| 释义 |
▪ I. tithing, n.|ˈtaɪðɪŋ|
Forms: α. 1 téoþung, -ing, 3 (theoþinge), toðing(e, teuþing(e, 3–4 teþing, -yng, (thething), 4 tuþing, tueþyng, tethinge, teothinge. β. 1 teiᵹðuncg, tiᵹeðing, 3–5 tiþing, 5–9 tything, 6– tithing.
[OE. téoðung, Anglian tiᵹeðing, f. téoða, tiᵹeþe tithe n.1 or téoðian tithe v.2: see -ing1, -ing3.]
1. One tenth given to the church; = tithe n.1 1.
αc936Laws of Athelstan i. Prol., Ic æðelstan cyningc..eow bidde..þæt ᵹe ærest of minum aᵹenum gode aᵹifan ða teoðunga. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 178 We sceolon..of ures ᵹeares teolunge Gode þa teoðunge syllan. c1000Ags. Gosp. Luke xviii. 12 Ic sylle teoþunga [c 1160 Hatton Gosp., Ic ᵹife teondunge]. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 215 Þu bitechest þe prest alle þine teðinge. c1275Sayings of Bede 137 in Horstm. Alteng. Leg. 141 If he may..stelen Cristes teuþinge [v.r. theoþinge]. a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 lf. 38 Offrendes ore Tuþinges þat habbez ben iȝiuene ant vsed. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 257 All teþynge [MS. γ. tueþyng] schulde be payde to þe moder chirche. 14..Childe of Bristowe 364 in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 124 Tethynges and offrynges, sone, he sayd, for y them never truly payd.
βc950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xviii. 12 Teiᵹðuncgas [Rushw. teᵹðunge] ic sello allra ða ðe ic ah. a1040Bidding Prayer in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) Jan. 10 Mid lihte and mid tiᵹeðinge. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 129 Þeh we gon to chirche and giuen rihte tiðinge. 1382Wyclif Tobit i. 7 He mynystrede alle tithing [1388 hise tithis]. c1440Gesta Rom. vi. 16 (Harl. MS.) Þey have not of hire owne to lyve with, but of tythingis. 1538Bale Thre Lawes 1000 If we maye haue the tythynges And profytable offerynges. 1861A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedr. 19th C. viii. 280, I plead..for a tithing of wealth and art and mechanical power offered at the altar of the Most High.
b. spec. A shock or stook of ten sheaves (orig. so set up for the convenience of the tithe-proctor): see quots. dial.
1764Museum Rust. II. cvii. 362 Repeating the practice till there be thirty or forty tything brought together. 1794T. Davis Agric. Wilts. 76 The general custom..is, to set up the sheafs in double rows, usually ten sheaves together, (provincially a tything) for the convenience of the tything⁓man. 1813Ibid. Gloss., Tithings, ten sheaves of wheat set up together in a double row.
†2. A tenth part of anything. Obs.
1382Wyclif Isa. vi. 12 Ȝit in it tithing. 1388Ibid., And ȝit tithing [gloss ether tenthe part] schal be ther ynne. a1425tr. Higden (Rolls) VII. App. 520 (MS. β) Hym thouȝt that the tethinge were to many ylefte; and teothed efte the teothinge. 1609Bible (Douay) Isa. vi. 13 And yet there shal be tithing in it, and she shal be converted [1611 But yet in it shalbe a tenth, and it shall returne].
3. A company (originally) of ten householders in the system of frank-pledge; now only as a rural division (originally regarded as one tenth of a hundred) to which this system gave its name.
c930–40Laws of Athelstan vi. c. 8 §1 Þæt we us ᵹegaderian..þa hyndenmenn and þa þe ða teoþunge bewitan. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 5402 He by vond..þat ech man wiþ oute gret lond In þe teþinge were ydo & þat ech man knewe oþer þat in teþinge were. a1400in Eng. Gilds (1870) 361 Ȝef a foreyne empledy þe teþynge, þe teþynge ne haþ bote þre dayes to shewynge... Whanne þe teþynge empledeþ a foreyn, þe foreyn haþ his delay. 1432[see tithingman1]. 1538Fitzherb. Just. Peas 129 In Towne, Tithinge, Village, or Hamlet. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 18 Some were called..Tithings,..bicause there were in eche of them to the number of ten persons, whereof eche one was suretie and pledge for others good abearing. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 158 Hee caused the Counties to be parted into Centuries, that is Hundreds, and Decimes, that is Tithings. 1646W. Hughes Mirr. Justices i. ii, These divisions in some places are called hundreds..and in some places Tythings or Wapentakes, according to the English. 1754Hume Hist. Eng. (1761) I. ii. 49 The neighbouring householders were formed into one corporation, who, under the name of a tithing, decennary, or fribourg, were answerable for each other's conduct. 1839Keightley Hist. Eng. I. 81 The institution of tithings did not prevail all through England, perhaps not to the north of the Trent. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. 86 note, Tithings at present exist in Somersetshire and Wiltshire.
4. attrib. and Comb., as tithing-barn, tithing-sheaf, tithing table. See also tithingman1, -penny.
c1540Old Ways (1892) 45 The said Hayside had sowlde the said tythyng ootys. 1654Vilvain Theol. Treat. Supp. 238 Not a tithing part of Mankind can possibly find place to stand on a new Earth. 1666Lond. Gaz. No. 66/2 A Bill for abolishing of Oblations and Mortuaries, and appointing a Tything Table throughout the Kingdom. 1865Kingsley Herew. i, A palace..beside which King Edward's new Hall at Westminster would show but as a tything-barn. 1907Contemp. Rev. June 796 The farmer was bound to cart his tithing-sheaves to the parson's barn.
▪ II. tithing, vbl. n.|ˈtaɪðɪŋ|
[f. tithe v.2 + -ing1.]
The action of tithe v.2 a. Payment of tithes. Cf. tithe v.2 2.
c1305St. Swithin 40 in E.E.P. (1862) 44 Ech man wolde þurf þe lond his teoþing wel do. 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Luke xix. 149 Their colde & feble doctryne..concernyng the true tithyng of myntes & rue. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 25 Though some in their tithing be slack or too bold. 1682Burnet Rights Princes i. 20 That the tything of Mint and Anise should not be left undone. 1929R. S. & H. M. Lynd Middletown xxii. 356 Traditionally every Christian ‘returns a tenth of his substance to the Lord’. A few families in Middletown continue this practice of tithing, but..the great majority contribute far less than a tenth.
b. Exaction of tithes. Also transf.
1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 513 The tithing of Springals is made every third yeare. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 89 If the defendant pleads any custom..or other matter whereby the right of tithing is called in question. 1791Burke App. Whigs Wks. VI. 289 Taxing and tything. 1843Marryat M. Violet xxxix, He is receiving regular pay, derived from the tithing of this warlike people.
†c. The killing of every tenth; decimation; sometimes, the killing of all but the tenth. Obs.
1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. (1589) 716 The tithing of armies..when every tenth man throughout a whole hoste was by lot put to death. 1601F. Godwin Bps. Eng. 24 In that same terrible tithing of the Danes..all the monks were slaine, except onely fower.
d. attrib., as tithing port, tithing-system, tithing-time, etc.
1548Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI, c. 13 §2 As often as the saide predyall Tythes shalbe due, and at the tythinge tyme of the same. a1786Cowper Yearly Distress 8 But oh! it cuts him like a scythe, When tithing time draws near. 1850Grote Greece ii. lxiii. (1862) V. 462 This place he..erected..into a regular tithing port for levying toll on all vessels coming out of the Euxine. 1853Rock Ch. of Fathers III. ii. 65 These days [Lent] are the tithing-days of the year. 1904F. W. Maitland Let. 19 May (1965) 305 We still want a little more light on the tithing system. 1978Daily Mirror 12 Jan. 6/6 Much of their wealth comes from the use of the ‘tithe-ing’ system—members of the religion are required (like the Mormons) to donate one-tenth of their income to the funds. |