| 释义 |
extinguish, v.|ɛkˈstɪŋgwɪʃ|
[ad. L. ex(s)tingu-ĕre (f. ex- intensive + stinguĕre to quench): see -ish.]
1. trans. To put out, quench (fire, light, anything burning or shining). † In early medical use: To reduce (an inflammation).
1551Bale Eng. Votaries ii. 89 b, Ethelredus..by it [cold water]..extynguyshed..the flames of all..vices. 1563T. Gale Antidot. ii. 16 It [vnguent] doeth extinguishe..all inflammations of the lyuer. 1596Drayton Legends ii. 545 A little sparke extinguish'd to the Eye. 1656Bramhall Replic. ii. 110 The light is under a Bushell, but it is not extinguished. 1691Dryden Lady of May 10 The soft god of pleasure..Has broken his bow, and extinguish'd his fires. 1710J. Clarke Rohault's Nat. Phil. (1729) II. 165 Cold extinguishes..Heat. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. i. §3 They would extinguish the very light of nature. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 271 The water is..thrown in a jet through a hose-pipe with great force, to extinguish fire. 1869Tyndall Light ii. (1873) 65 Natural bodies..extinguish certain constituents of the white solar light.
2. transf. and fig.
a. To quench (hopes, passions, strife, life, mental faculties, etc.); to silence (sound).
1545T. Raynalde Byrth Mankynde iv. iii. (1564) 121 b, Suche as haue.. wateryshe Matrixes can not conceyue, for the power of the seede is extinguished in it. 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 21 b, Paule..exhorteth the Thessalonians not to extinguish the spirite. 1626Bacon Sylva §212 It deadeth and extinguisheth the Sound utterly. a1627Hayward Edw. VI 89 To extinguish the loue of the people to the young King. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 143 God will not suffer it [truth] to be extinguished. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 666 Least total darkness should..extinguish life in Nature. 1711Addison Spect. No. 126 ⁋3 We should soon see that furious Party-Spirit extinguished. 1732Law Serious C. x. (ed. 2) 143 Extinguishing his reason, instead of putting out his eyes. 1780Harris Philol. Enq. (1841) 512 War between great men seldom extinguishes humanity. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 603 Neither his years nor his profession had wholly entinguished his martial ardour.
b. To ‘quench’ or totally obscure by superior brilliancy; to ‘eclipse’, put completely into the shade.
1551Gardiner Explic. Cath. Faith 142 In the Sacrament the visible element is not extinguished by the presence of Christes most precious body. 1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, v. iii. 192 Naturall Graces that extinguish Art. 1863Mrs. Oliphant Salem Ch. i. 11 The men..were quite transcended and extinguished by their wives and daughters.
c. In mod. use: To reduce (an adversary) to silence. Chiefly colloq.
1878Gladstone Prim. Homer 130 The stinging and compressed oration of Odusseus in Scheriè..utterly extinguishes his adversary.
3. To put a total end to, do away with completely, blot out of existence.
1555Eden Decades 249 By theyr inuasions were extinguyshed all artes and sciences. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. viii. (1611) 22 It extinguisheth all heinous crimes. 1615G. Sandys Trav. i. 44 This late mightie Empire [of the Turks] extinguisht in ægypt by the Mamalucks. 1669–70Marvell Corr. cxxxvi. Wks. 1872–5 II. 302 That all memory thereof might be extinguisht. 1711Addison Spect. No. 169 ⁋2 Half the Misery of human Life might be extinguished. 1783Burke Sp. Fox's E. India Bill Wks. 1842 I. 285 The authority of the regular and lawful government is every where..extinguished. 1868J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 70 But the confiscation of Wolsey's possessions extinguished the grandeur of these plans.
b. To render void (a bill, claim, right, etc.). In Law sometimes spec. (see extinguishment 3 b).
1548Ld. Somerset Epist. Scots 242 That cannot extynguish the title which we haue to the Croune of Scotlande. a1626Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law iii. 13 The warren is not by implication reserued vnto mee either to bee inioyed or extinguished. 1651W. G. tr. Cowel's Inst. 207 The action for the residue is utterly extinguished. 1784Cowper Task vi. 583 Man's..rights and claims Are paramount, and must extinguish theirs [creeping vermin's]. 1866Crump Banking v. 132 Cancellation..is considered to extinguish the instrument. 1891Law Rep. Weekly Notes 136/2 The right of way..was extinguished by the mortgage.
c. To discharge, obtain total acquittance of, ‘wipe out’ by full payment or composition.
1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 357 All which so inestimable summes..they have re-imbursed or extinguished. 1777Watson Philip II (1793) II. xiv. 187 They will ere long extinguish the debt which they owe you, in your blood. 1836Thirlwall Greece II. xi. 35 The debt itself..was..held to be extinguished. 1845McCulloch Taxation iii. i. (1852) 429 The only instance of a national debt having been extinguished.
d. To suppress († books, † customs, offices or corporate institutions).
1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons Sig. *ij b, Procuring also..to suppresse and extinguish the exercise and serviceable use of Long-bowes. 1590― in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 56 A booke conteyninge so disordered matter, that yt should be extinguished. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. 2 One that extinguished worthy whole volumes, to bring his abridgements into request. 1656Bramhall Replic. ii. 109 The Baronies of the Bishops, and their votes in Parliament were taken away, but the Order was not extinguished. 1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6092/1 It is our Pleasure that the said Sort [of boat] be extinguished, and no longer used. 1839J. Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. xi. (1847) 117 Though the bishopric..merged into the archbishopric..it was not extinguished. 1868J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. ii. 68 It had long been foreseen that..a large number of them [monasteries] must be extinguished.
e. To annihilate, bring to an end, cut off (a family, race, etc.).
1593R. Harvey Philad. 100 The nation of the Hunnes was almost vtterly extinguished in Greece, by the Emperor. 1641Baker Chron. (1660) 19 The Danish Line clean extinguished, Edward the Confessour..was..admitted King of England. 1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 36 The Royal race of the Valois being extinguished by the death of Henry the third. 1837Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar (1844) 135 ‘Extinguishing’ the Red man by the progress of civilisation.
† f. To make away with, kill (an individual).
1598R. Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. xii. iii. (1622) 158 His [Gotarses'] brothers are extinguished by murder. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 558 They extinguish the great ones, especially those of royall bloud. 1670Milton Hist. Eng. Wks. 1738 II. 108 He had first relinquish'd, then extinguish'd Edmund.
†4. intr. for refl. in various senses: To die out.
(Quot. 1837 is not strictly an example of this use, but of the idiomatic occas. use of a trans. vb. in passive sense.)
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 52/1 Inscende the same, and let it combure, till of it selfe it extinguishe. c1645Howell Lett. ii. lxxiii, They..both extinguish like a snuff. 1650Milton Tenure Kings 53 These..through all stormes and persecutions kept Religion from extinguishing. 1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals ii. ii. 159 His Family being like to extinguish for want of Heirs. 1723Pres. State Russia I. 220 If a Fire..finds Iron and Stone in its Way, it extinguishes of itself. 1742Hume Ess., Stoic (1779) I. 161 His alacrity suddenly extinguishes. a1797H. Walpole Mem. Geo. II, I. 375 He paints that phantom of Royalty the present King extinguishing at Metz. [1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. i. vi. iii, This conflagration of the South-East will abate..extinguish it will not, till the fuel be all done.]
Hence exˈtinguished ppl. a. exˈtinguishedly adv. exˈtinguishing vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1552Huloet, Extinguished, extinctus. 1616Chapman Musæus 471 She..round about the sea's broad shoulders throws Her eye, to second the extinguish'd light. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 60 Adam lost the measure, and manner, not utterly and extinguishedly, the thing [i.e. virtue]. 1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man iii. vii. 285 Some vast devastation..may endanger..the extinguishing of the species of things. 1784Cowper Task i. 442 His eye relumines its extinguished fires. 1837in O'Connor Ld. Beaconsfield (1879) 174 The laughter, shouts, etc., which accompanied the honourable and extinguished Member's first attempt in Parliamentary oratory. a1863Thackeray Mr. & Mrs. Berry ii, A strong smell of an extinguished lamp. |