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▪ I. total, a. and n.|ˈtəʊtəl| [a. F. total (14th c. in Hatz.-Darm.) = Sp., Pg. total, It. totale, ad. Schol.L. tōtāl-is (in St. Bernard 1150), f. L. tōt-us entire: see -al1.] A. adj. 1. Of, pertaining, or relating to the whole of something. Now rare, exc. in total eclipse, an eclipse of the sun or moon in which the whole of the disk is obscured. (Often taken as sense 3.)
c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋218 His contricion..shal be vniuersal and total. 1594Blundevil Exerc. ii. (1636) 105 The total Sine, which is the whole Semidiameter, and greatest right Sine. 1627W. Sclater Exp. 2 Thess. (1629) 172 There are two kindes or degrees of it [faith]. 1. Totall respecting the whole word of God... 2. Partiall. a1653Gouge Comm. Heb. ii. 9 (1655) 170 He was a totall Saviour. He saveth soul and body. 1671Milton Samson 81 Irrecoverably dark, total Eclipse Without all hope of day. 1683Phil. Trans., Abr. II. 604 Total Eclipse of the Moon, Feb. 11–21, 1682, observed at Paris and Copenhagen. 1697tr. Burgersdicius his Logic i. xv. 51 That Cause is total, which in its Species wholly causes the Whole Caused. 1715Halley in Phil. Trans. XXIX. 245 Observations on the..Total Eclipse of the Sun..22nd of April. 1857Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. (ed. 3) I. 362 The eclipse must have been one decidedly total. 2. a. Constituting or comprising a whole; whole, entire.
c1400Plowm. T. 418 Goodes frendship hem makes, They toteth on hir somme totall. 1474Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 72 Sum totale of bath thir sidis, lix li. xv d. c1477Caxton Jason 7 b, The veray and sewre foundement vpon which my total espayr and hope resteth. c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. xcviii. iii, Thou totall globe and all that thee enjoy. 1610Donne Pseudo-martyr 201 The whole totall body..of the points of their profession. 1709Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Mrs. Hewet 12 Nov., This is the sum total of all the news I know. 1807J. Barlow Columb. iii. 174 The flaming deluge..Sweeps total nations from the staggering world. 1810in Sir W. Napier Penins. War (1878) II. App. 418 Total number of bayonets..4924. 1833H. Martineau Cinnamon & P. vi, Its total revenue does not pay its expenses. 1903Daily Chron. 25 Mar. 8/7 The percentage of total rainfall which reaches the river is diminishing, as well as the total rainfall itself. b. total heat (Physics): = enthalpy; spec. (see quot. 1853).
1851Phil. Mag. II. 4 We often hear of the total heat of bodies, and of gases and vapours in particular, this term being meant to express the sum of the sensible and latent heat. 1853Trans. R. Soc. Edin. XX. 172 If to the latent heat of evaporation at a given temperature, is added the quantity of heat necessary to raise unity of weight of the liquid from a certain fixed temperature (usually that of melting ice) to the temperature at which the evaporation takes place, the result is called the total heat of evaporation from the fixed temperature chosen. 1927,1962[see enthalpy]. c. total impulse (Astronautics): (see quot. 1949).
1949G. P. Sutton Rocket Propulsion Elements i. 18 The impulse (often called total impulse) is the integral of the thrust over the firing duration. For a constant thrust it is the product of thrust and duration. 1979J. W. Cornelisse et al. Rocket Propulsion & Space Flight Dynamics vi. 115 The specific consumption is defined as the ratio of propellant weight consumed and the total impulse delivered. 3. a. Complete in extent or degree; absolute, utter. total recall: see recall n.1 2.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §1 Nothing less..could have produced such a total and prodigious Alteration and Confusion over the whole kingdom. 1769Def. Locke's Opin. Pers. Identity 31 After a total interruption of thought..during sound sleep. 1770Aberdeen Burgh Rec. in Bulloch Pynours (1887) 76 To put a total stop to the rolling of all sorts of Casks. 1816Coleridge Human Life 1 If total gloom Swallow up life's brief flash for aye, we fare As summer-gusts, of sudden birth and doom. 1837Lockhart Scott I. iv. 127 Notwithstanding all that Scott says about the total failure of his attempts in the art of the pencil,..they proved very useful to him afterwards. 1838–9F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 24 A total absence of self-respect. b. total abstinence: spec. entire abstinence from the use of alcoholic drinks. So total abstainer; also (rare) total abstinent, total abstention.
1831J. Tuckerman Let. respecting a City Temperance Soc., Boston, Mass. 5 A total abstinence from intoxicating stimulants, except for medicinal purposes. 1856Vaughan Mystics (1860) II. 219 How much easier is total abstinence from scenes of amusement than temperance in money-getting. 1862Total-abstainers [see abstainer]. 1880Richardson in Med. Temp. Jrnl. 71 In their allegiance to ‘total abstention’. 1882(in a Magazine), Very few public men..care to order a bottle of wine at a public table. It is not because they are total abstinents. c. Complete in nature; involving all resources; manifesting every characteristic or the whole nature of an activity, person, etc.; all-encompassing, all-inclusive; fully co-ordinated or integrated. total diplomacy, diplomacy conducted with the consent or participation of all citizens and institutions; total institution (see quot. 1962); total theatre, (a) a theatre designed for maximum involvement of performers and audience; dramaturgy which achieves this; (b) theatre involving a wide range of techniques and conventions; total war, a war to which all resources and the whole population are committed; loosely, a war conducted without any scruples or limitations; total woman, spec. a woman who conforms to the female ‘ideal’ or stereotype of complete self-abnegation and devotion to the interests of a man.
1935W. Gropius in S. Giedion W. Gropius (1954) i. 61 The aim of this ‘Total Theater’ is to draw the spectator into the drama. All technical means have to be subordinated to this aim and must never become ends in themselves. 1937W. L. Shirer Berlin Diary (1941) 86 Total war means the complete and final disappearance of the vanquished from the stage of history! 1940Graves & Hodge Long Week-End i. 13 The philosophy of ‘total war’, that a war can best be won by complete ruthlessness, was of German origin. 1942Total war [see people's war s.v. people n. 9]. 1950World-Telegram-Sun (N.Y.) 14 Mar. 12 He [sc. D. Acheson] defines ‘total diplomacy’ as the full use of Congress,..government agencies, as well as business, labor and agriculture. 1951E. A. Walsh (title) Total empire: the roots and progress of world communism. 1957Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 26 Jan. 22/1 M. [Jean-Louis] Barrault..describes it as follows: ‘‘Total Theatre’ is simply the true and traditional theatre, the one which makes use of man ‘in his totality’, his gestures, pantomime, dances, breath, cries, articulation, speech, poetry, and singing.’ 1957J. D. MacDonald Man of Affairs iii. 43, I did not see how any platonic relationship between Mike and this total woman would be possible. 1957E. Goffman in Symposium on Preventive & Soc. Psychiatry 44 [These institutions'] encompassing or total character is symbolized by the barrier to social intercourse with the outside that is often built right into the physical plant: locked doors, high walls, barbed wire, cliffs and water, open terrain, and so forth. These I am calling total insititutions. 1962― Asylums p. xiii, A total institution may be defined as a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life. 1963I. Fletcher in B. Sewell Two Friends 63 Spiritual Poems is a fine example of ‘total art’, its paper and typography reflecting the eclecticism and scholarly caprice of content. 1966Listener 29 Dec. 959/2, I still think the best kind of Christmas show for children is pantomime. It is a form of total theatre—story, spectacle, ballet, song, revue sketch, comedians' jokes, audience-participation, even circus acts. 1966Schwarz & Hadik Strategic Terminology 132 War, total, conflict in which the issue is a threat to survival and in which all weapons of the combatants are used. Many modern definitions of total war used the term for war involving nuclear weapons or the direct confrontation of the great powers on the assumption that it would be unlimited or become unlimited. 1967Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. i. 34/2 Rather he is thought of as a human being who needs dentistry badly and one for whom total care is now available. 1969Times 17 Oct. 17/4 Carlo Palazzi, who is a past-master of the total look..had all his men wearing saffron coloured clothes which mixed and, of course, matched. 1972A. Bryant Bless this House iv. 44 Marabel Morgan..talked about her course entitled ‘The Total Woman’. 1973M. Morgan Total Woman (1975) iv. 60 A Total Woman caters to her man's special quirks, whether it be in salads, sex, or sports. 1973Times 30 July 20/3 They became convinced that developers and local authorities ought to concern themselves with engineering a ‘total’ environment for a community, of which the buildings themselves are only a part. 1974Howard Jrnl. XIV. 86 Most total institutions leave their mark on those who devote their lives to them—the colonel, the sea captain, the public school headmaster, the monk and the nun are popular cultural stereotypes. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 2 May 477/5 The approach throughout is scholarly and thorough, no one period receiving less attention than any other. As one might expect, Roman and medieval features are fully treated, but so too are post⁓medieval and recent... This is total archaeology at its best. 1977N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Oct. 46/3 (Advt.), Professional man, 60, needs slender, total woman over 30 for September, 1978, fortnight Alaskan cruise. 1978New Yorker 7 Aug. 45/1 In the past few years the Dutch have been the most thrilling [soccer] side to watch, playing a running game—‘total football’, it is called—with players interchanging positions and functions but always pressing forward on the attack. 1980R. Moody Devil you Don't iv. 45 In the fight against Hitler, we progressed to the concept of Total War, no quarter given, no humanity expected, victory at any price. †4. Summary, concise, brief. Obs. rare—1.
a1586Sidney Astr. & Stella xcii, Or do you meane my tender eares to spare, That to my questions you so totall are? When I demaund of Phœnix-Stellas state, You say, forsooth, you left her well of late: O God, thinke you that satisfies my care? 5. total float (see quot. 1967).
1964K. G. Lockyer Introd. Critical Path Anal. v. 49 Total float, the time by which an activity can expand. 1967S. Woodgate in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 80 Total float is..the maximum amount of spare time which can be made available to any activity. B. n. a. (the adj. used absolutely). The aggregate, the whole sum or amount; a whole.
1557Recorde Whetst. Cc ij b, The totalle will bee (as here in worke appeareth) 335,016. 1621Bp. R. Montagu Diatribæ 65 To cast vp these particulars into one totall. 1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. ii. xi. 224 Here..is a business in which consists the total of our safety. 1772Burke Corr. (1844) I. 380 But I must say with as great, as just suspicions of him and his, as with attachment to you, on the total. 1841Marryat Poacher xxii, You can.. sum up totals. 1849Grote Greece ii. xlii. V. 218 The grand total was not less than 110,000 men. b. in total, all together, entirely.
1965Listener 7 Jan. 3/1 Does the Government mean incomes in total cannot go up by more than production..? Or does it mean that all incomes should go up by the same percentage? 1969R. B. Fuller Operating Man. Spaceship Earth iv. 52 We have not been seeing our Spaceship Earth as an integrally-designed machine which to be persistently successful must be comprehended and serviced in total. Hence ˈtotalness, totality. rare.
1727Bailey vol. II, Totalness, the Wholeness, or whole Sum. Hence1818in Todd; and in later Dicts. c1864E. Dickinson Poems (1955) II. 619 All I may, if small, Do it not display Larger for the Totalness—'Tis Economy To bestow a World And withold a Star.
▸ total quality n. Business (a theory of) management based on the principle that the highest standards of work must be maintained throughout every level of an organization's operations, esp. in order to guarantee efficient working practices and high-quality products and services; usu. attrib., esp. in total quality assurance (abbreviated TQA), total quality control (abbreviated TQC), total quality management (abbreviated TQM).
1957N.Y. Times 18 Apr. (advt.) ‘Management Meets Competition’ is the theme... Other conference subjects will be..the new *total quality control. 1961A. V. Feigenbaum Total Quality Control i. i. 12 Total quality control is an effective system for integrating the quality-development, quality-maintenance and quality-improvement efforts of the various groups in an organization..at the most economical levels which allow for full customer satisfaction. 1974Managem. Rev. June 25 Total quality assurance (TQA) is a relatively new system that requires all members of the production management team to participate in satisfying the customer's quality needs. 1989Rochester (N.Y.) Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 25 Dec. i. 2 Taking a cue from their elder brethren, many smaller manufacturers adopted trendy programs such as just-in-time and total quality. 1993U.S. News & World Rep. 10 May 28/3 [He] was enthralled with total quality management, the philosophy developed by W. Edwards Deming, the American industrialist who taught Japanese companies to put customers first, to make their organizations customer driven and their management less hierarchical. 2000R. J. Evans Entertainment i. 9 Drugs, then. Nice work. No downsizing to worry about, total quality initiatives, teamwork exercises, investors in people. ▪ II. total, v.|ˈtəʊtəl| [f. total a. and n.] 1. a. trans. To reach the total of, amount to.
1859All Year Round No. 13. 305 One of our adversaries scored 70 off his own bat: they totalled 138. 1884Pall Mall G. 22 Aug. 2/2 The proofs actually issued in neither case totalled 1,000. 1901Cycl. Tour. Cl. Gaz. Oct. 389 A list [of accidents]..totals no less than twenty. b. intr. To amount to, mount up to.
1880Scotsman 24 Jan., For the whole of 1879 they probably totalled up to between 16 and 17 millions. 1896Daily News 23 Jan. 7/5 Even the 5s. or 10s. required as deposit on each ticket must total to a large amount. 2. trans. To bring to a total, add up, complete. Also (U.S.) with out.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 99 One, if not both of those Collectors dy'd..before those Collections were total'd. 1863P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 23 The rating, valuing, totalling, and proving of workmanship notes in the Accountant's department. 1894Cath. News 16 June 4/5 The heavy legal costs..if totalled up, would strike our readers with surprise. 1966Word Study Dec. 2/2 How long did I control on fly-by-wire?.. That is something we want to total out. 1977New Yorker 13 June 30/1 We weren't going to wait until the Police Department could total out what it would cost them. 3. To damage beyond repair (esp. a motor vehicle, in an accident); to destroy, to demolish, to wreck; to kill or injure severely; also fig., and with out. Freq. in pass. and as pa. pple. Chiefly N. Amer.
1895W. Rye Vocab. E. Anglia 232 Totald [sic], killed or injured. 1954Amer. Speech XXIX. 103 Bob totaled his car last night. 1965Ibid. XL. 159 Her son was hospitalized because of an automobile accident and..his car was ‘totalled’. 1966Newsweek 13 June 48c/3 Amazingly, no drivers were ‘totaled’. 1966Current Slang (Univ. S. Dakota) Summer 4 Totalled out, intoxicated... Tom was totalled out by midnight. 1966Ibid. Winter 8 Totalled, adj., mentally upset... After one semester, he was totalled. 1970E. Segal Love Story iii. 24 Did you at least total the guy that hit you? 1971Wall St. Jrnl. 17 Mar. 1/1 He has had 44 planes, three of which were ‘totaled’ in accidents. 1971New Yorker 28 Aug. 81 Townshend did total his instrument during his last song. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 169 Total it out, to wreck a truck completely. 1972C. Weston Poor, Poor Ophelia x. 52 You think it's a fantasy my car's totaled? 1973New Yorker 16 July 34/3 A streak of sudden tire skids,..a totalled car at the bottom of a ravine. 1974Publishers Weekly 1 Apr. 50/1 Water from fire engines and hydrants cascaded into the burning ruins. Eighteen businesses were totaled. 1974J. Goldman Man from Greek & Roman xxiii. 211 ‘Totalled out.’.. Big gash along the side, hood all barged up. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Dec. 1486/5 ‘The Execution of Lady Jane Grey’... Lady Jane is about to be totalled by the axe. 1977Time 10 Jan. 42/2 He can still total a liquor store in the course of rescuing hostages. 1979Yale Alumni Mag. Apr. (Suppl.) cn10/3 Little Robert was totaled by a bus that ran a red light but escaped with fractures of collar bone and right hand. 1979G. Swarthout Skeletons 98 I'm too totalled to hate anyone... This has been the worst week of my life. 1981J. D. MacDonald Free Fall in Crimson xx. 230 ‘He's the one that beat the old man to death.’.. ‘They think he totaled the movie lady.’ 1982Guardian 26 Oct. 8/7 Daddy's BMW which she can drive any time she wants as long as she doesn't total it. |