| 释义 |
familiar, a. and n.|fəˈmɪlɪə(r), -ljə(r)|
Forms: 4–6 famuler(e, (4 -iar, 5 -ier, -yer), famil-, famyler, -iar(e, -ier(e, -yar(e, -yer, 5–6 fameliar, -yar, 6–7 famillar, 4– familiar.
[a. OF. familier, famelier, famulier (mod.F. familier), ad. L. familiār-is, f. familia: see family.]
A. adj.
1. a. Of or pertaining to one's family or household. (Now rare, and with mixture of other senses.) † Of an enemy: That is ‘of one's own household’: lit. and fig. † Of habits: Pertaining to one's family life, private, domestic.
c1386Chaucer Merch. T. 540 O famuler fo, that his service bedith! c1400Test. Love ii. 343/1 Nothyng is werse..than..a famyliar enemye. 1534More On the Passion Wks. 1294/1 The false treason of his familier enemy. 1548Hall Chron. 205 Either the familier enemies abidyng at home, or the extravagant fooes, lyngeryng beyonde the sea. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 105 Commaunded..neyther..his awne familier houshold to doe him anye kinde of service. 1779–81Johnson L.P., Prior Wks. III. 143 His private character and familiar practices. 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. ii. 35 Abram was dwelling..in the midst..of his familiar circle.
†b. Of titles, heraldic bearings, etc.: Belonging to a family. Obs.
1646Buck Rich. III, ii. 45 Yet neither of these foure legitimate children..were permitted to the princely familiar Title of Lancaster. Ibid. 46 [The Heralds]..assign'd him..a shield of familiar Ensignes, the armes of France border'd with an Orle of Normandy or Guyen.
2. Of persons and their relations: On a family footing; extremely friendly, intimately associated, intimate. Const. † till, † to, with.
c1340Hampole Prose T. (1866) 7 He apperyde till ane þat was famyliare till hym in hys lyfe. c1386Chaucer Prol. 215 Ful wel..familiar was he With frankeleins over al in his countree. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 1508 Herefriðe..was familier to cuthbert neest. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye p. lviii, She was moch famylyer wyth Seint Birgette in hyr lyfe. c1585R. Browne Answ. Cartwright 28 Priuate famillar felloshippe. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xix. 438 Every one was..pleased..because he might be so familiar with the Prince. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 160 ⁋6 Time and intercourse have made us familiar. 1831Arnold Let. in Stanley Life & Corr. (1844) I. ii. 37 Be as familiar with them as you possibly can. 1847J. Wilson Chr. North (1857) II. 9 A familiar and privileged guest.
†b. Of knowledge: Intimate. Obs.
1761Hume Hist. Eng. II. xxxvi. 285 She had attained a familiar knowledge of the Roman and Greek languages.
c. In a bad sense. Unduly intimate. Const. † to, with. Now only with advbs. like too, over.
c1450tr. Th. à Kempis' Imit. i. viii, Be not familier to eny womman. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. ccx. 224 Emma..was accused to be famulyer with the bysshop of Wynchester. 1514Barclay Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) 2 Aboute all London there was no propre prym But long tyme had ben famylyer with hym. 1605Camden Rem. (1636) 279 A poore man found a Priest over familiar with his wife.
d. familiar angel: a guardian angel. familiar † devil, spirit: a demon supposed to be in association with or under the power of a man.
14..Prose Legends in Anglia VIII. 146 Hir famylier aungel þet hadde hir in kepynge. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. (1858) 25 That same familiar devel. 1565Stow Chron. 107 b, A familiar spirit which hee had..in likenesse of a Catte. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. vii. §143 (1642) 473 People, who..had familiar spirits attending on them. a1707Beveridge Wks. II. (R.), They..called over them that had familiar spirits, in the name of our Lord Jesus. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. iii. xxvii, No familiar spirit could have suggested to him more effective words.
†e. transf. Of a plant: Adapted to relations with. Obs. rare.
1721R. Bradley Wks. Nat. 38 Mistletoe..can never be made familiar enough with the Earth to take Root, or grow in it.
3. Of animals: Accustomed to the company of men; domesticated, tame, on a domestic footing with.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 263/2 He had one [hound] moche famylyer whiche boldly wold take brede for the borde. 1598Shakes. Merry W. i. i. 21 It is a familiar beast to man. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ii. 213 Serpents so familiar with men, that at dinner-time they wil come like dogs and cats. 1721R. Bradley Wks. Nat. 71 This year..several..[snakes] have been familiar about the House. 1784Cowper Task v. 423 Till the pampered pest Is made familiar. 1849Sk. Nat. Hist., Mammalia III. 56 The tapir is occasionally domesticated and becomes..familiar.
fig.1604Shakes. Oth. ii. iii. 313 Good wine, is a good famillar Creature, if it be well vs'd.
†4. Of food, etc.: Congenial, suitable. Obs.
1620Venner Via Recta (1650) 90 Womans milk is best, because it is most familiar unto mans bodie. 1626Bacon Sylva §61 Poysons haue beene made by some, Familiar. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 106 Roe-buck. The flesh is..familiar to mans body.
5. Of persons: Well or habitually acquainted, having a close acquaintance or intimate knowledge. Of a person's manner: Resulting from close association. Const. with.
1508Fisher Wks. (1876) 278 Who that wyl not make his remembraunce famuler with them [the perylles of hell]. 1726–7Swift Gulliver ii. vii, He was amazed, how so..groveling an Insect as I..could entertain such inhuman Ideas, and in so familiar a manner. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 219 Familiar with her [vice's] face We first endure, then pity, then embrace. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 332 Men familiar with all ancient and modern learning. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 31 An assembly..with whose incapacity we are familiar.
6. Of things: Known from constant association; pertaining to every-day knowledge, well-known. Const. to, † with.
1490Caxton Eneydos xxix. 112 As we see by example famyler whan [etc.]. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 105 Such pointes as to you are familiar. 1581R. Goade in Confer. iii. (1584) X ij, This place of Tertull..is a knowen and familiar place. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. ix. (1627) 145 Untill the Latine be as familiar to the Scholler as the English. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. i. §22 It begins to know the Objects, which being most familiar with it, have made lasting Impressions. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 298 An experiment familiar to nurses. 1793J. Williams Calm Exam. 44 To simplify our laws, and render them more familiar with our comprehension. 1818Scott Rob Roy i, I will..endeavour to tell you nothing that is familiar to you already. 1873H. Spencer Stud. Sociol. viii. 180 The contradictions..become by-and-by familiar, and no longer attract his attention.
b. Of every-day use, common, current, habitual, ordinary, usual. Const. to.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iii. 52 Familiar in his mouth as household words. 1614Raleigh Hist. World v. vi. §10 The familiar custome, among Princes..of violating Leagues. 1690Locke Hum. Und. i. iii. §9 It is familiar among the Mingrelians..to bury their Children alive. 1711Addison Spect. No. 135 ⁋10 All ridiculous Words make their first Entry into a Language by familiar Phrases. 1780Cowper Progr. Err. 509 With such fine words familiar to his tongue. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852) 75 The practice of impeaching the wares of others..is too familiar with mankind. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxv. 618 Wine was an article of general and familiar supply.
†c. Homely, plain; hence, easily understood.
1529More Dyaloge i. Wks. 156/1 The very straunge familiar fassyon thereof. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. i. ii. 9 Brag. How canst thou part sadnesse and melancholy! Boy. By a familiar demonstration of the working. 1606― Tr. & Cr. iii. iii. 113, I doe not straine it at the position, It is familiar; but at the Authors drift. 1694Addison Eng. Poets 139 He [Montague] unreins His verse, and writes in loose familiar strains.
†7. Of persons, their actions, etc.: Affable, courteous, friendly, sociable. Obs.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1602 Now was Jason..goodly of his speche, and famulere. c1430ABC of Aristotle in Babees Bk. (1868) 11 F to fers, ne to famuler, but freendli of cheere. 1529More Dyaloge iii. Wks. 225/2 If they [men] be familier we call them light. If they be solitarye we call them fantastike. a1555Latimer Serm. & Rem. (1845) 76 Christ..was a good familiar man..he came to men's tables when he was called. 1632Lithgow Trav. ix. 416 Here I found euery where kind and familiar people. a1656Ussher Ann. vii. (1658) 802 Whereupon one in a familiar banquet..promised Caius, that [etc.]. 1742Pope Dunc. iv. 497 Bland and familiar to the throne he came. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 89 ⁋12 In his unbended and familiar intervals.
8. Free, as among persons intimately acquainted, unceremonious; occas. Too free, taking liberties with; also in to make familiar with.
c1386Chaucer Shipman's T. 31 In his hous as familiar was he, As it possible is any friend to be. 1485Caxton Paris & V. (1868) 88 That ye suffyr hym soo famylyer with you. 1645Howell (title) Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ. Familiar Letters, domestic and foreign. 1687T. Brown Saints in Uproar Wks. 1730 I. 79 There's no stopping your licentious tongue, otherwise you wou'd not make so familiar with the head of the Church. 1712Steele Spect. No. 526 ⁋2 It does look a little familiar, but I must call you Dear Dumb. 1712Arbuthnot John Bull iv. v, As if I had been familiar with your reputation. 1786W. Thomson Watson's Philip III (1793) II. v. 110 He..was indulged at all times, with familiar access to his person.
†b. adv. = familiarly.
1803tr. Le Brun's Monsieur Botte III. 28 A person..who continues to treat me so shockingly familiar.
9. Comb., as familiar-fond, familiar-mannered adjs.
1857W. Collins Dead Secret II. vi. iii. 264 The ladies she is familiar-fond with. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. vi. xlviii, A coarse, familiar-mannered man.
B. n.
1. A member of a person's family or household (obs. in general sense). In the Roman Catholic Church, a person who belongs to the household of the Pope or a bishop, and renders domestic but not menial services.
1460Burgh Rec. Peebles 9 June (1872) 137 The said Sir Thomas Kenedy was in the Kyngis respit at the byschof of Sanct Andoris has of the Kyngis as famelyar tyl hym. 1536Sir R. Moryson in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. lxxii. 175 We princes wrot ourselves to be familiars to popes. 1541Becon News out of Heaven Early Wks. (1843) 40 A mans own household and familiars shall be his most enemies. 1548Hall Chron. 244 b, To him, and his servauntes and familiers a fre and a general Pardon. 1632Lithgow Trav. vi. 268 Their victuals are brought dayly to them by their familiars. 1885Catholic Dict., s.v. The nephews..of a bishop..in order to be considered his familiars, must render him real service. Ibid., The familiars of the Pope..enjoy many privileges.
b. An officer of the Inquisition, chiefly employed in arresting and imprisoning the accused.
1560Frampton Narr. in Strype Ann. Ref. I. xx. 239 This done, we took our journey towards Sevil; the familiar..and his man well armed. c1645Howell Lett. (1650) I. 246 When the said Familiar goes to any house..all doors..fly open to him. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. III. 245 Many of the Castillans, who pillaged Rome, were familiars of the holy inquisition. 1825J. Neal Bro. Jonathan III. 441 If my familiars have done their duty, he is on his way to the scaffold. 1855Motley Dutch Rep. ii. iii. (1866) 165 It [the ‘Holy Office’]..having its familiars in every house.
transf.1821Southey Lett. (1856) III. 227, I do not like to embody myself as a political Familiar.
2. A person with whom one has constant intercourse, an intimate friend or associate.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. iv. 18 For whiche þing oon of þi familers not vnskilfully axed þus. Ȝif, etc. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. cci. 208 Hugh Capet..was his famulyer and chief counceler. 1504Lady Margaret tr. T. a Kempis' Imit. iv. xiii, Thou, my god, art closed & hyd in councell of thy famyliars. a1569A. Kingsmill Man's Est. xi. (1580) 70 Thou whom I have chosen..one of my twelve familiars. 1640Bp. Hall Episc. ii. x. 139 A co-partner and a deare fameliar of..St. Peter and St. Paul. 1669Penn No Cross ix. §10 It weans thee off thy Familiars. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede 14 Retaining her maiden appellation among her familiars.
b. One intimately acquainted with (a thing).
1875Lowell Wordsw. Prose Wks. 1890 IV. 399 The life-long familiar of the mountains.
3. A familiar spirit, a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call.
1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. iii. xv. 65 A flie, otherwise called a divell or familiar. 1633Ford Broken H. iii. iv, You have..a familiar That posts i' th' air for your intelligence? 1748Smollett Rod. Rand. (1812) I. 249 She paid me a visit..to be introduced to my familiar. 1812Southey Omniana II. 250 The old belief in familiars. 1866Alger Solit. Nat. & Man iii. 152 Our familiar is..a nimble and tricksy spirit, like Puck.
transf. and fig.1819Byron Juan ii. xlix, Twelve days had Fear Been their familiar, and now Death was here. 1830Galt Lawrie T. i. vii. (1849) 22 The garret was alive with musquitoes, domestic familiars. 1836Backwoods of Canada 51 Vile familiars to the dormitory kept us from closing our weary eye-lids. 1867Lowell Rousseau Prose Wks. 1890 II. 250 He..keeps a pet sorrow, a blue-devil familiar, that goes with him everywhere. 1867J. H. Stirling in Fortn. Rev. Oct. 379 Style..is one of De Quincey's familiars. |