| 释义 |
▪ I. thwart, n.1 Now rare.|θwɔːt|
[f. thwart v.]
An act or instance of thwarting; a check, hindrance, obstruction, frustration.
1611Cotgr. s.v. Vent, Batu de mauvais vent, crost by a contrarie, or malignant thwart. 1632Rowley New Wonder i. 11 Full oft, and many have I heard complaine Of discontents, thwarts, and adversities. 1661Glanvill Van. Dogm. 81 Any considerable thwart in the Motion. 1742H. Walpole Lett. to Mann (1834) I. 104 The number of blows and thwarts which the French have received. 1782F. Burney Cecilia ii. iii, A certain discourteous person..in thwart of your fair inclinations, keepeth and detaineth your irradiant frame in hostile thraldom. 1902Blackw. Mag. Apr. 547/1, I distrust that man—He's a thwart—a moral thwart.
▪ II. thwart, n.2|θwɔːt|
[app. a n. use (which came in after 1725) of thwart adv. and adj., having reference to the position of the rowing benches or seats athwart or across the boat. Whether its use was partly due to similarity of sound to thaught, thawt, or thought, previously applied to the same thing, is uncertain. Our latest contemporary instance of ‘thaught or thought’ is of 1721, of thoat 1697, of thout 1725, while our first of ‘thaughts or thwarts’ is of 1736, so that the appellations were continuous in use, as if the one had passed into the other. But, for the full determination of the relations between thoft, thought or thaught, and thwart, fuller evidence between 1500 and 1700 is needed. Cf. thoft, thought2.]
A seat across a boat, on which the rower sits; a rower's bench.
[1721Bailey, Thoughts, the Rowers Seats in a Boat.] 1736― (folio), Thaughts, v. Thwarts. Ibid., Thwarts, (a Sea Term) the boards or benches laid a-cross boats and gallies, upon which the rowers sit. 1770Cook Voy. round World ii. x. (1773) 462 A considerable number of thwarts were laid from gunwale to gunwale. 1776Falconer's Dict. Marine, Thwart, the seat or bench of a boat whereon the rowers sit to manage the oars. 1897F. T. Bullen Cruise Cachalot 41 We drew each man his oar across the boat and lashed it firmly down with a piece of line spliced to each thwart.
▪ III. thwart, adv., prep., and a.|θwɔːt|
Forms: 3 þuert, ðwert, (Orm.) þwerrt, 4 thwert, 5 þwerte, twhert, thuart, 5–7 twart, thwarte, twhart, 6–7 thwarth, thawart(e, (qwarte, whart), 7 twarte, 9 dial. thort, thurt, thirt, thert, 5– thwart.
[Early ME. (c 1200) þwert, a. ON. þvert (Norw. tvert, tvært, Sw. tvert, tvärt, Da. tvært) adv., across, athwart, orig. neuter of the ON. adj. þver-r (Norw. tver, tvær, Sw. tver, tvär, Da. tvær), transverse, cross. Cf. OHG. twer, MHG. twer, quer, Ger. quer, and (with adv. gen. -s), OFris. þweres, dwers, Satl. twars, WFris. dwerz, dwers, EFris. dwars, dwas, MLG., MD. dwers, dwars, LG., Du. dwars, athwart, crossly, peevishly; ON. þvers = þvert. ON. þver was shortened from *þverh = OE. þwerh, þweorh (genitive þweores, in comb. þweor-) crooked, cross, perverse = OHG. dwerh, dwerah, twerh, MHG. dwerch, twerch, Ger. zwerch- (in composition), Goth. þwairhs cross, angry,:—OTeut. *þwerh-:—*þwerhw-:—Indo-Eur. *twerkw-, whence L. torquēre to twist, Skr. tarkú spindle. In Eng. the adv. is known c 1200, first in the combinations þwert út (thwert-out) and þwert-over (thwart-over), later (c 1300) over-þwert (overthwart). It was used as an adj., with a vb. þwerten, both fig., c 1250, and as a prep. bef. 1300. In all these thwert became thwart in the 15th c. Thwart n. is found in the 17th c.
The ME. material is scanty, and the sense development is not illustrated fully by the extant quotations. The senses are therefore here arranged in what appears to be the logical order.]
A. adv.
†1. Across or transversely to the length, direction, or course of anything; from side to side; crosswise, transversely; = athwart A. 1. Obs.
a1350St. Thomas 85 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 21 A grete blak dog..Thwert in his mouth þe hand he broght. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 402/2 A man on hors backe which bare a longe tree thwarte and wold entre in to the temple, and he myght not by cause the tree laye thwarte. 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 24 b/1 An apertione accordinge to the length of that parte, and not thwart or crosseover. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia iii. 79 A great tree (that lay thwart as a barricado). 1664Evelyn Sylva (1776) 405 Till you can lay them thwart, that the top of one may rest on the root or stub of the other.
†b. fig. Across the course of, so as to obstruct or oppose; adversely; = athwart A. 3. Obs.
a1628Preston New Covt. (1634) 146 There are many things in the Creature that are crosse to us, that fall thwart upon us. 1642R. Carpenter Experience ii. xi. 214 A work that lyes thwart, and strives against the current of your naturall inclination.
2. From one side to the other of anything (with motion implied); across. arch.
1511Sir R. Guylforde Pilgr. (Camden) 6 We trauersed out of that ryuer into an other lytell ryuer, whiche brought us thawarte ayen into Latyze. 1880Webb Goethe's Faust i. i. 31 Up, down and thwart, without repose, To lead my scholars by the nose.
†3. thwart of.
a. Naut. Opposite to, over against (a place on the coast); = off B. II. 6 b.
1556W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 98 We were thwart of Porto Sancto. 1670Narborough Jrnl. in Acc. Sev. Late Voy. i. (1694) 16 Being thwart of the Shoals of Brazil.
†b. Transversely to, across the direction of. Obs.
1667Milton P.L. x. 703 With adverse blast up-turns them from the South Notus and Afer black with thundrous Clouds..; thwart of these as fierce Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent Windes Eurus and Zephir.
B. prep.
1. From side to side of, across:
a. of position or direction; = athwart B. 1 b. arch. or poet.
1470–85Malory Arthur v. viii. 173 Lucyus smote Arthur thwart the vysage. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. x. 44 Our patrone..was..caste thwart the nose of our gallie. 1680Lond. Gaz. No. 1550/4 [He] hath a Scar thwart the back of one of his Hands. 1741in Descr. Thames (1758) 87 No Person..shall..bend any Net, by Anchors or otherwise, thwart the Channel, and so as to draw another Net into it. 1870Morris Earthly Par. II. iii. 192 A pink-tinged cloud spread thwart the shore.
b. of motion: = athwart B. 1 a. arch. or poet.
1583T. Stocker Civ. Warres Lowe C. iii. 91 Came three messengers thwart the fieldes in at the wood gate. 1598Stow Surv. iii. (1603) 14 Which ran..through that streete, thwart Grastreete, and downe Lumbard streete. 1738Gray Tasso 7 Thwart the road a River roll'd its flood tempestuous. 1813T. Busby Lucretius ii. 131 When shines the God of Day, And thwart the darkened chamber darts his ray. 1898T. Hardy Wessex Poems 2 Thwart my wistful way did a damsel saunter.
2. Across the course or direction of; = athwart B. 3. thwart the hawse († halse), across the stem of a ship. Chiefly Naut.
1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. v. vi. (W. de W.) g v/1 Two holowe synewes whiche ben callyd Optici..come eyther thwart other, and ben Ioyned in a poynte. 1620in Foster Eng. Factories Ind. (1906) 220 Intending with her to laie the Portingall admirall thwart the halse and soe to burne both together. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 85 For foure leagues into the sea (thwart it), lye banks of sand. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1756) I. 54 Fibres that cross and go thwart one another.
†3. Across the course of, so as to obstruct; = athwart B. 5. Obs.
1641Milton Reform. i. Wks. 1851 III. 31 Crosse-jingling periods which..come thwart a setl'd devotion worse then the din of bells and rattles.
C. adj.
1. Lying, extending, or passing across; transverse, cross; in quots. 1483, 1712, perh. oblique. † thwart circle, the zodiac (obs.). See also thwart-saw.
1404[implied in thwart-saw]. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 121 b/1 It was made lyke a crosse thwart of whyche the two endes were fyxed in therthe. And that hys membres shold theron be broken. 1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 30 The Zodiak (whiche many doo call the Thwarte circle). 1658J. Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 971 The last part is whitish, chequered with right and thwart fibres. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 41 The Diagonal or Thwart-walk. 1836W. Irving Astoria (1849) 86 They have thwart pieces from side to side about three inches thick. 1873Proctor Expanse Heav. 282 The determination of the actual rate of any star's thwart motion.
2. fig.
a. Of persons or their attributes: Disposed to resist, oppose, or obstruct; cross-grained; perverse, froward, obstinate, stubborn, awkward.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3099 Ðo pharaun saȝ is lond al fre, His herte ðo wurð ðwert and hard. 16022nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iii. iv, This old Sir Raderick it shall be thy taske to cudgell with thy thick thwart termes. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. ii. §8 Ignorance makes them [the minds of men] churlish, thwart, and mutinous. 1656Baxter Reformed Pastor 234, I would not have any to be thwart and contentious with those that govern them. 1819Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. ii. 90 Noontide would come, And thwart Silenus find his goats undrawn. 1892Stevenson Across the Plains 238 The crass public or the thwart reviewer.
b. Of things: Adverse, unfavourable, untoward, unpropitious; esp. applied (with mixture of literal sense) to a wind or current: cross.
1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 129 These thwart effects fell out even then when things were said to be carried..so justly. 1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 472 Not only neere it in blood, but allyed in thwart fortune. a1660Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archæol. Soc.) II. 36 This secret and thwarte dealinge is worse then open and publicke violence. Ibid. III. 42 A demonstration of theire reciprocall thwarte dealinge. 1865Swinburne Atalanta 184 A thwart sea-wind full of rain and foam. 1889Skrine Mem. E. Thring 235 In spite of these thwart currents, Thring built up his large school.
†3. Opposed, contrary (to); in quot. 1614, opposed in sense, antithetical, contrasted. Obs.
a1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. i. 304 Why should you runne an Idle counter-course Thwart to the path of fashion? 1614T. Adams Fatal Banquet iv. Wks. 1861 I. 216 A pair of cross and thwart sentences, handled rather by collation than relation, whose conjunction is disjunctive. 1615Jackson Creed iv. ii. vi. §5 A meaning as ridiculous, as thwart and contradictory to his purpose as the devil himself could have devised. 1624Bp. R. Montagu Gagg Pref. 23 To be thwart unto, and against the maine of the business negotiated.
▪ IV. thwart, v.|θwɔːt|
[f. prec. adv.]
I.
1. trans. To pass or extend across from side to side of; to traverse, cross; also, to cross the direction of, to run at an angle to. Obs. or arch.
1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) v. i. (1859) 70 A Cercle embelyfyng somwhat, and thwartyng the thycknes of the spyere. 1530Palsgr. 757/2, I thwarte the waye, I go over the waye to stoppe one, je trenche le chemyn. 1608Shakes. Per. iv. iv. 10 Pericles Is now againe thwarting thy wayward seas. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 39 You set your sailes so sharp as you can to lie close by a wind, thwarting it a league or two,..first on the one boord then on the other. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. 50 If the Hepatique line be thwarted by other small lines. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine N iij, The current thwarts the course of a ship. 1805–6Cary Dante's Inf. xxv. 72 The lizard seems A flash of lightning, if he thwart the road. 1863P. S. Worsley Poems & Transl. 10 That white reach Thwarting the blue serene, a belt of fire.
b. intr. To pass or extend across, to cross. Obs. or arch.
a1552Leland Itin. (1744) VII. 53 The Towne of Cokermuth stondeth on the Ryver of Coker, the which thwartheth over the Town. 1598Stow Surv. xli. (1603) 436 A close cart, bayled ouer and couered with blacke, hauing a plaine white Crosse thwarting. 1609Heywood Brit. Troy xiv. xciii, Through the mid-throng the nearest way he thwarted. 1627Hakewill Apol. Pref. 10 It led them some other way, thwarting, and upon the by, not directly. 1856T. Aird Poet. Wks. 189 They scream, they mix, they thwart, they eddy round.
†c. trans. To cross the path of; to meet; to fall in with, come across. Obs.
1601Chester Love's Mart., K. Arth. xx, Merlin..Who by great fortunes chance sir Vlfius thwarted, As he went by in beggers base aray. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 146 Motions to be checkt..without the least hit or stop from other bodies that thwart them. 1812Cary Dante's Par. iv. 89 Another question thwarts thee.
†d. Naut. Of a ship, etc.: To get athwart so as to be foul of. Also intr. Obs.
1809Naval Chron. XXIV. 23 The boat having thwarted against the moorings. 1810Ibid. XXIII. 97 The frigate now..thwarted the Lord Keith's hawse. 1813Gen. Hist. in Ann. Reg. 107/1 The Amelia twice fell on board the enemy in attempting to thwart his hawse.
†2. To lay (a thing) athwart or across; to place crosswise; to set or put (things) across each other.
thwart over thumb (quot. 1522) app. = to cross (one) over the thumbs: see thumb n. 5 d.
1522Skelton Why not to Court 197 Thus thwartyng ouer thom, He ruleth all the roste. 1588Spenser Virgil's Gnat 514 The noble sonne of Telamon..thwarting his huge shield, Them battell bad. 1602Carew Cornwall i. 25 b, Their bils were thwarted crossewise at the end, and with these they would cut an Apple in two at one snap. Ibid. 26 b, The inhabitants make use of divers his Creekes, for griste-milles, by thwarting a bancke from side to side. 1623Markham Cheap Husb. i. ii. (1631) 14 Carry your rod..in your right hand, the point either directly upright, or thwarted towards your left shoulder. 1632Lithgow Trav. vii. 309 They make..the signe of the Crosse.., thwarting their two foremost fingers.
3. To cross with a line, streak, band, etc. (Only in pa. pple.) Obs. or arch.
1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xiv. (1660) 162 The blacke line on the ridge of all Asses backes, thwarted with the like over both the Shoulders. 1615G. Sandys Trav. i. 63 Turbants are made like great globes of callico too, and thwarted with roules of the same. 1658J. Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 942 The body all over of a yellow colour, except where it is thwarted with cross streaks or lines. 1861Temple Bar Mag. II. 256, I saw Vesuvius..thwarted by a golden cloud.
b. To cross-plough; also, to cut crosswise.
1847Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. VIII. ii. 318 The burnt earth is then spread on the land and thwarted in (that is, ploughed across the direction in which the land is ploughed when laid up in stetches for sowing). 1871Couch Hist. Polperro vi. 117 Land broken for wheat is thwarted in the Spring. 1888Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v. Thurt, Why, 'tis a wo'th vive shillings to thurt thick there butt. 1898Rider Haggard in Longm. Mag. Nov. 38 All my three ploughs were at work ‘thwarting’—that is crossploughing—rootland on the Nunnery Farm.
4. To obstruct (a road, course, or passage) with something placed across; to block. Obs. exc. fig.
c1630Risdon Surv. Devon §65 (1810) 63 The rebellious commons..thwarted the ways with great trees. Ibid. §269. 278 [A stream] whose course is thwarted with a damm, which we call a wear. 1725Pope Odyss. x. 72 What Dæmon cou'dst thou meet To thwart thy passage and repel thy fleet? 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 58 They met with a six-barred gate that directly thwarted their passage. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. ii. 72 They sometimes speed, but often thwart our course. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. v. 60 If no misadventure thwarted his progress.
II.
5. To act or operate in opposition to; to run counter to, to go against; to oppose, hinder. Also absol. Now rare.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1324 Quat-so god bad, ðwerted he it neuer a del. c1430,1530[implied in thwarting vbl. n. 2 and ppl. a. 2]. 1600Holland Livy xxxv. xxxii. 907 Such as might..not sticke to speake their minds franckly, yea, & thwart the king his embassadour. 1671Bp. Parker Def. Eccl. Pol. iii. §15. 298 To what purpose does he so briskly taunt me for thwarting my own Principles. 1676W. Allen Address Nonconf. 130 The danger of Schism, and the evil of thwarting publick Laws. 1783Justamond tr. Raynal's Hist. Indies VII. 379 They had unfortunately been so much thwarted by the winds as to prevent their landing before summer. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. xxvi. (1819) 436 General laws, however well set and constituted, often thwart and cross one another. 1811L. M. Hawkins C'tess & Gertr. II. 370 The countess was not always disposed to thwart and vex: a little flattery would soothe her.
b. intr. To speak or act in contradiction or opposition; to be adverse or at variance, to conflict. Const. with. Now rare or Obs.
1519W. Horman Vulg. 59 b, I wyll nat multyplie wordes or thwarte with the. 1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. ii. 185 Is't possible that sisters should so thwart In natiue humours? 1656Burton's Diary (1828) I. 15 This clause thwarts with his Highness's ordinances. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1757) II. 272 It would thwart with my intended Brevity. 1862F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 42 They also accept..the Smritis, the Puránas, &c., the work of Rishis, when those books do not thwart with the Veda.
6. trans. To oppose successfully; to prevent (a person, etc.) from accomplishing a purpose; to prevent the accomplishment of (a purpose); to foil, frustrate, balk, defeat. (The chief current sense.)
1581Mulcaster Positions iv. (1887) 17 He may either proceede at his owne libertie, if nothing withstand him, or may not proceede, if he be thwarted by circunstance. 1641Earl of Monmouth tr. Biondi's Civil Warres v. 166 The Earle seeing himselfe twharted, resolved to fight. 1697J. Lewis Mem. Dk. Glocester (1789) 34 From being sometimes a little thwarted, and thro' dissatisfaction, she grew sick. 1718Free-thinker No. 65 ⁋6 Perpetual Obstacles..thwarted his Designs. 1803Dk. Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1837) II. 352 Thus are all our best plans thwarted. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iv. I. 429 The party which had long thwarted him had been beaten down. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. IV. xvii. 15 But all these good intentions were thwarted by the inherent vice of his position. |