| 释义 |
▪ I. tomb, n.|tuːm|
Forms: α. 3–6 toumbe, tumbe, 4–5 toumb, 4–6 tumb, 4–7 tombe, 5 towmbe, 6–7 toombe, 4– tomb. β. 4–5 towme, 4–6 tome, 5–6 toume, 6 Sc. toim, 6–7 toome.
[Early ME. toumbe, tumbe, a. AF. tumbe, OF. tombe (12th c. in Godef.) = Sp., Pg. tumba, It. tomba:—late L. tumba (Prudentius), ad. Gr. τύµβος sepulchral mound.
The final b began to be mute in Eng. (cf. lamb, dumb) early in 14th c., but the spelling tomb, which never exactly represented the spoken word, has survived, and from the 17th c. been the accepted form.]
1. a. A place of burial; an excavation in earth or rock for the reception of a dead body, a grave. Also, a chamber or vault formed wholly or partly in the earth, and, in early times, a tumulus or mound raised over the body.
(In quot. 1275, perhaps a coffin or sarcophagus.)
c1275Lay. 6080 Hii makede one tumbe [c 1205 tunne] of golde and of gimmes. þane kinge hii dude þar ine..and leide hine mid honure heȝe in þan toure. c1290Beket 2341 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 173 Riȝt so he wende to þe stude þere seint thomas lai At is toumbe he feol a-doun a-kneo wepinde wel sore. a1300Cursor M. 17798 (Cott.) Yee sal find þair tumbs [Gött. tumbes] tome [= toom]. c1400Destr. Troy 12113 Þis burd was broght to þe bare toumb. 1474Caxton Chesse 93 Thenne they took the body out of the tombe. 1513Douglas æneis v. vii. 16 At the tumbe [L. tumulum]..Quhair beryit was Hector of maist renoun. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xiv. 187 Tombes are the clothes of the dead. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) II. 232 The church⁓yard is so full of tombs. 1838Thirlwall Greece II. xvi. 389 A tomb..which was generally believed to contain his bones.
b. transf. Anything that is or may become the last resting-place of a corpse.
1812J. Wilson Isle of Palms i. 646 The sails now serve them for a shroud, And the sea-cave is their tomb.
c. fig.
1816Shelley Sunset 42 The tomb of thy dead self. 1818― The Past 9 Memories that make the heart a tomb. 1907Nation (N.Y.) 12 Sept. 222/2 The office of mayor has been the tomb of many political ambitions.
2. A monument erected to enclose or cover the body and preserve the memory of the dead; a sepulchral structure raised above the earth. Hence sometimes a cenotaph. Also formerly, a tombstone erected over a grave.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 102/33 Þoruȝ touchingue of seinte Agace toumbe þouȝ schalt beo hol a-non. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 2617 He bad þat..me is bodi nome & burede it..In an tumbe suiþe hey, þat hii miȝte hit ver yse. Ibid. 4594 At glastinbury..at uore þe heye weued,..As is bones liggeþ, is toumbe wel vair is. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 7791 Byrieþ me þere..& doþ make a toumbe þat longe may last. 1470–85Malory Arthur ii. xi. 88 Kyng Arthur lete make the tombe of kynge Lot passyng rychely. 1545Test. Ebor. (Surtees) VI. 234 Fortie poundes..to make a tombe over my grave. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 304 The common sort haue their Tombes of marble engrauen with letters. 1657in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Acc. (1896) 234 To make a Toombe ouer his wiues Graue. a1717Parnell Night Piece on Death 39 The Marble Tombs that rise on high, Whose Dead in vaulted Arches lye. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk., Westm. Abbey, I paused to contemplate a tomb on which lay the effigy of a knight in complete armour.
3. Regarded as the final resting-place of every one; hence sometimes used for the state of death.
1559Mirr. Mag., Hen. VI vi, Would god the rufull toumbe had been my royall trone. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. x. §5 Our Minds represent to us those Tombs, to which we are approaching. 1769Gray Install. Ode 50 Charity, that glows beyond the tomb. 1777J. Ryland in Palmer Bk. Praise (1862) 226 He that formed me in the womb, He shall guide me to the tomb. 1822Byron Heav. & Earth i. iii, Than to behold the universal tomb.
4. R.C. Ch. Designating a cavity in an altar, where relics are deposited; an altar-cavity.
1886Encycl. Brit. XX. 357/2 Every altar used for the celebration of mass must, according to Roman Catholic rule, contain some authorized relics. These are inserted into a cavity prepared for their reception, called ‘the tomb’, by the bishop of the diocese, and sealed up with the episcopal seal.
5. The Tombs: New York City prison. U.S. slang.
1840Daily Picayune (New Orleans) 27 Aug. 2/3 Poor Chapman..is in the ‘Tombs’, charged with false swearing at an election. 1842Dickens Amer. Notes I. vi. 199 What is this dismal-fronted pile of bastard Egyptian?.. A famous prison, called the Tombs. 1935A. G. Macdonell Visit to Amer. iii. 53 A criminal had been brought from the Tombs..to be examined in the ‘Line-Up’. 1981M. C. Smith Gorky Park iii. iii. 330 It's the Tombs... Night Court's open now.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib., as tomb-board, tomb-burglar, tomb-burglary, tomb-cave, tomb-chamber, tomb-chapel, tomb chest, tomb-dweller, tomb figure, tomb figurine, tomb furniture, tomb-house, tomb monument, tomb-painting, tomb-palace, tomb-relief, tomb-slab, tomb-temple, etc.
b. objective, as tomb-breaker, tomb-haunter, tomb-maker, tomb-robber.
c. instrumental, etc., as tomb-paved, tomb-strewn; tomb-black, tomb-like adjs. See also tomb-bat, -stone.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. viii. 16 To decke his herce, and trap his *tomb-blacke steed. 1594? Greene Selimus Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 269 When thus they see me with religious pompe, To celebrate his tomb-blacke mortuarie.
1785T. Cumber Diary in Home Counties Mag. (1902) IV. 226 The following inscription on a *tomb board.
1631Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 51 These *Tombe-breakers, these graue⁓diggers.
1654Whitlock Zootomia 408 *Tomb-Burglary in this kind, being so uncouth a Case, as Law never made Provision against it.
1891G. F. X. Griffith tr. Fouard's Christ I. 310 note, Numerous *tomb-caves are still to be seen hollowed out of the mountain-side.
1906Petrie Relig. Anc. Egypt iii. 12 In Upper Egypt at present a hole is left at the top of the *tomb chamber; and I have seen a woman remove the covering of the hole, and talk down to her deceased husband.
1908Blackw. Mag. July 59 Solid *tomb-chapels had to be constructed in honour of the more important dead.
1955M. D. Anderson Imagery Brit. Churches ii. ii. 44 The late medieval *tomb chests often have small figures arranged in niches all round them.
1925B. Rackham in R. Fry et al. Chinese Art 13 In his wonderful *tomb figures..we come to the very border-line of sculpture. 1970Tomb figure [see haniwa].
1933Burlington Mag. Nov. 233/2 There are several *tomb figurines which show vivacity and able characterization. 1976‘M. Delving’ China Expert v. 56 Tashjian..had..unloaded an extremely dubious Han tomb figurine on an unsuspecting German dealer.
1908Chambers's Jrnl. July 527/2 We were in the midst of such a medley of *tomb-furniture. 1977Times 23 Apr. 13/3 The increasing vogue for tomb ‘furniture’ among the lower echelons of T'ang society.
1939W. B. Yeats Last Poems 20 What great *tomb-haunter sweeps the distant sky. 1975G. Ewart Be My Guest! i. 15 But stay! who is this totally melodramatic opium-smoking tomb-haunter?
1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 176 Leland says that..Henry VII. pulled it down, and erected the present *tomb-house in it's place. 1963E. M. Jope in Foster & Alcock Culture & Environment xiii. 338 It is an area where hog-backed tomb-houses are to be found.
1845Hirst Com. Mammoth, etc. 18 No murmur broke The silence of that *tomb-like spot. 1906Duke of Argyll Autobiog. I. ix. 203 The lower church is essentially tomblike.
1580in Archæol. Jrnl. (1851) VIII. 185 Richard Roiley..*Tumbe maker. 1619Rutland MSS. (1905) IV. 517 Paid to Nycholas Johnson, tombmaker, for the finishing of the monument for the late Earle Roger of Rutland, 100 li.
1948D. Diringer Alphabet ii. iv. 261 *Tomb-monuments in various countries.
1887Mahaffy & Gilman Alexander's Empire xxix. (1890) 271 Objects represented in the *tomb-paintings with their names written over them.
1901Edin. Rev. Jan. 33 The *tomb-palaces of long-dead kings.
1804J. Grahame Sabbath (1805) 14 Slowly the throng moves o'er the *tomb-paved ground.
1906Macm. Mag. Oct. 896 Such an almost pathetic beauty is the dominant note of the later *tomb-reliefs of Athenian sculpture.
1853Hickie tr. Aristoph. (1872) II. 592 He would thus be a *tomb-robber. 1908Athenæum 21 Mar. 360/3 A tomb-robber could..remove the jewellery and other valuable objects buried with the corpse.
1889J. J. Hissey Tour in Phaeton 329 Ancient and curious *tomb-slabs.
1906Daily Chron. 20 July 5/5 In a quiet *tomb-strewn graveyard among the winding lanes of Welwyn.
1904H. Spencer Autobiog. II. xii. lvii. 335 The thing which impressed me was the *tomb-temple in which we picnic'd.
▪ II. tomb, v. Now rare.|tuːm|
Forms: see the n.
[f. tomb n.: cf. It. tombare to entomb.]
1. trans. To deposit (a body) in the tomb; to lay in the grave, bury, inter, entomb.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 48 He lies a Glastenbire toumbed, as I wene. 14..Sir Beues (M.) 4321 He towmbed ham to geder in ffere, Kyng and quene as they were. 1475Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 45 And there made his faire ende at Rone, where he liethe tombid. 1591Greene Maidens Dreame Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 316 Let that [body] be earthed and tombed in gorgeous wise. c1611Chapman Iliad xxiii. 305 Imagine them some monument, of one long since tomb'd there. 1759W. Mason Caractacus Poems (1773) 256 Ye can tomb me in this sacred place. 1899J. Lumsden Poems 16 In the Atlantic's bed Tombed ten leagues deep.
b. in fig. senses of ‘bury’.
1611Heywood Gold. Age i. i. Wks. 1874 III. 13 I'le toombe th' usurper in his Infant bloud. 1613Marston Insat. Countess i. i, [I'll bury thee] In the Swans downe, and tombe thee in mine armes. 1813Scott Rokeby ii. xviii, There dig and tomb your precious heap, And bid the dead your treasure keep.
2. To enclose or contain as a tomb; to serve as a tomb for. Hence ˈtombing ppl. a.
a1586Sidney Arcadia iii. Wks. 1724 II. 512 The Stone that tombs the Two. 1865Tennyson On a Mourner vi, And when no mortal motion jars The blackness round the tombing sod,..Comes Faith from tract no feet have trod. |