| 释义 |
▪ I. † flask, n.1 Obs.
[var. of flash n.1]
= flash n.1 1.
a1300E.E. Psalter cxlii[i]. 7 Noght turne þou þi face fra me, And to falland in flask like sal I be. 1472Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 242 Set respondet de 2s. de annuo redditu exeunte de uno clauso vocato Flask infra territorium de Northstanley.
▪ II. flask, n.2|flɑːsk, -æ-|
Forms: 1 flasce, flaxe, 6–7 flaske, 7 flasque, 6– flask.
[A word found in nearly all the Teut. and Rom. langs.; whether adopted from late L. into Teut., or conversely, is undetermined. The earliest known examples are in Latin; three different declensional forms appear in med.L., and all of them are represented in the Rom. langs. (1) In Gregory's Dialogues c 600 (ii. xviii; cf. i. ix) the form flascō, flascōnem (whence It. fiascone, F. flacon: see flagon) denotes a wooden vessel, apparently a small keg intended to be carried by pedestrians and to contain a supply of wine to be consumed on a journey; it is there stated to be a word belonging to the vulgar speech. In later use the word appears as a synonym of butticula, bottle, and applied to a vessel either of wood, leather, metal, earthenware or glass. The Greek transl. of Gregory's Dialogues, believed to be of the 8th c., has ϕλασκίον, which is frequent in Byzantine writers of the 10th c. (2) In the 7th c. Isidore (Etym. xx. vi. §2) gives the form flasca, which he regards as a derivative of Gr. ϕιάλη, stating that flascæ were originally made for carrying and storing phialæ (? shallow drinking cups), though afterwards used to contain wine; the form survives in It. fiasca, OF. flache, flasche, flaske, flasque (the last of these survived till 16th c., and in the sense ‘powder-flask’ to a later period). (3) The form flascus is given in Du Cange, but is prob. only a latinized form of It. fiasco, which may represent med.L. flasco (nom.); equivalent forms are Sp. flasco, frasco, Pg. frasco.
The word occurs in all the Teut. langs. exc. Goth., and always as wk. fem.: OE. flasce, more usually flaxe, OHG. flasca (MHG. vlasche, also vlesche with the vowel change normal in some dialects before sch; mod.Ger. flasche), MDu. flassche, flessche (mod.Du. flesch); ON. flaska is doubtful, as it has only been found in the nicknames flǫsku-skegg, flǫsku-bakr, explained by Vigf. as ‘bottle-beard’, ‘bottle-back’; Icel., Sw. flaska, Da. flaske may be from Ger. In the mod. continental Teut. langs. it is the ordinary word for bottle; in OHG. it had the same wider sense as in OE. (see 1 below).
The OE. word, which would normally have become *flash in mod.E., appears not to have survived into ME. In 16th c. the F. flasque was adopted in the sense powder-flask (the wider sense being then already antiquated in Fr.). The older Fr. sense, a bottle, first appears in Eng. about 1700; whence it was adopted is not clear, but as the word is chiefly associated with Italian wine and oil, it may most naturally be regarded as from the It. fiasco, the etymological identity of which with the already existing Eng. word would be readily perceived.
Scholars who regard the word as of Rom. origin usually accept the view of Diez, that flasco is for *vlasco, a metathesis of *vasclo, from L. vasculum. This is satisfactory with regard to meaning (St. Gregory describes as vascula lignea what he says were vulgarly called flascones), and involves no insuperable difficulty with regard to form, though the phonetic process supposed has no precise parallel in any known instance; for approximately similar phenomena, such as flaba from fābula, see Diez. The early occurrence of the types flascam, flascōnem, and the absence of the type flascum in early use, are somewhat unfavourable to this hypothesis. The assumption that the word is of Teut. origin is chronologically legitimate, and presents no difficulty exc. the absence of any satisfactory etymology. A connexion with flat a. would be phonetically probable, but there is no evidence that the n. originally meant a flat vessel. From Teut. the word has been adopted into many other langs.: Lapp flasko, lasko, Hung. palaczk, Polish flasza, Czech flaše.]
†1. In OE.: A vessel of wood, skin, or other material, for carrying liquor. Obs.
Prob. not widely current in OE.; it occurs chiefly as a rendering of the cognate L. word, which in some glossaries is rendered by butruc.
a900Werferth Gregory's Dial. ii. xviii, Twa treowene fatu wines fulle ða syndon on folcisc flaxan ᵹehatene [orig. quæ vulgo flascones vocantur]. c1000Ags. Gosp. Mark xiv. 14 Sum man berende sume wæterflaxan [Vulg. lagenam aquæ]. c1000ælfric Colloq. in Wr.-Wülcker 97 Ic bicᵹe hyda and fell..and wyrce of him..flaxan.
2. a. A case of leather or metal (formerly often of horn) carried by soldiers or sportsmen to hold gunpowder. Now usually powder-flask.[The fig. quot. from Donne is referred by Latham to a supposed sense ‘quiver’. The Cent. Dict. omits the quot., but gives the sense ‘a quiver, a set of arrows in a quiver’, quoting (prob. from Nares) a misprinted version of a passage from Fairfax, q.v. in flash n.3] 1549Privy Council Acts (1890) II. 348 Flaskes, cviij; touche boxes, c. 1598Barret Theor. Warres iii. i. 34 To charge his peece, either with his flask or bandelier. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 217 Every souldier is able to make..his owne Flaske and Touch-box. 1634T. Johnson Parey's Chirurg. ii. (1678) 273 His Guard had his Flasque full of Gunpowder set on fire. 1865Dougall Shooting (ed. 2) 66 The most pleasant flask to handle is that covered with leather.
fig.1612–5Bp. Hall Contempl. O.T. xx. ix, This sulphurous flaske [Rabshakeh], therefore, dyes in his own smoke. a1631Donne St. Lucie's Day Wks. (Grosart) II. 203 The sun is spent, and now his flasks Send forth light squibbs, no constant rayes.
b. (See quot.) ? Obs.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) F iij, Powder-flasks, or flasks charged with gun-powder and fitted with a fuse, are..provided..to be thrown upon the enemy's deck.
3. a. A bottle, usually of glass, of spheroidal or bulbous shape, with a long narrow neck; applied esp. to the bottles of this form, protected by a covering of wicker-work or plaited grass, etc. in which wines and olive oil are exported from Italy (also more fully Florence flask); a similar vessel for use in a laboratory. In verse sometimes used loosely for ‘bottle’. Also, the contents or capacity of a flask.
1693Southerne Maid's Last Prayer ii. i, A drop of oil left in a flask of wine. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 535 A Flask of Wine which holds 3 quarts will cost 18 Stivers. 1701De Foe True-born Eng. ii. 60 They toss the flask. 1705–30S. Gale in Bibl. Topog. Brit. III. 33 We..were entertained with several flasks of excellent Florence. 1708W. King Cookery iv, Then for the Bourdeaux you may freely ask; But the Champaigne is to each man his flask. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 12 Having fitted a brass cap..to the mouth of a thin bottle, or Florence flask. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 42 In many graves earthen flasks. 1842Tennyson Audley Court 26 A flask of cider from his father's vats. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 40 To boil water in a glass vessel, such as a Florence flask. 1882Ouida Maremma I. 191 Had some black bread and a flask of water.
†b. A definite quantity of liquid (see quot.).
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Flasque..also a Pottle or five Pints and half, that quantity, formerly of Florence, now of any Wine.
c. A bottle of glass or metal, somewhat flat in shape and of size suitable to be carried in the pocket, intended to contain a supply of wine or other beverage for use on a journey; usually furnished with a screw-top, and (when made of glass) encased in leather for protection.
1814Scott Wav. xlv, ‘You shall have it’, answered..Waverley..giving him some drink from his flask. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 80 Our brandy flasks were also nearly exhausted. 1861Dickens Gt. Expect. xx, A pocket-flask of sherry.
d. (See quot.)
1872Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 16 Which claimed to have a capacity for delivering 4,000 flasks per month. 1881― Mining Gloss., Flask, an iron bottle in which quick⁓silver is sent to market. It contains 76½ pounds.
4. a. Founding. A frame or box used to hold a portion of the mould for casting. [Perh. a distinct word.]
1697Evelyn Numism. vi. 214 Medals..counterfeited by casting off in the Flask. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Flasque, a Bottle of Sand, bound about with Iron, into which the melted Metal is by Coyners and others poured. 1852–61Archit. Publ. Soc. Dict. s.v., Flask, a term used by ironfounders to express the iron or wood frame intended to receive the sand which forms the upper or the movable part of the mould.
b. Dentistry. A sectional metal container for holding a denture during vulcanization.
1859Brit. Jrnl. Dental Sci. Apr. 463/1 In 1846, the necessity became imperative for what are now called in America ‘Putnam's vulcanizing flasks’. 1860J. Richardson Pract. Treat. Mech. Dentistry xv. 362 In forming the matrix, a vulcanizing flask is used. Ibid. 364 On separating the flask, the teeth, with the wax and temporary plate, will be found attached to the section of the matrix last formed. 1911G. H. Wilson Man. Dental Prosthetics vi. 258 The edges of the denture as it comes from the flask are rough and irregular from the extension of excess vulcanite. 1963J. Osborne Dental Mechanics (ed. 5) xix. 378 Whilst ordinary denture flasks may be used for acrylic teeth, small flasks are easier to handle and less wasteful in plaster.
5. s.w. dial. A kind of basket (see quot.).[In Welsh fflasg; cf. flasket (Welsh fflasged), from which this may possibly be a back-formation. Cf. however the use of OF. flache for a certain measure of capacity for peas, etc.] 1888Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Flask, the large oval basket used for linen by all washerwomen. 1891Daily News 15 May 7/2 A ‘flask’ containing either a turkey or a goose.
6. attrib. and Comb., as flask-case, flask-glass, flask-shaped; also, flask-leather, a fastening for a powder-flask; flask-shell, a mollusc whose shell is flask-shaped.
1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4572/4 Her Majesty hath been graciously pleased..to Grant unto Jane Tasker..the sole working and making of *Flask-Cases, and covering and casing with Flags, Rushes and Straw, *Flask glasses now used in England, in imitation of those which come from Florence, during the space of fourteen Years.
1598Barret Theor. Warres iii. i. 34 With his..*Flask-leather upon the right thigh.
1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 43/2 The cirrigrada have..a large *flask-shaped stomach.
1868Wood Homes without H. v. 105 A common British species, the *Flask Shell (Gastrochæna modiolina) is notable for its habit of boring through various shells.
▪ III. † flask, n.3 Obs.
Also 7 flasque.
[ad. Fr. flasque one of the cheeks of a gun-carriage, var. of flaque plank, beam, perh. of Teut. origin; cf. Ger. flach level, flat. In 16th c. flanque (app. = ‘side piece,’ f. flanc flank n.1) occurs in the same sense.]
The bed in a gun-carriage.
1578Inv. R. Wardrobe & Jewel-ho. (1815) 258 Ane flask of elme for ane moyane. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Flasque..a Carriage for Ordinance. 1721–1800Bailey, Flask, a Bed in the Carriage of a Piece of Ordnance.
▪ IV. † flask, v.1 Obs.
In 3 flaskien, vlasken.
[See flash v.]
1. trans. To splash, sprinkle; = flash v. 2.
a1225Ancr. R. 314 Heo vlaskeð water þeron. Ibid., And ȝif dust of lihte þouhtes windeð up to swuðe, flaskie teares on ham.
2. To cause to wave or flutter, to flap.
1565Golding Ovid's Met. ii. 14 The weather flaskt and whisked vp her garmentes being slacke. Ibid. vi. 886 Boreas gan To flaske his wings, with wauing of the which he raysed than So great a gale.
▪ V. flask, v.2|flɑːsk, -æ-|
[f. flask n.2]
trans. †a. To protect as a flask is protected. b. To put into a flask.
1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 212, I put at the bottom of a Vessel the Ozier that flask'd a Glass Bottle. 1855Browning Popularity xii, There's the extract, flasked and fine.
c. spec. in Dentistry, to place (a denture) in a flask and surround with plaster ready for vulcanizing. So flasked ppl. a., ˈflasking vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1873O. Coles Man. Dental Mech. x. 194 The teeth and bands having been properly adjusted to the model, and to each other, the case is ready for flasking. Ibid. 199 When sinking a repair in the flask cover everything but the portion that will require packing, and instead of flasking in the lower portion use the upper section. 1916J. H. Prothero Prosthetic Dentistry (ed. 2) xiii. 194 The flasked case..will then present three separate openings, leading from the base of the crucible to the matrix. 1927D. M. Shaw Dental Prosthetic Mech. vi. 75 The first portion of the flasking plaster is brought up on the gum nearly to the necks of the teeth. 1963J. Osborne Dental Mechanics (ed. 5) xix. 379 Porcelain patterns must be flasked so that they are half-way into the flasking plaster and may thus be removed easily after flasking is completed. |