| 释义 |
▪ I. reave, n. Archæol.|riːv, reɪv|
[Origin unknown: perh. f. OE. rǣw rew n.1]
A long low bank or wall found on Dartmoor.
1848J. H. Mason in S. Rowe Perambulation of Dartmoor 130 In tracing the northernmost reave from Hamildon..we lost it in a tin-work. 1976Current Archaeol. V. 250/2 Four major walls on the moor... The walls were known as reaves in local dialect (pronounced ‘raves’). Ibid. 252/1 The lynchets seem to show that the reaves..were built by a people who already had fields laid out in parallel strips. 1978Antiquity Mar. 16/1 Dartmoor reaves..(the word derives from the Old English raew, meaning a row) are long, low banks, constructed mainly of stone, and often covered in vegetation. These may run for any distance up to 15 km, and they may reach 0·5 m or more in height.
▪ II. reave, v.1 Now only arch. or poet.|riːv|
Forms: inf. 1 réafian, 2 ræuen, 2–3 reauen, 3 ræfenn, reafen, 3–5 refe(n, 3–6 reu-, reve(n, 5 revyn; (? 4 reyue), 5–6 Sc. reif(f)e, rewe, 6 Sc. reff-, 6 (8–9 Sc.) reeve, 6–7 reaue, 6– reave, (Sc. reive, 9 rieve). pa. tense. α. 1 réafode, 2–3 ræuede, reuede, 3 rewede, ræfde, refde, 4 revede; (and pa. pple.) 4–5 reu-, reued, (-id, -yd, 5 refyd, reuet, Sc. rewyt, etc.), 6–7 reaued, 6– reaved, 9 rieved. β. 3–6 raft(e, 5 raffte; 3–5 refte, 4 reeft, 5 refft, 3– reft. Also pa. pple. 3 ræfedd, refd, 4 yreued, -raft, 7 reauen. (See also rive v.)
[Comm. Teut.: OE. réafian = OFris. râvia, râva, OS. rôƀôn (MLG. rôven, MDu. roven, Du. rooven), OHG. roubôn (MHG. rouben, G. rauben), Goth. (bi)raubôn:—OTeut. *rauƀôjan, f. *rauƀom (OE. réaf: see reif), from the o-grade of a pre-Teut. ablaut series *reup-, roup-, rup-, widely represented in the cognate languages; the original sense is app. that of breaking, as in OE. réofan, ON. rjúfa, raufa, Lat. rup-, rumpĕre.
In the sense of robbing or plundering the word is wanting in ON. The later Icel. reyfa (from about 1400) is ad. Da. röve (MDa. röffue, etc.), which like Sw. röfva (MSw. röffua, röwa, etc.) is from MLG. rôven: cf. note to reaver.
The spelling reive (or rieve), originally Sc., is sometimes employed when the reference is to the taking of goods or cattle by force (cf. reiver, reiving); in other senses the normal Eng. spelling is retained, as in the comb. bereave.]
1. intr. To commit spoliation or robbery; to plunder, pillage. Const. from. (In later use chiefly Sc., sometimes written reive, rieve.)
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. Contents xv, Ne ðæm sloeᵹende ne ðæm reafende..wiðstonda. a1023Wulfstan Hom. xxxiii. (Napier) 163 Hy herᵹiað..rypað and reafiað and to scipe lædað. c1175Lamb. Hom. 31 Bluðeliche þe mon wile gan to scrifte & segge þe preoste þet he haueð ireaueð & istolen. c1205Lay. 10584 Heo rupten, heo ræfden [v.r. refden], noht heo ne bi-læfden. a1300Cursor M. 6477 Lok þat þou ne reue ne stele. 1375Barbour Bruce xvi. 551 Thai..Tuk land, and fast begouth to reif. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4898 Þai slew, þai brent, þai robbed, þai reued. c1520Barclay Jugurth xxvii. 37 Euery man..robbyng and reauynge without measure, from the commen wele. 1607R. C[arew] tr. Estienne's World of Wonders 48 The Church from liue and dead doth reaue. 1783Burns Unco Mournfu' Tale 37 To slink thro' slaps, an' reave an' steal, At stacks o' pease. 1851Lowell Poems, Anti-Apis, Thor the strong could reave and steal. 1864Burton Scot Abr. I. ii. 62 A troop of bare-legged ruffians, who rieved and ravaged far and near.
†2. trans.
a. To despoil or rob (a person); to deprive (one) of something by force. Obs.
Beowulf 2986 Þenden reafode rinc oðerne, nam on Ongenðio irenbyrnan. 971Blickl. Hom. 63 Sume myccle swiþor rihtaþ Godes folc þonne hie reafian earme & unscyldigan. c1154O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1135 æuric man sone ræuede oþer þe mihte. a1225Ancr. R. 286 Hwo so euer on him sulf nimeð ouðer of þeos two, he robbeð God & reaueð. 13..Cursor M. 6149 (Gött.) Godd, þat grace to his folk gaue,..For to reue þat folk vn-sele. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 91 Gif a knycht be reft doand his princis charge. Ibid. 92 A revare that set to reve him be the way. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 9 Commit na thift, na man thow reif.
†b. To spoil, rob, or plunder (a place or district).
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Mark iii. 27 Nymðe ærist ðone stronga [he] ᵹebinde, & ðonne hus his reafað. c1122O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1087 [Hi] woldan þa ðæne port bærnen & þæt mynster reafian. c1154Ibid. an. 1137 Þa ræueden hi & brendon alle the tunes. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2802 Ge sulen cumen..And reuen egipte ðat is nu prud. c1465in Three 15th Cent. Chron. (Camden) 23 The Kynge off Scottes..robbed and revid the contre about Derham.
3. To despoil, rob, or forcibly deprive (usually a person) of something. (In mod. use chiefly in pa. pple. reft.)
c1275Lay. 8799 He wolde me vt driue and refe me of þan lifue. c1300Harrow. Hell 119 Ȝef þou reuest me of myne Y shal reue þe of þyne. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xix. (Christopher) 658 Ane arow..rewyt þe king of ane ee-sycht. c1470Harding Chron. lxviii. x, So shall wee reue theim sonest of their life. 1559Sackville Induct. Mirr. Mag. liii, Pale death Enthryllyng it to reue her of her breath. 1567Golding Ovid's Met. xii. (1593) 283 Amycus..began To reeve and rob the bridehouse of his furniture. 1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. i. lxviii, Though of present sight her sense were reauen, Yet shee could see the things could not be seen. 1757Gray Bard 79 Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast. 1813Scott Trierm. iii. Introd. i, A wild resemblance we can trace, Though reft of every softer grace. 1884Tennyson Becket i. iii. 364 We fear that he may reave thee of thine own [eyes].
4. With double object: To take (a thing or person) from (one) by, or as by, robbery or violence; to deprive (one) of (a possession, quality, etc.). ? Obs.
The personal object prob. represents an original dative, and in early use is retained when the construction is passive.
c1200Ormin 4470 Ȝiff þu ræfesst me min þing Þu ræfesst Godd tin sawle. Ibid. 8238 Himm wass þa þe kinedom Forr hise gilltess ræfedd. c1300Havelok 2590 He moun vs..thral maken, and do ful wo Or elles reue us ure liues. c1320Sir Tristr. 1220 Þai raft me fowe & griis. Ibid. 3304 Mi leman fair and swete A kniȝt haþ reued me. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. met. vii. 147 (Add. MS.) He slouȝ þe lyoun and rafte hym hys skyn. c1440Partonope 3204 A wyne I dranke..Thorwe whiche my wyt was me rafte. 1450–80tr. Secreta Secret. 38 If thou maiste not reve hem her watir..envenyme it. 1561Norton & Sack. Gorboduc ii. i, I meruaile muche what reason leade the kynge..to reue me halfe ye kingdome. 1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. i. 723 He reaves him [Job] all his Cattel. 1594Carew Huarte's Exam. Wits xv. (1596) 274 To say that Eue for her offence was reft that knowledge which she wanted cannot be auouched.
5. To take forcible possession of (something belonging to another); to take away from another for oneself.
c825Vesp. Psalter lxviii. 5 Ða ic ne reafade, ða ic onlesde. c888K. ælfred Boeth. xiii, Se ðe hit [gold] gaderað & on oðrum reafað. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 130 Swa hwæt swa he ær on unriht..reafode. a1225Ancr. R. 396 Þi luue..is forto sullen, oðer heo is forto reauen & to nimen mid strencðe. a1300Cursor M. 1962 Ete..O nakin worme þat es made, Na o fouxul þat refes his liuelade. c1350Will. Palerne 1824 Bred oþer drinke..redeli i wol it reue & come a ȝein swiþe. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 2253 My landes haves he robbed and reft, Noght bot this kastel es me left. c1470Henry Wallace iv. 59 The hors thai reft quhilk suld your harnes ber. 1587Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 83 It were a worthie deede..To murther him, and reave his realme. 1609Skene Reg. Maj. 14 The cattell, or anie other thing thifteouslie stollen or reft. 1768–73W. Cole in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 40, I observed all the Brass of Dr. Stokes's Monument reaved,..except a small Peice. 1808Scott Marm. iii. Introd. 69 The last, the bitterest pang..For princedoms reft, and scutcheons riven. 1866Skeat Ludlow Castle i. iii, Crafty foemen long to..reave or spoil The herdsman's care, the peasant's toil.
b. To take away (life, rest, sight, etc.).
c1330Arth. & Merl. 9088 (Kölbing) Þai hem þrewe wiþ spere & kniif & oþer armes to reuen her liif. 1375Barbour Bruce iii. 715 The wawys reft thar sycht of land. c1440Partonope 239 Let no such thoughtes reve youre rest. 1559Mirr. Mag. (1563) X ij, Who reft my wyts? or howe do I thus lye? 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. i. 17 Sith that false traytour did my honour reave. 1591― M. Hubberd 34 Talke, that might unquiet fancies reave. a1771Gray Dante 79 For then Hunger had reft my Eye-sight. 1872Blackie Lays Highl. 82 They shot..And reaved his purple life.
c. Const. from (a person, etc.), † of, out of (a place, etc.).
Usually conveying the idea of deprivation (as in a and b), but sometimes merely expressing removal or separation.
c1200Vices & Virtues 11 An oðer senne, ðe reaueð godes luue of mannes hierte. a1300Cursor M. 28791 To reue a-noþer his right him fra. c1330Arth. & Merl. 4967 (Kölbing) For to haue anon yreued His bodi fram his gentil heued. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 111 He golden Apples refte of the dragoun. c1400Destr. Troy 7680 He..The right arme, with a rappe, reft fro þe shuldurs. c1470Henry Wallace x. 484, I mycht reiff..Fra the thi crowne off this regioun. 1513Douglas æneis iii. iii. 95 The rane and roik reft fra ws sicht of hevin. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 24 From her body..He raft her hatefull heade without remorse. 1606G. W[oodcocke] Hist. Ivstine xxxix. 125 Hauing giuen commaundement to haue the Image of Iupiter reft out of the Temple also. a1638Mede Wks. (1672) 311 The wicked shall be condemned at the last day, not for reaving the meat from the hungry, but for not feeding their poor brethren. 1825Scott Talism. viii, His soul should not have been reft from his body. 1884Tennyson Becket i. iii, There be among you those that hold Lands reft from Canterbury.
d. With away.
1382Wyclif Jer. I. 11 Ȝee ful out ioȝen, and grete thingus speken, reuende awei myn eritage. c1400Rowland & O. 561 His schelde a waye it reuede. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 2648 All his webb þat he weues, A puft of wynde away reues. 1768Beattie Minstr. i. xxxvi, Fell chanticleer! who oft hast reft away My fancied good. a1839Praed Poems (1864) II. 290 The daily labour, and the nightly lamp, Have reft away..from him The liquid accent and the buoyant limb.
6. To take or carry away (a person) from another, from earth, to heaven, etc.; also ellipt. to carry off to heaven; to take away from earth or this life. (Also with soul as object.)
c1200Ormin 19825 Herodian Filippess wif..þatt fra Filippe ræfedd was..& gifenn till Herode. a1300Cursor M. 17551 He þam said he was be-nummen, ‘Reft awai forsoth es he’. 1340Ayenb. 143 [The soul] huanne hi is y-reaued þanne to heuene, hi lokeþ ope þe erþe uram uer. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints vi. (Thomas) 464 Þane cumys ded vnwenandly & rewis þame a-wa in hy. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 6463 Þat he was fra þe erde reuyd And in thoght to heuyn heuyd. 1563Mirr. Mag. ii. Compl. Henry Dk. Buckhm. 126 When the fates had reft that royal prince Edward the fowrth. 1590Greene Orl. Fur. Wks. (Rtldg.) 106/2 A Fury, sure, worse than Megæra was That reft her son from trusty Pylades. 1637Milton Lycidas 107 Who hath reft (quoth he) my dearest pledge? 1721Ramsay I'll never leave thee i, Tho'..honour should reave me To fields where cannons rair. 1818Shelley Rev. Islam viii. xxiv, We are wretched slaves, Who from their..native land Are reft. a1873Lytton Pausanias ii. iv, Wouldst thou see my daughter reft from me by force.
†b. To deliver or rescue by carrying off. Obs. (Also with double object, as in 4.)
a1225Juliana 68 Bihald me ant help me ant of þisse reade leye ref me [and] arude me. a1340Hampole Psalter xvii. 20 He reft me out fra my faes stalworthest. c1400Destr. Troy 6838 Let vs reskew the Renke, refe hym his fos! 1550Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 97 The said Capitane Skenestoun..reft the said Schir Robert fra thaim efter that thai had takin him. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden James III Wks. (1711) 56 If found guilty, they should not be reft from justice by strong hand.
†c. To take away, remove, from some condition, activity, etc. Obs.
c1340Hampole Prose Tr. 40 It reuys the fra þi slepe on nyghtys. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 132 Allas! þat ricchesse shal reue and robbe mannes soule Fram þe loue of owre lorde. c1381Chaucer Parl. Foules 86 The derke nyȝt That revith bestis from here besynesse. 1621R. Brathwait Nat. Embassie, etc. (1877) 188 How hard it was from error to be reau'd. 1665Dryden & Howard Ind. Queen v. i, 'Till fit for arms, I reaved you from your sport, To train your youth in the Peruvian court.
†d. Sc. To snatch or lift up (in lit. and fig. senses). Obs.
1561Winȝet Cert. Tract. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 8 Gospellaris and cunning in Scripture..reft vp in hie curiositie of questionis. 1715Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. i. xii, The wyves cam furth, and up they reft him, And fand lyfe in the loune.
▪ III. reave, v.2 Now dial. or arch.
Forms: inf. 4 reue, 6 reve, 6–7 reave, 7, 9 reive, 9 reeve. pa. tense 3 reafde, refde, 4 raft, 5 Sc. reft. pa. pple. 6 refte, 9 reft.
[App. a confusion of prec. with rive v. In mod. literary use only in the preterite form reft.]
†1. intr. To break in pieces; to burst. Obs.
a1225Juliana 58 An engel..reat to þat hweol swa þat hit al to refde [Bodl. Ms. to reafde]. c1560Disobed. Child (Percy Soc.) 6 Though ye crye tyll ye reve asunder I wyll not meddle with such a matter.
2. trans. To tear; to split, cleave.
a1300Cursor M. 4490 A mikel rauen mi basket hent, Aboute mi heued he raft and rent. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxvii. (Machor) 251 Scho..with hyr newis reft hir brest. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iv. 203 Religion hue al to-reueþ and out of ruele to lybbe. 1578T. Proctor Gorg. Gallery in Heliconia (1815) I. 70 My sighes from sobbing harte Doth reaue my brest in twayne. 1590R. Payne Descr. Irel. (1841) 6 Timber..so good to reaue, that a simple workeman with a Brake axe will cleaue a greate Oke. 1660Stanley Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 369/1 Finding a great Tree with Wedges in it, he set his Hands and Feet to it, trying to reive it asunder. 1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. xxvii, The patriot's burning thought..Of England's roses reft and torn. 1887Pall Mall G. 11 Nov. 7/1 The rock was reft asunder.
absol.1895Crockett Men of Moss-Hags xxxii. 235 [A dog] ruggin' an' reevin' at the hinderlands o' him.
†3. To pluck or pull up. Obs.
a1400–50Alexander 409 Þis diuinour..Ȝede him furthe..herbis to seche, Reft þam vp be þe rotes. 1558T. Phaer æneid ii. C i b, Against them Troians down the towres and tops of houses rold, And rafters vp they reaue.
▪ IV. † reave, v.3 Obs. rare.
? var. of rave v.3
1615Sir G. Helwys in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 161 Whether..I had got any inkling of this foresaid foul act or not, and if I had, whether he could perceive any desire in me to have it reaved into or not. 1643Horn & Rob. Gate Lang. Unl. xlvi. §504 Sometimes also hee rips the seams, and reaveth [ravelleth out] the threds.
▪ V. reave
obs. Sc. f. rave v.1, var. reeve v. |