| 释义 |
trans-, prefix
The Latin preposition trans, ‘across, to or on the farther side of, beyond, over’, also used in comb., (1) with verbs, and their derived ns. and adjs., e.g. transīre to go across, transitio, transitor, transitus, transitīvus, transitōrius; transferre to bear across, transfer, translātus, translātio, translātor, translātīvus, translātīcius; (2) with adjs. derived from ns. (more strictly with n. + adjectival suffix), as transfluviālis beyond the river, transfluvial, transmarīnus beyond sea, transmarine, transmontānus beyond the mountains, tramontane, translīmitānus beyond the boundary or frontier; esp. with adjs. in -ānus, -īnus from names of mountains, rivers, or districts, as transalpīn-us, transaustrīn-us (Auster south wind), transdānubiān-us, transpadān-us (Padus Po), transrhēnān-us (Rhēnus Rhine), transtiberīn-us, transtigrītān-us. Before initial s, the s of trans- was generally but not always dropped, as in tran-spicĕre to look through, tran-scendĕre to transcend, tran-scrībĕre to transcribe, tran-suĕre to stitch through. In a number of verbs and their derivatives, trans- was reduced before a consonant to trā-, e.g. trādĕre to hand over, tradūcĕre to lead across, trājicĕre or trāicĕre to throw across, trājectus a crossing, trānāre to swim across.
In med.L. the number of these compounds was increased, and verbs formed also on ns., as transaccidentāre to transpose the accidents, transubstantiāre to transmute the substance, transnoctāre to pass the night, transviāre to change the path or course of. They are also numerous in the modern Romanic languages. Many of the English words came through French; in OF. the inherited form was in tres-, as trespasser to trespass; the later adapted form is in trans-.
In English, trans- occurs in compounds representing those already used in Latin, and in others formed analogously from L. elements; also in compounds the second element of which is an English or other non-Latin word. The chief uses are as follows:
1. With the sense ‘across, through, over, to or on the other side of, beyond, outside of, from one place, person, thing, or state to another’: in verbs and their derivative ns. and adjs. representing L. compounds, or formed etymologically on Latin elements; e.g. transcolate, transcribe, transcript, transcription, transport, transportation.
2. in verbs, etc. formed on Eng. vbs., adjs., or ns., as transboard, transearth, transfashion, tranship, trans-shape, transtime.
3. in adjs. and their derivatives, representing L. adjs., or formed analogically on L. words, as transmarine, transmural; also on English ns. or adjs., as trans-border, -desert, -frontier, -polar. These may have the sense ‘across, crossing’, or ‘beyond, on the other side of’, or both senses, as trans-oceanic. Special groups are:
4. in adjs. with the sense ‘beyond, surpassing, transcending’, as transhuman, -material, -rational.
5. a. in adjs., scientific terms (chiefly anatomical), with the sense ‘through, across’ (the thing denoted by the n. implied), as transabdominal, trans-antral [antrum], trans-capillary, trans-cervical, trans-cutaneous, trans-duodenal, trans-epithelial, trans-glottal, trans-granular, trans-ovarial, trans-ovarian, trans-placental, trans-pyloric. See also transapical, -frontal, -ocular, -uterine.
1956Nature 18 Feb. 330/2 Although transabdominal puncture of the uterus has been carried out often for therapeutic and experimental reasons without accidents, mere curiosity does not justify the procedure. 1957Laryngoscope LXVII. 566 The degree of orbital tension present in the severe forms of exophthalmos is correlated with the degree of recession obtained by the transantral decompression. 1974Nature 31 May 495/3 Transcapillary and transepithelial water transport.
1963Lancet 19 Jan. 165/2 Transcervical fractures. 1977Ibid. 7 May 983/1 We believe that local warming of the skin and of the capillary blood under the electrode increases Pco2; the trans⁓cutaneous Pco2 values are therefore higher than those found in arterial blood.
1908Transduodenal [see retro-duodenal s.v. retro- 3. b.]. 1975H. J. Burhenne in Najarian & Delaney Surg. Liver, Pancreas & Biliary Tract 104 Percutaneous cholangiography will probably be supplanted by transduodenal cannulization.
1974Transepithelial [see transcapillary above].
1964J. C. Catford in D. Abercombie et al. Daniel Jones 31 The trans-glottal air-jets of voice superimpose a periodic fluctuation on the mean air pressure behind the articulatory stricture, resulting in..hiss. 1970Language XLVI. 313 The human..larynx is so constructed that the fundamental frequency of phonation is a function of both the transglottal air pressure drop and the tensions of the laryngeal muscles.
1962Science Survey III. 329 Occasionally the cracks are transcrystalline (trans-granular).
1946E. A. Steinhaus Insect Microbiol. viii. 439 Transovarial transmission of the virus takes place by the viruses penetrating the walls of the ovary and thence entering the developing ovum. 1971P. C. C. Garnham Progr. Parasitol. iii. 34 The tick..may carry over into subsequent generations by transovarial passage.
1954Jrnl. Infectious Dis. XCV. 178/2 The distribution of antibodies in different small age groups of wild birds is further evidence of the transovarian passage of neutralizing antibodies. 1980Nature 7 Feb. 568/2 Another event occurring during oogenesis is trans-ovarian transmission of symbiotic bacteroids..from females to the oocytes.
1902Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 May 1198/1 Alterations in the transplacental interchanges. 1977Lancet 9 Apr. 795/1 The transplacental leak of fetal red blood-cells.
1905C. Addison Ellis's Demonstrations of Anat. (ed. 12) vi. 298 This plane, from its traversing the pyloric end of the stomach, is called the transpyloric. 1977Lancet 28 May 1157/2 The gastric distension..can be relieved by passing an open-ended nasogastric tube, and adequate nutrition maintained by intravenous or continuous transpyloric feeding.
b. In derived advbs.: transabdominally, trans-duodenally, trans-ovarially, trans-placentally.
1962Lancet 8 Dec. 1208/2 A needle passed transabdominally into the liver.
1955Radiology LXIV. 325 When the sphincter of Oddi is sectioned transduodenally, a plastic tube can be inserted into the main pancreatic duct.
1954Jrnl. Infectious Dis. XCV. 168/1 Neutralizing antibodies to western equine encephalitis (WEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses may be transmitted transovarially. 1979Amer. Jrnl. Trop. Med. & Hygiene XXVIII. 1064 Spores developing in transovarially infected mosquitoes.
1965Dorland's Med. Dict. (ed. 24) s.v. Listeria, A septicemic disease which may be transmitted transplacentally in pregnant women.
6. in substantives with the sense ‘transverse’, as trans-muscle, trans-stroke. (rare.)
7. a. in geographical adjs., formed on the names of rivers, seas, mountains, territories, etc., with the sense ‘situated or lying beyond or on the other side of’, as trans-Adriatic, trans-Alleghanian, trans-Alleghany, trans-Altaian, trans-Baikal, -ian, trans-Cantine (the river Cam), trans-Caspian, trans-Caucasian, trans-Danubian, trans-Egyptian, trans-Euphrat-es (-esian, -ic), trans-Gangetic (Ganges), trans-Grampian, trans-Indus, trans-Indine, trans-Jordan, -ic, trans-Juran (Mt. Jura), trans-Mersey, trans-Mississippi, -an, trans-Mosan (R. Meuse), trans-Pyrenean, trans-Severn, trans-Tiberine (also trans-Teverine, It. trasteverino), trans-Trentane (R. Trent), trans-Ural, trans-Volga, trans-Zambesian, etc. Also from names of planets, Trans-Martian, trans-Neptunian, trans-Uranian, and in humorous nonce-use, as trans-bedpost. (See also transatlantic, trans-Pacific, Transkei, transleithan.)
1612Drayton Poly-olb. viii. 420 The Clees, like louing Twinnes,..that stand Trans-Seuerned, behold fair England tow'rds the rise. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 144 Satrapaes of the Transeuphratesian Countreyes. 1655Fuller Hist. Camb. (1840) 146 Monks' College..stood on the trans-Cantine side, an anchoret in itself, severed by the river from the rest of the University. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 113 The transmosan territories of Liege. 1797Camb. Univ. Calendar 18 That there cannot be a majority of transtrentane, or men born north of the Trent in the seniority. 1802Ranken Hist. France III. i. iii. 30 Burgundy Transjurane..now fell under the superiority of Germany. 1814Deb. Congress U.S. 14 Feb. 1422 Even then the trans-Alleganean wilderness was rustling with the preparation of the savage. 1815J. Adams Wks. (1856) X. 168 Our trans-Alleghanian States, in patriotism,..are at least equal to any in the Union. 1817Colebrooke in Trans. Linn. Soc. XII. 352 Between the cis-gangetic and trans-gangetic regions. 1825C. D. Colden Mem. 93 Why should the trans-Allegany States have remained united with those on the Atlantic? 1827G. S. Faber Sacr. Calend. Prophecy (1844) II. 81 The transdanubian and transeuphratic conquests of Trajan. 1831A. Wilson Amer. Ornithology IV. 31 In the trans-Mississippian territories of the United States, the burrowing owl resides. 1836F. Mahony Rel. Father Prout, Barry (1859) 503 Of an old transtiberine family, he claimed with the trasteverini unconditionated pedigree. 1840Milman Hist. Chr. I. 177 On the remote border of his transjordanic territory. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 445 The generals now, under the eyes of the pope, demanded..as security for payment, the Transteverine city. 1854Milman Lat. Chr. iv. ix. (1864) II. 424 Leo revenged himself by severing the Transadriatic provinces..from the Roman patriarchate. 1861J. G. Sheppard Fall Rome i. 22 Pannonia was nearly equivalent to trans-Danubian Hungary. 1875Harper's Mag. Mar. 572/2 The subdivision..into the Trans-Alleghany, Valley, Middle, and Tide-water districts. 1876Blackie Lang. & Lit. Scott. Highl. 40 The quick sensibilities of trans-Grampian philologers. 1878Gladstone Prim. Homer i. §12. 15 Homer..gives an account of the trans-Egyptian Pygmæans. 1888Times 9 Oct. 4/1 These outsiders..will also have to settle peacefully in the Russian Transcaspian. 1898Westm. Gaz. 14 Feb. 2/1 Glimpses of the Jordan valley and the trans-Jordan hills. 1900Mary C. Wilson Irene Petrie xiii. 305 A Campaign in trans-Himalayan lands. 1903Sir H. H. Johnston in Times 17 Feb., A Government Department..dealing with foreign (i.e., trans-Zambesian) labour. 1934A. Toynbee Study of Hist. II. 203 Musa had completed the Arab conquest..by occupying the Trans-pyrenaean province of Septimania along the Gallic coast between the Pyrenees and the Rhône.
1852R. Grant Hist. Physic. Astron. xii. 166 M. Valz, of Marseilles, writing to M. Arago in 1835,..made the following..remarks relative to the probable existence of a Trans-Uranian planet. Ibid. 185 On the 2nd September, 1846, he [Mr. Adams] transmitted..an account of his further researches on the Trans-Uranian planet. 1879Nature 27 Mar. 481/2 The Trans-Neptunian Planet..Observations made at Washington in 1850 of this supposed planet. 1885Clerke Pop. Hist. Astron. 98 He [Olbers] supposed that both Ceres and Pallas were fragments of a primitive trans-Martian planet.
1864Miss Cornwallis in Sat. Rev. XVIII. 463 Pray tell me about the trans-bedpost regions; my whole concern at present is the cis-bedpost—a very narrow domain.
b. in substantives with the sense ‘the region beyond’ or ‘one dwelling beyond or on the other side of’, as trans-Alleghanian, trans-Mississippi, trans-Mississippian.
1774J. Adams Dairy 23 Oct. in Wks. (1850) II. 401, I went to the Baptist Church and heard a trans-Alleghanian, a preacher from the back parts of Virginia. 1883Century Mag. Nov. 142/1 If the President was to attempt to reach the Trans-Mississippi at all,..he should move on at once. 1898Ibid. Oct. 844/2 The trans-Mississippians have entered upon no line of rural industry with a more intelligent determination to make it a great success than upon dairying. 1949Beebe & Clegg U.S. West 10 Anyone approaching the matière of the trans-Mississippi in the nineteenth century as an exploiter of new material is either deluded or an imposter.
8. in geographical adjs., formed as in 7, with the sense ‘passing across, crossing’, as in trans-African, trans-Algerian, trans-American, trans-Andean (-ian, -ine), trans-Antarctic, trans-Arabian, trans-Asiatic, trans-Australian, trans-Balkan, trans-Canada, trans-Manchurian, trans-Mersey, trans-Mongolian, trans-Pyrenean, trans-Saharan, trans-Siberian, trans-Sierran, trans-Tasman, etc. Many of these occur also in sense 7.
1846R. Ford Gatherings from Spain iv. 31 Newfangled transpyrenean reforms, innovations, and botherations. 1880Nature 4 Mar. 424/2 The future Transalgerian Railway Company. 1884Notes on Bks. (Longman's) 31 May 247 The Transandine exploring and surveying expedition of 1871–2. 1886L'pool Courier 16 Jan., Assisting in opening the trans-Mersey Railway. 1888Times 20 Sept. 3/6 Denham, Clapperton, Barth, and other trans-Saharan travellers. 1898Chambers' Jrnl. I. 543/2, 8000 feet above sea-level, the highest point to which the Trans-Andean railway had been carried. 1901Daily Chron. 13 Nov. 3/3 The reported adoption..of the trans-American route for the conveyance of the Australian mails. 1903Ibid. 17 Mar. 6/6 The project of a Trans-Pyrenean railway is thoroughly practicable. 1907Westm. Gaz. 26 Oct. 16/3 This trans-African voyage of Mr. Savage Landor. 1908Busy Man's Mag. Apr. 95 The Proposed Route of the Trans-Canada Rail⁓way. 1908Edin. Rev. July 146 The trans-Niger railway, destined to..open up to commerce a magnificent agricultural region. 1916R. K. Wood Tourist's N.W. 315 A campaign for the improvement and construction of roads which..shall in combination form a trans-Canada motor route. 1933Geogr. Jrnl. LXXXII. 470 Mr. Lincoln Ellsworth..will then make the Transantarctic flight, which is the sole object of the expedition. 1935E. B. Buckbee Saga of Old Tuolumne 385 The road survived until the State of California came to look with favour upon its possibilities as a tran-Sierran [sic] road. 1938Times 17 Feb. 13/4 The flying-boat Centaurus showed her unsuitability for trans-Tasman traffic. 1950Pacific Discovery Mar.–Apr. 4/1 Did you know that a trans-Sierran highway is now being built in Madera County? 1963P. Drackett Motor Rallying iv. 62 The Trans-Canada and Canadian Winter Rallies have not yet reached the lofty eminence of the Safari. 1965E. McCourt Road across Canada 199 The Trans-Canada Highway is an engineering, communications, and scenic marvel. 1966N. Marsh Black Beech & Honeydew viii. 175 In..1928 the trans-Tasman steamer sailed..into Cook Strait. 1978Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Aug. 957/4 Shackleton's unsuccessful transantarctic expedition. 1978J. Updike Coup (1979) i. 4 The capital is Istiqlal, renamed in 1960, upon independence, and on prior maps called Cailliéville, in honor of the trans-Saharan traveller of 1828.
9. a. Chem. (Also without hyphen as a quasi-adj. Usu. printed in italic.) Designating a compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on opposite sides of some plane passing through the molecule; hence (of a bond or a reaction), characterized by such a relationship.
[1888: see cis- 3.] 1892Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXII. 1213 The anhydride of the cis modification invariably melts at a lower temperature than that of the trans form. 1937Nature 3 July 25/1 The trans form of ethylene bromide is considered to be the more ‘stable’ (preferred) form, even at high temperatures. 1951C. R. Noller Chem. Carbon Compounds xvii. 316 It has been proved that cis-2-butene is the isomer boiling at 3·73° and trans-2-butene is that boiling at 0·96°. 1956D. J. Cram in M. S. Newman Steric Effects in Org. Chem. vi. 306 The terms cis elimination will be used whenever the leaving groups depart from the same side of the incipient double bond, and trans elimination when they leave from the opposite side of the incipient double bond. 1972R. A. Jackson Mechanism i. 7 Bromine adds across an olefinic double bond in a trans manner. 1976Sci. Amer. Jan. 124/2 Nearly all peptide bonds are trans and planar, meaning that hydrogen and carbonyl oxygen (CO) are on opposite sides of the bond.
b. transf. in Genetics, with reference to the location on different chromosomes of dominant alleles of two or more genes or cistrons.
1941J. B. S. Haldane New Paths in Genetics i. 17 There are two geometrically isomeric types of rabbit (to use a chemical analogy) heterozygous for recessive white c and recessive yellowfat y... The trans-rabbit + y/c + is derived from the crossing of a white-fatted coloured rabbit and a yellow-fatted white. 1957[see cistron]. 1973R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xiii. 385/1 In the diploid the two mutants [sc. mutant genes] are said to be trans to one another because they are on different chromosomes.
10. Biochem. and Biol. In ns. with the sense ‘transfer’, as transacetylase, -amination, -genosis, -methylation, -peptidation (see as main entries).
11. Physics. In adjs. and ns. with the sense ‘having a higher atomic number than; beyond (in the periodic table)’.
1952Chem. & Engin. News 21 Jan. 237/2 The trans⁓californium elements. 1969Nature 26 Apr. 323/1 Dr Glen Seaborg..was able to proclaim that element 104 is the first of the ‘trans-actinide’ elements. 1973Q. Jrnl. R. Astron. Soc. XIV. 121 The existence of transbismuth elements in nature.
Pronunciation. In the pronunciation of trans- in combination, great diversity prevails locally and individually in cultivated speech. This diversity affects both the vowel a and the consonant s.
Historically, the a is short |æ| as in man, banns, and it is so treated in nearly all pronouncing dictionaries. This pronunciation is retained in the north and west of England, in Scotland, in the United States, and by many speakers even in London and its surrounding area. But the general tendency in the London area to substitute for short |æ| before certain consonant groups (as in chance, branch, demand, chant, pass, fast, ask) the long vowel |ɑː| or something intermediate between |æ| and |ɑː|, also affects trans-, so as to make its prevalent pronunciation |trɑːns| in this area, and hence to extend this pronunciation among individuals or groups in other districts. When unstressed, this vowel sinks in some common words or in colloquial utterance to |ə|, e.g. in transfer vb. |trənsˈfɜː(r)|.
The s of trans- is regularly |s| before a breath consonant, as in ˈtranscolate, transˈchange, ˈtransfer, transˈfer, tranˈspire; also, of course, where s coalesces with initial s of the second element, as in transcend, transcribe, transude. In the South of England many use |trɑːns-| in all trans- combinations, irrespective of what consonant or vowel follows. But many, even in the south, use |trɑːnz-| before a liquid, or nasal, or any voiced consonant, and before a vowel, and this is more or less recognized by recent orthoepists. This is specially the case with the word transact and its derivatives, where |trɑːnˈzækt| appears to be the more prevalent pronunciation. It is to be observed also that the ordinary English school pronunciation of Latin trans, as a preposition and in combination, is |trænz| riming with banns, plans, and that many classical scholars retain this pronunciation in English in combinations in which the identity of the prefix with Latin trans is specially obvious, as in trans-alpine, trans-danubian, trans-atlantic, trans-Pacific, trans-Jordan, trans-Caspian, trans-Siberian. In this work |trɑːns-, træns-| is given as the usual form (except in transact, etc.); but the alternative |-nz-| is given esp. for words where it has long been recognized (as in transduce, transgress, etc.), though in many other words this pronunciation is now also heard.
For the diverse treatment of a and s in these combinations, cf. Walker, Smart, Ogilvie (Annandale), Cassell's ‘Encycl. Dict.’, Webster, ‘Century Dict.’, Funk's ‘Standard Dict.’, and esp. Schröer Neuenglisches Sprach-Aussprachwörterbuch, Heidelberg, 1913, and Michaelis and Jones A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language, Berlin, London, etc. 1913, in which the subject is treated by skilled observers.
▸ trans-fat n. fat containing trans-fatty acids.
1978Artery 4 360 The abdominal aorta of 7 out of 12 swine fed hydrogenated vegetable *trans fat had raised lesions. 1994Runner's World Feb. 26/1 Our insatiable appetite for foods made with vegetable oil has pushed trans-fat intake to an all-time high. 1998Esquire Mar. 136/3 The group that ate the most ‘trans’ fat faced the worst odds of all—a 53 percent greater risk than the group that ate the least. 1999J. Elkington & J. Hailes New Foods Guide iii. 67 Evidence is emerging to suggest that trans fats may be even worse for your health than saturated fats because, in addition to raising ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol, they may lower ‘good’ HDL cholesterol.
▸ trans-fatty acid n. a trans (Affix 9a), as opposed to the naturally occurring cis, stereoisomer of a fatty acid, found esp. in partially hydrogenated margarines and other manufactured cooking fats, and thought to be a dietary risk for atherosclerosis.
[1922Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 44 147 It is the universally obscure rule that the naturally occurring higher fatty acids of the oleic series are the trans forms.] [1924Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 43 208/1 It is customary to describe oleic acid as the trans-acid for reasons of which we must plead ignorance.] 1953Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics 46 374 These specimens of summer butterfat were found by infrared examination to contain 9.5–9.7% of *trans fatty acids. 1957Science 11 Oct. 698/3 The shortenings and margarines which include these hydrogenated oils have been reported to contain as much as 23 to 42 percent of trans fatty acids. 1970Amer. Jrnl. Clin. Nutrition 23 1111 (heading) Incorporation of trans-fatty acids into tissue lipids. 1992Med. Jrnl. Australia 4 May 156 Trans fatty acids may increase serum cholesterol levels and can be reckoned to be equivalent to saturated fatty acids. 2001Jrnl. Nutrition 131242 Consumption of a solid fat rich in lauric acid gives a more favorable serum lipoprotein pattern than consumption of partially hydrogenated soybean oil rich in trans-fatty acids. |