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† to-gains, -gainst, -yenst, prep. (conj.) Obs.
Forms: α. 1 toᵹæᵹnes (-ᵹeæᵹnes, -ᵹeeᵹnes), 1–2 toᵹeanes, -ᵹenes, to ᵹeᵹnes, 2–4 toȝeines, 3 toȝenes, -ȝenys, toȝanes, (to janes, teȝenes), 3–4 to ȝeȝnes, to-ȝeynes, 4 to yans, to ayens, to ayans. β. 5 to ȝenst, -e. γ. 1 toᵹeæᵹn, 3 toȝæn, to ȝein, 3–5 to ȝen.
[OE. tóᵹæᵹnes, tóᵹéanes, etc., formed, with advb. genitive -es, on the simpler *tóᵹæᵹn, tóᵹeæᵹn, from to prep. + ᵹæᵹn:—*gagn-, gęgn- ‘against’, the second element also of again, against. In this word, the simpler tóᵹeæᵹn was nearly superseded by the form in -es, and was rare both in OE. and ME.: see the γ-forms above. In the 15th c., to-ȝenes began to be strengthened by adding -t, as in agains-t, amids-t, amongs-t (app. after superlatives); if the word had survived into mod.Eng., its form would have been to-yenst or to-yainst; being entirely southern, it never had hard g, as in again, against.]
1. Towards with hostile intent; in opposition or hostility to, contrary to; = against A. 11, 12.
Beowulf 666 Hæfde kyning wuldor grendle to-ᵹeanes..sele-weard aseted. a1000Ags. Ps. (Spelm.) xl. 8 To-ᵹeanes me runedon ealle fynd mine. c1005O.E. Chron. an. 1001 (Parker MS.), Him þær toᵹeanes com Palliᵹ. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 55 Flesliche lustes and fule sinnes flited eure toȝanes þe wreche saule. c1205Lay. 4536 Scip ærne to-ȝen [c 1275 to-ȝein] scip. Ibid. 9792 Þer ute wes heom to-ȝæn Þe kæisere Uaspasien. a1225St. Marher. 15 Ah þeo þ̶ stalewurðe beoð ant starke to ȝein me. c1275Passion 83 in O.E. Misc. 39 If he ouht prechede to-ȝeȝnes þere lawe. c1300Vox & Wolf 95 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 61 Hit wes to-ȝeines his wille. 1340Ayenb. 6 Yef he zuereþ uals be his wytinde, he him uorzuereþ and deþ to ayans þise heste. a1440R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) App. G. 197 Þou to ȝenst kunde..Bringest me in sorewe. Ibid. App. EE. 20 Charlemaines spere Þat to ȝenste þe saracins he was ywoned to bere.
b. In defence or protection from; = against A. 13.
a1225Ancr. R. 66 God is þ̶ ȝe asken red, & salue þ̶ he teche ou to ȝeines fondunges. a1300K. Horn 56 Þe king hadde al to fewe Toȝenes so vele schrewe. c1380Sir Ferumb. 172 He þat scholde me socoury to ȝen myn enymys. a1440R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) App. XX. 380 Þe castel of ȝipeswich..Þat huwe bigod hadde iholde to ȝen his kinedom.
2. Towards, forward to, so as to meet; = against A. 5.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Mark xiv. 13 And toᵹeæᵹn iornað iuh monn. Ibid. Matt. xxvii. 32 ᵹemoeton monno cyriniscne cymmende toᵹeeᵹnas him [L. venientem obuiam sibi]. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 136 Se ealda man Symeon eode toᵹeanes þam cilde. a1200Moral Ode 347 Þos goð un-ieþe to⁓ȝeanes þe cliue aȝean þe heȝe hulle. c1205Lay. 3626 Aganippus..Ferde him to-ȝenes.
3. Of time: Towards, at the approach of; towards the coming, arrival, or convenience of (a person); = against A. 18, 19.
971Blickl. Hom. 53 Þonne biþ hit eft him toᵹeanes ᵹehealden. c1122O.E. Chron. an. 1095 (Laud MS.), Toᵹeanes Eastron com ðæs Papan sande. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 177 To-ȝenes sumere þis woreld floweð..to-ȝanes wintre heo hebbeð. c1250O. Kentish Serm. in O.E. Misc. 26 To⁓janes þo sun risindde. Ibid. 34 To-ȝenes þan euen.
b. as conj. = against B.
a1440R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) App. XX. 376 God him greiþede pes to ȝenst he bere croune.
4. Towards; with respect to; in regard to; = against A. 3.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 145 Þos word he seide et sumtime toȝeines þet he walde þis lif forleten. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 9 Ure lif we ledeð richtliche toȝenes ure louerd ihesu crist. Ibid., Teȝenes ure emcristene we sulle laden ure lif edmodeliche.
5. Opposite, facing; = against A. 1. rare.
c1450Two Cookery-bks. 112 Bray hit wel in a morter, & drie hit toȝenst ye sonne. |