| 释义 |
▪ I. † tope, n.1 Obs.
[Origin obscure.]
A measure (of hay, corn, etc.).
1530–1Durham Househ. Bk. (Surtees) 263 [In threshing and winnowing account] Item 4 topez of pyese. 1618Inv. F. Banks in W. F. Irvine Hist. Rivington, Lanc. 65 Item, a tope of haye. 1676Will of Jas. Kenyon of Middleton, Lanc. (Prob. Reg. Chester), In the Barne. A tope of Wheate 10s. 0d. 2 topes of Barley 14s. 0d. A tope of Oates 3l. 6s. 8d.
▪ II. tope, n.2|təʊp|
[Etymology not ascertained. ? Cornish name.]
A small species of shark, Galeus galeorhinus or G. canis, native to British seas, especially off the coast of Cornwall. Called also dog-fish, penny-dog, miller's-dog.
1686Ray Willughby's Hist. Pisc. i. xii. 22 Canis galeus Rondeletii & aliorum. Cornubiensibus, ni fallor, A Tope dicitur. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) II. ii. i. 269 The Dog Fish, the Zygæna, the Tope, the Cat Fish. 1846Owen Compar. Anat. Vertebr. iii. 56 In the Tope..may be seen the highest stage of vertebral ossification in the Chondropterygian Fishes. 1909Daily Chron. 9 Oct. 7/3 Another kind of shark..is the tope, an ugly and rapacious brute, attaining an average length of about six feet.
b. The Australasian species, Galeus australis.
1898Morris Austral English, Tope, an Australasian Shark, Galeus australis, Macl...Called also School-Shark.
▪ III. tope, n.3|təʊp|
A local name for the Wren.
1813G. Montagu Suppl. Ornith. Dict., Tope. Vide Wren, common. 1831Ibid., Tope, a name for the Wren. 1885Swainson Provinc. Names Birds 35 Tope (Norfolk, Cornwall).
▪ IV. ‖ tope, n.4 East Ind.|təʊp|
[ad. Tamil tōppu, Telugu tōpu.]
A clump, grove, or plantation of trees; in Upper India, chiefly of fruit-trees; esp. a mango grove or orchard.
1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 41 The Country is..plentiful in Provisions; in all Places Topes of Trees. 1792Q. Crauford Sk. Hindoos (ed. 2) II. 104 note, Topes are very frequent, and some..containing perhaps 100 acres of land. 1826Soldier's Album 82 The word ‘tope’ means clump... We encamped nightly in the topes of Mangoe trees. 1834Penny Cycl. II. 233/1 The ‘toddy topes’, or coco-nut tree orchards, are very extensive in Ceylon.
▪ V. ‖ tope, n.5 East Ind.|təʊp|
[a. Hind. (Panjābī) tōp, held to be:—Prākrit or Pālī thūpo:—Skr. stūpa.]
An ancient structure, in the form of a dome or tumulus of masonry, for the preservation of relics or in commemoration of some fact; numerous specimens, usually of Buddhist or Jain origin, exist in India and south-eastern Asia.
A tope containing relics is specially called a dagoba.
1815Elphinstone Caubul I. 80 note, Tope is an expression used for a mound or burrow as far west as Peshawer. 1853― in Calcutta Rev. July–Dec. 266 The famous Tope at Manikhyla. 1882Edin. Rev. Oct. 360 A tope may be described as a domed structure, not unlike the dome of St. Paul's if it were lifted from the cathedral and placed on the ground. 1886Guide Galleries Brit. Mus. 202 A Tope is a shrine peculiar to the Buddhist religion... In the centre is a solid dome-shaped structure, termed a dagoba, enclosing one or more small chests, with relics of Buddha or of his principal followers. This is generally surrounded by an elaborately carved rail. 1903Athenæum 26 Sept. 405/2 A notable feature of these towns, the dagabas, or topes, are not themselves especially Buddhist monuments.
▪ VI. tope, v.1|təʊp|
Also dial. towp, toup; cf. top v.2
[Known from 1669; of obscure origin. Synonymous with top v.2, which occurs much earlier; but the long o is difficult to account for.]
†1. Naut. trans. To tilt, tip (a yard): = top v.2 1.
1669Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. ii. 17 Tope your Sprit-sail Yard.
2. To tilt over, cause to slope or lean to one side; to overturn, turn upside down; = top v.2 4. Obs. exc. dial.
1684She-Wedding ⁋6 in Harl. Misc. (1810) VI. 404 When the good wives are together, toping their noses over the brandy-bottle. 1701Farquhar Sir H. Wildair iv. i, Here, boy.—No Nants left.—(Topes the Glass.) 1901F. E. Taylor Folk-sp. S. Lancs. (E.D.D.), Hoo [= she] tope't her yed o' one soide.
b. intr. To incline, nod, or fall to one side; to topple or fall over; to fall asleep; to die. dial.
1796W. Marshall Rur. Econ. Yorks. (ed. 2) Gloss., To Towp, to heel; to towp-over; to topple. 1800Spec Yorks. Dial. 24 (E.D.D.) T'ows [the ox] towpt ower hedge intil a lang dyke. 1863Brierley Waverlow 168 If her father would ‘just tope o'er’ [doze off, fall asleep]..she could steal out. 1876Whitby Gloss., Towp, Towple, or Towple down, to fall over. c1900in Eng. Dial. Dict. (E. Yorks.), Old you [ewe] 'z boon te toup ower.
▪ VII. tope, v.2 Now only literary or arch.
[Known 1654; origin obscure. Synonymous with the earlier top v.3, but, as in prec., the substitution of long o offers difficulties. See Note below, and that to tope int.]
1. trans. To drink, esp. to drink copiously and habitually.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iv. ix. 230 Tope it about mine Host; the wine bags now Had been as good, as milke of the red Cow. c1679Roxb. Ball. (1890) VII. 13 They tope the brandy, beer, and ale. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) I. 41 And could we tope an ocean His due we hardly give. 1772Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr. Ser. ii. (1862) I. 410 Fat John will no more..snore by the great kitchen fire or tope Staffordshire ale! 1876T. S. Egan tr. Heine's Atta Troll, etc. 250 Our Rhine-wine constantly toping.
2. intr. To drink largely or in large draughts.
1667Dryden Maiden Queen v. i, I'll Tope with you, I'll Sing with you, I'll Dance with you. 1671Crowne Juliana 1, I can go into the Cardinal's cellar and tie my nose to one barrel, and my horse to another, and tope who shall tope most for a wager. a1701Sedley Toper Wks. (1766) 27 Let's tope and be merry, Be jolly and cheery. 1754Connoisseur No. 9 ⁋4 On Sundays, while the husbands are toping at the alehouse,..their wives..go to church. 1827Hood Don't you Smell Fire 7 Now where can the turn⁓cock be drinking?.. But he still may tope on, for I'm thinking That the plugs are as dry as himself.
Hence ˈtoping vbl. n. (also attrib.) and ppl. a.
(The word in first quot. may be for topping.)
1667Dryden & Dk. Newcastle Sir Martin Mar-all v. iii. (1668) 68 A rare toping health this. a1680Butler Epigr. on Club of Sots, The jolly Members of a toping Club. 1690Dryden Don Sebast. i. i, This Mufty..is some English Renegade, he talks so savourly of toping. a1701Sedley To Phillis Wks. (1766) 20 A club of witty, toping boys. 1709O. Dykes Eng. Prov. & Refl. (ed. 2) 298 Tipling, and Toping, and Bouzing above measure is as bad as Bouncing in our Liquor. 1753Scots Mag. Oct. 491/2, I had..got by heart several toping..songs. 1855Kingsley Westw. Ho! ii, To amuse themselves in something more intellectual than mere toping in pot-houses. 1884Edin. Rev. Oct. 314 The country squires who sang Durfey's songs at their ‘toping-tables’. [Note. One theory would identify this with top v.2, tope v.1, with the primary sense ‘to tilt a bottle or vessel in drinking’, hence ‘to drink with great draughts, or copiously’; another would connect this vb. with tope int., for which there is someting to be said; only that top v.2 occurs a good deal earlier.] ▪ VIII. † tope, int. Obs.
[See Note below.]
An exclamation used in drinking; app. = I pledge you.
1651Stanley Excit. Anacreon Poems 94 By thy tall Majestic Flaggons; By Mas, Tope, and thy Flap-dragons..To thy frolick Order call us, Knights of the deep Bowle install us. 1659Shirley Hon. & Mammon v. i, 2nd Sol. To my Colonel, honest Squanderbag. (Drinks.) 1st Sol. Who wants my colonel? 2nd Sol. I want it, tope: give me 't. 1663Cowley Cutter of Coleman St. ii. viii, Fill us t'other Quart, That we may drink the Colonel's Health... Why dost thou frown, thou arrant Clown? Hey Boys—Tope. 1664G. Etherege Love in Tub ii. iii, Lend me your hand, Sir..; here's a good health To all that are so: Tope..here pledg me.
[Note. Generally held to be a. F. top, tope, tôpe, according to Littré ellipt. for je tope, from toper, tôper, tauper, ‘to accept a stake or wager’, orig. a word of dice-play (cf. Littré s.v. L'un des joueurs ayant dit: mâsse dix pistoles, l'autre a dit, tôpe); hence, to accept an offer or proposal; = It. toppa ‘done!’, a word said to signify acceptance of a bet, toppare ‘to say ‘ done’ when another offers to lay a wager’; orig. to strike against, ‘give a counter-shock’ (Florio), Sp. topar to meet, to run or strike against. Its use in drinking is cited in It. 1659 (see quot. below), and in F. in 1671 (see Littré). The Fr. tope has passed into Du. top, Ger. topp, Sw. topp, in sense ‘done!’, ‘agreed’, and for the acceptance of a pledge in drinking. Hence some would derive tope v.2 to drink deeply.
1659Torriano Ital. Dict., Topa, a word among Dicers, as much to say, ‘I hold it, done, throw’, or ‘I see the By’; also by good fellows, when they are drinking: ‘I'll pledge you’.]
▪ IX. tope
obs. Sc. f. tap v.1; var. tobe. |