Fonblanque Life A. Fonblanque 16 The matter was at this point referred to two ‘friends’, by whom a hostile meeting was arranged.
2. Used loosely in various ways: e.g. applied to a mere acquaintance, or to a stranger, as a mark of goodwill or kindly condescension on the part of the speaker; by members of the ‘Society of Friends’ adopted as the ordinary mode of address (cf. 7). Also often ironically.
Similarly in parliamentary language, ‘my honourable friend’ is often used by members in referring to each other; so also ‘my learned friend’ is applied in the law courts by counsel to each other. Cf. 6.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 21/83 ‘Mine leue frend’, seide þis holie Man. a1300Cursor M. 3229 ‘Frend’, he said, ‘þou wend in hij vntil mesopotani’. c1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. B.) 369 Oure sib men and oure wele-willandes, Oure frendes, tenandes, & seruandes. 1382Wyclif Matt. xxii. 12 Frend, hou entridist thou hidir, nat hauynge brijd clothe? Ibid. xxvi. 50 Frend, wherto art thou comen? c1470Henry Wallace ii. 89 Gud freynd, pray I the, The schireffis serwand thow wald lat him be. 1508Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. i. Wks. (1876) 2 Frendes this day I shall not declare vnto you ony parte of the epystle. 1710Steele Tatler No. 204 ⁋6 A Quaker..with an Air of good Nature and Charity calls you Friend. 1802M. Edgeworth Moral T. (1813) II. 195 ‘Nay, keep it, friend, keep it’, said Dinah Plait. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede ii, Dear friends, come and take this blessedness. 1890Boldrewood Col. Reformer (1891) 321 Those free-selecting friends of yours.
3. A kinsman or near relation. Now only in pl. (one's) relatives, kinsfolk, ‘people’.
This is the only sense of the word in the Scand. langs., where sense 1 is expressed by ON. vinr (Sw. vän, Da. ven); similarly in many HG. dialects, freund is ‘kinsman’, the sense of ‘friend’ being expressed by guter freund (Kluge).
O.E. Chron. an. 1135 Þa namen his sune & his frend & brohten his lic to Englelande. c1200Vices & Virtues xvii. (1888) 41 Of his aȝene wiue and ec of his auene frienden. a1300Cursor M. 3016 For þe birth of ysaac, gret ioi can his frendes mak. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon ix. 225 For who that betraieth..his frende carnall ought not to lyve nor have ever ony worshyp. 1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) ii. viii. 104 All the sones & doughters of Adam & of Eue the whiche were our fyrst frendes. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. iii. i. 106 She..is promis'd by her friends Vnto a youthfull Gentleman of worth. 1721Kelly Sc. Prov. 103 Friends agree best at a distance. By Friends here is meant Relations. Mod. The prisoner will be handed over to the care of his friends. His friends are well-to-do people.
4. A lover or paramour, of either sex.
1490Caxton Eneydos xviii. 67 Playse the, thenne to haue mercy of this poure desolate frende [Dido], that shalle be sone broughte to the poynte mortalle. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 405 O! neuer will I..come in vizard to my friend, Nor woo in rime like a blind-harpers songe. 1603― Meas. for M. i. iv. 29 He hath got his friend with childe. 1765Foote Commissary i. Wks. 1799 II. 16 When a gentleman wanted a friend, I could supply him with choice in an hour. 1961Partridge Dict. Slang Suppl. 1097/2 Friend, the man who keeps a harlot as his mistress. 1967Guardian 11 Dec. 1/8 The boy's mother..was joined..by a man described as her ‘friend’. The mother is apparently divorced.
5. a. One who wishes (another, a cause, etc.) well; a sympathiser, favourer, helper, patron, or supporter; spec. a supporter of an institution or the like, contributing help, money, etc. Const. of, to. Usu. in pl.
c1205Lay. 1615 In to France he ferde þer he freond funde. a1300Cursor M. 14569 To iurselem rede we þou wende For þar es communli þi freind. 1382Wyclif Prov. xxii. 11 Who looueth clennesse of herte, for the grace of his lippis shal han the king frend. a1550Christis Kirke Gr. ix, With that a freynd of his cry'd, fy! And up ane arrow drew. 1609Bible (Douay) 1 Macc. vii. 7 Let him punish al his frends and ayders. 1612Peacham Graphice ii. iv, Shee is a friend to all studies, especially poetry. 1710Shaftesbury Advice to Author (1757) 143 The Minister who was no friend to the young nobleman. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. ix. 206 The Gnostics..were no friends to marriage. 1876J. Parker Paracl. ii. xviii. 341 Physical science has a friend in every theologian. 1878Morley Carlyle Crit. Misc. Ser. i. 198 These who should only have been friends of order. 1926(title) Friends of the Bodleian. First Annual Report 1925–26. Ibid. title-p. verso, In presenting this first Annual Report of the Friends of the Bodleian, the Secretary would like to point out that a considerable part of the year has..been spent in launching the Society... However, the Friends are now a considerable body. 1927Times 20 July 17/6 The Dean and Chapter of Canterbury are forming a society of men and women to be known as ‘The Friends of Canterbury Cathedral’. Ibid., The Prince of Wales, on the special ground of the link between Canterbury Cathedral and Edward the Black Prince, is the first Friend entered on the roll. 1963Guardian 22 Apr. 7/3 The twenty more or less aristocratic Friends of the Tate Gallery. 1963Times 3 June 10/4 He also initiated ‘The Friends of Bristol Cathedral’, of which Queen Mary became the first Friend-in-Chief. 1971Guardian 7 July 24 The Friends of the Lake District, a conservationist body which has already fought Manchester Corporation over its water extraction plans.
b. Said of God or Christ.
c1325Metr. Hom. 23 Criste warnes us ful fair als frend. c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 14 Cain, I reyde thou so teynd That God of heven be thi freynd. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xx. 43 Hald God thy freind, evir stabill be him stand. 1754Chatham Lett. Nephew iv. 26 His never-failing Almighty Friend.
c. friend in or at court: one who has ability and disposition to help another by his influence in high quarters.
c1400Rom. Rose 5541 For freend in court ay better is Than peny in [his] purs [orig. Qu'ades vaut miex amis en voie Que ne font deniers en corroie]. 1539Taverner Erasm. Prov. (1552) 14 A frend in court is worth a peny in purse. 1655Dickson On Ps. cv. 16 When the Lord was to bring his people into Egypt He provided so as they should have a friend at court before they came. 1848Dickens Dombey xxxviii, I shouldn't wonder—friends at court you know—but never you mind, mother, just now. 1886Pall Mall G. 23 Sept. 11/2 Despite the activity of the squatters' friends ‘at court’ (that is, in the public land offices at Sydney).
d. transf. Anything helpful.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 150 Wherfore spiritus exaliþ þe whiche þat ben freendis boþe to þe body and also to þe soule. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. i. ii. 458 Good Expedition be my friend. 1671Narborough Jrnl. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. i. (1711) 186 Here Brandy was our best Friend, for it kept them always Fox'd.
6. a. As opposed to enemy in various senses: One who is on good terms with another, not hostile or at variance; one who is on the same side in warfare, politics, etc.
a1000Elene 953 (Gr.) Se feond & se freond. a1175Cott. Hom. 231 Wa..him were frend oðer fend. 13..K. Alis. 122 He disgysed him anon, That him no kneow freond neo fon. c1400Destr. Troy 7853 To beri þe bodys of hor bold frendys. c1440York Myst. xx. 173 For frende or foo. 1508Dunbar Flyting w. Kennedie 85 My freyindis thow reprovit with thy pen? Thow leis, tratour! 1596Shakes. Merch. V. v. i. 26 Lor. Who comes so fast in silence of the night? Mes. A friend. 1696tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant 175 The French, whom they call Friends and Allies. 1717Bolingbroke Let. to Windham Wks. 1809 I. 7 From our enemies we expect evil treatment..but when our friends abandon us..the firmest mind finds it hard to resist. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. Pref. 20 Whether it be by a friend or an enemy, I shall be glad. 1816Scott Old Mort. xlii, ‘I hae been willing to save the life o' friend and foe.’
b. Phrases: to be, † hold, keep, make friends with, † to make friends to: to be or get on good terms with; also absol. to be friends. † to have, etc. to (at) friend, i.e. as a ‘friend’, on one's side.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 28 So forward on his way (with God to frend) He passed forth. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, iii. iii. 203, I am good Friends with my Father, and may do any thing. 1599― Much Ado i. i. 91 Mess. I will hold friends with you Lady. 1601― Jul. C. iii. i. 143, I know that we shall haue him well to Friend. 1603― Meas. for M. i. iii. 182 Implore her..that she make friends To the strict deputie. 1605― Macb. iv. iii. 10 As I shall finde the time to friend; I wil. 1611― Wint. T. v. i. 140 From him Giue you all greetings, that a king (at friend) Can send his Brother. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. vii. §24 The King had no Port to Friend, by which he could bring Ammunition to Oxford. 1651N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. ii. xxxix. (1739) 173 The people..had God to Friend in all. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 108 By his own Industry, and activity (having youth and strength to friends) raise his fortune. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. ii. 23 A party of 500, or 600 men..may do it without asking leave of the Indians; though it be much better to be friends with them. 1715–20Pope Iliad viii. 230 Sole should he sit, with scarce a god to friend. 1823J. Wilson Trials Marg. Lyndsay xxiii. 190 Will you be friends with me again, Mary? 1873Black Pr. Thule xvi. 255 You will never make friends with me by speaking ill of my husband. 1884W. E. Norris Thirlby Hall v, You must keep friends with her, or she may do you an ill turn one of these days.
†c. heavy friend, small friend: an enemy. Cf. backfriend 1.
1606Holland Sueton. 182 His Aunt Lepida..hee deposed against..thereby to gratifie his mother her heavie friend, and who followed the suite hotly against her. 1767Wesley Wks. (1872) III. 270 So hitherto all the bad labour of my small friends is lost.
7. A member of the Society of Friends, a Quaker.
1679Establ. Test 24 He passes for one of their Friends. 1708Whiting (title), A Catalogue of Friends Books; Written by many of the People, called Quakers. 1796T. Twining Trav. Amer. (1894) 67 It is probable that his name is held in respect by the ‘Friends’ of Pennsylvania. 1870Whittier Pr. Wks. (1889) III. 307, I am not blind to the shortcomings of Friends.
8. attrib. and Comb., as † friend-foe, friend-killer, friend-maker, friend-spectator; friend-betraying, friend-finding, friend-making, † friend-pretending, † friend-seeming adjs. Also † friend-pipe, the calumet; friend-stead a. Sc., ‘possessing a friend’ (Jam.), befriended; friend-strong a., having many friends.
1645Quarles Sol. Recant. i. 37 Where..*friend-betraying treasure May passe in barter for repented Pleasure.
1846Browning Soul's Trag. i. 63 Luitolfo was the proper *Friend-making, everywhere *friend-finding soul.
a1618Sylvester Miracle Peace Wks. (Grosart) II. 42 The *friend-foe strangers, With us, against us.
1586J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 182/2 He received his just reward of..a *friend killer.
1580Lupton Sivqila 118 The chiefe friende and *friendmaker is money.
1775Adair Amer. Ind. 167 Indian methods of making peace..They first smoke out of the *friend-pipe, and eat together.
a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 274 His *friend-pretending foes.
1620Melton Astrolog. 74 In fawning and *friend-seeming shewes.
1632Brome North. Lasse Prol., Gallants and *Friends-spectators will yee see A strain of Wit that is not Poetry?
1637Rutherford Lett. (1862) I. 462, I am sure that while Christ lives, I am well enough *friend-stead.
a1618Sylvester Sonn. vii. Wks. (Grosart) II. 322 Our *friend-strong Muse shall use the helpe of Strangers.
†B. adj. Well-disposed, friendly, not hostile. (Cf. enemy a.) Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxvii. (Tollem. MS.) Fresche bred and clene, made of whete, is moste frende and acordynge to kynde. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 69 A fisician þat was frend to þe freendis of þe pacient. 1574Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. 28 The citie of Sagunto was alwayes friend and allied with the Romanes. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio (ed. 2) 33 They were in a strong lodging, ioyning to a friend towne. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. v. iii. 18 That I may rest assur'd Whether yond Troopes are Friend or Enemy. 1623Bingham Xenophon 36 Passe you not with much labour many plaines, that are friend to vs? 1690S. Sewall Diary 10 Mar. (1878) I. 315 The present settlement of the Friend-Indians.
▸ Friends of the Earth n. an international pressure group, founded in the United States in 1969, which campaigns for a better awareness of and response to environmental problems (abbreviated FoE); (also in sing.) a member of this group, (more generally) an environmentalist.
1969N.Y. Times 17 Sept. 21/1 The activation of..*Friends of the Earth, a nonprofit membership organization, was announced by Mr. Brower. 1986Anthropol. Today 2 11/2 Nuaulu hunters on the Indonesian island of Seram have a vandalistic attitude to the rain forest that any self-respecting Friend of the Earth would find positively obscene. 1988J. Elkington & J. Hailes Green Consumer Guide (1989) 113 On the basis of Friends of the Earth estimates that each mile of motorway takes up at least 26 acres of land, it looks as though Britain has lost nearly 50,000 acres (200 sq km) of land under motorways. 1996Independent on Sunday 25 Feb. 11/2 Friends of the Earth calculates that Orimulsion imports will bring in 10,000 tons of Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates a year.
▪ II. friend, v.|frɛnd|
Forms: 3 vreonden, 4–6 fre(e)nde, 9 Sc. freend, 6– friend.
[f. friend n.]
†1. trans. To gain friends for. Obs. rare—1.
a1225Ancr. R. 420 Ne makie none purses, uorte ureonden ou mide.
†2. To make (persons) friends or friendly; to join in friendship; to join (a person) to or with another in friendship. Chiefly in pass. to be friended. Obs.
1387–8T. Usk Test. Love iii. ix. 109 Charitie is love, and love is charity. God graunt us al[le] therin to be frended! c1425Wyntoun Cron. vii. vi. 196 And eftyr swne frendyt were The Kyng Dawy of Scotland And Stewyn Kyng þan of Ingland. 1585Earl of Leicester in Corr. Dudley (1844) 33 Yf the man be as he now semeth, hit were petty to loose him, for he is in dede mervelously frended. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1346/2 What freendship he had shewed..both by his owne purse, as also by freending them to some of the popes chamber. a1598Rollock Serm. Wks. 1849 I. 363 Thou sall never get regeneratioun befoir God be friended with thee: thou is his enemie, thou mon be friended with him. 1604T. Wright Passions i. x. 37 Others you have, soone angrie. soone friended.
3. To act as a friend to, befriend (a person, cause, etc.); to assist, help. arch. or poet.
1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 89 Freende they any, That flatter many? 1581Savile Tacitus' Hist. iv. xxxix. (1591) 198 Kings which frended the cause. 1600Holland Livy xxxi. xi. 779 They had undertaken the warre upon king Philip, because he had friended and aided [auxiliis juvisset] the Carthaginians. a1618Sylvester Maiden's Blush 967 Shee all the gods requires To friend her love, and further her desires. 1676W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. xii. (1848) 434 Reports came that the King would friend Lauderdale. 1855Singleton Virgil I. 27 Do thou but at his birth the boy..O chaste Lucina, friend.
absol.1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. ii. 84 Well, the Gods are aboue, time must friend or end.
b. fig. of things.
1598Barret Theor. Warres v. ii. 143 If they be not friended with hedge, ditch, or some such place of aduantage. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. v. 19 Disorder that hath spoyl'd vs, friend vs now. 1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxii. (1748) 343 But friended with the flood the barons hold their strength. 1721Southerne Spartan Dame i. i, There the street Is narrow, and may friend our purpose well. 1867M. Arnold Poems, St. Brandan, That germ of kindness..outlives my doom, And friends me in the pit of fire.
4. to friend it: to act the friend. rare.
1849Clough Dipsychus i. iii, To herd with people that one owns no care for; Friend it with strangers that one sees but once.
Hence † ˈfriending vbl. n., friendliness; the action of befriending or favouring one's friends.
1602Shakes. Ham. i. v. 185 T'expresse his loue and friending to you. 1642Compl. Ho. Com. 10 There is notable friending there in causes. |