| 释义 |
external, a. and n.|ɛkˈstɜːnəl|
Also 6–7 externall.
[f. L. extern-us outward (see extern a.) + -al1.]
A. adj. (Opposed to internal.)
1. a. Situated or lying outside; pertaining to, or connected with, the outside or outer portion of anything. external angle: one made by producing outwardly a side of a figure. external contact: (see quot. 1867).
1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, v. v. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts. 1606― Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 349 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling. 1635N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. vii. 163 Externall I call those parts which are without the Spheare it selfe. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), External angles. 1796Hutton Math. Dict. s.v. Angle, The external angle of a triangle is equal to both the internal opposite ones taken together. 1834McMurrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 227 Having those organs free on the external edge. 1840Lardner Geom. 83 All the external angles of the polygon must also be equal to four right angles. 1842E. Wilson Anat. Vade-m. 335 The External or Cellular coat is dense and resisting. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., External contact, in a transit of Mercury or Venus over the sun's disc, this expression means the first touch of the planet's and sun's edges, before any part of the former is projected on the disc of the luminary. 1870Bentley Bot. 58 External Glands may be..divided into stalked..or not stalked.
b. Anat. Of veins, nerves, etc.: Lying towards the outer surface of the body.
1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 489 External descending branches..are four or five in number..furnishing to the same parts an equal quantity of twigs. 1842E. Wilson Anat. Vade-m. 342 The External Jugular Vein. Ibid. 418 The External Cutaneous Nerve. 1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 389 The external meatus.
c. Of remedies, treatment, etc.: Outward, applied to the exterior of the body.
1706in Phillips (ed. Kersey), External Digestives are such as ripen a Swelling or breed good and laudable Matter in a Wound, and prepare it for Mundification or cleansing. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 300 He recommends external warmth..but not internal stimulants. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 87 This man hath cured me by an external process. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. 72 The application of external heat.
2. Pertaining to the outward or bodily form as opposed to the inner nature or spirit; outwardly visible or perceptible; consisting in outward acts or appearances.
1556Calvin's Bk. Com. Prayer in Phenix (1708) II. 233 The external Face of the same is polluted. 1564Brief Exam. C ij, The externall partes of the sacramentes. 1647H. More Song of Soul ii. i. iii. xxviii, They..Appear in thickned Aire with shape externall. a1699Stillingfl. (J.), He that commits only the external act of idolatry is as guilty as [etc.]. 1736Butler Anal. ii. i. Wks. 1874 I. 167 The external worship of God. 1779–81Johnson L.P., Milton Wks. II. 142 Religion..will glide..out of the mind, unless it be invigorated..by external ordinances, by stated calls to worship. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 120 The external qualities of this striking style.
3. a. Situated outside, not included within the limits of, the object under consideration. Const. to.
1595Shakes. John ii. i. 571 Maids..having no externall thing to loose But the word Maid. 1801Med. Jrnl. XXI. 84 The external air. 1865Lecky Ration. (1878) I. 359 All who were external to Christianity were doomed to eternal damnation. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 209 F and G are both external to the conic.
†b. Situated in or belonging to foreign countries; foreign. Obs.
1577–87Holinshed Scot. Chron. (1805) II. 54 Singular prowesse shewed by him (in external battell). 1599Life Sir T. More in Wordsw. Eccl. Biog. (1853) II. 96 His external friends were these: Budæus a learned Frenchman, etc.
c. Metaph. Belonging or pertaining to the world of things or phenomena, considered as outside of the perceiving mind. external world: the totality of objects existing outside the conscious subject; the objective world; the ‘non-ego’.
1667Milton P.L. v. 103 All External things Which the five..senses represent. 1762Kames Elem. Crit. (1855) 11 Nothing external is perceived till it first makes an impression. 1779–81Johnson L.P., Milton Wks. II. 95 The knowledge of external nature. 1884tr. Lotze's Metaph. 445 Our mental life is aroused anew at every moment by sensations which the external world excites.
4. Arising or acting from without, originating from something outside. external evidence: evidence derived from circumstances or considerations outside or independent of the thing discussed.
1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxix. 167 Not by externall violence, but intestine disorder. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth v. §5 (1723) 255 These Shells..being..exposed..to many external Accidents are..worn, fretted, and broken to Pieces. 1747Wesley Prim. Physic (1762) p. iv, Without the Aid of external Violence. 1812–6Playfair Nat. Phil. (1819) I. 43 The motion of a body..must be ascribed to the action of an external cause or force. 1814Chalmers Evid. Chr. Revel. Advt. 5 The external testimony of Christianity..leaves infidelity without excuse. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. v. (1852) 124 The idea that the punishment of sin is solely some external evil brought upon us. 1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi i. (1870) 20 The external evidence to a contrary effect..is considerable.
5. a. Connected with, or having reference to, what is outside; having an outside object or sphere of operation. external perception: the perception of external objects, as opposed to internal perception, the perception of what takes place within the mind. So external senses.
1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxii. (1859) II. 43 As this [the Acquisitive] faculty is again subdivided into two, according as it is conversant either about the phænomena of matter or about the phænomena of mind, the non-ego or the ego, I gave precedence to the former of these,—the faculty known under the name of External Perception. Mod., It is necessary to consider the subject in its external relations. The external affairs of the society were managed by the secretary.
b. spec. Having reference to dealings with foreign countries.
1770Burke Pres. Discont. Wks. 1842 I. 139 The persons now in the external administration. 1891Law Rep. Weekly Notes 138/2 The external debt of the Republic of Chili.
6. In education, of a student: that does not attend a university but takes its examinations; of an examiner: that tests students of a college, school, etc., of which he is not himself a member; hence of such an examination or the degree so obtained.
1888Cal. Univ. Coll., Bristol, 1888–9 21 An Honour Certificate shall be granted, after examination by an External Examiner, in conjunction with the Professor or Lecturer of the subject. 1898[see internal a. 2 c]. 1900Univ. Birmingham Cal. 1900–1901 65 The Examiners of the University shall be the Professors of the University with such Lecturers of the University as the Council from time to time appoint and such External Examiners not being Professors Lecturers or Teachers in the University as may be from time to time appointed by the Council. 1912University of London Regs. for External Students 23 An External B.A. Pass Examination... The External Final Examination. 1959Listener 19 Mar. 515/1 What is the real effectiveness of the device of ‘external’ marking of papers?
B. n.
1. sing. The outside; the exterior.
1792Munchausen's Trav. xxii. 95 The external of the chariot. 1814Southey Roderick x. 202 Deformity and hollowness beneath The rich external.
2. That which is external. In pl.
a. Outward features or aspect; bodily qualifications; outward ceremonies or observances.
b. Things lying outside or distinct from a person or object; external or outward circumstances or conditions; also, non-essentials.
a.a1635Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 15 A time in which (as for externals) she was full blown. a1662Gauden Let. to Chas. II, 6 The externals of decent forms. a1716South Serm. (1737) I. ii. 67 Adam was..glorious in his externals; he had a beautiful body. 1751Jortin Serm. (1771) I. i. 15 The Externals of religion. a1764Lloyd The Puff Wks. (1774) I. 171 Externals have the gift of striking, And lure the fancy into liking. 1853Marsden Early Purit. 24 An agreement in externals ought to prevail amongst all the reformed. 1857Buckle Hist. Civiliz. I. xiv. 793 He [Condillac] found it utterly impossible to escape from those tendencies towards the external which governed his own age. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 188 The system has all the externals and much of the reality of constitutional government.
b.1652Gaule Magastrom. 80 Why should the planets have such influences upon externalls and accidentalls, that had none upon the internalls and essentialls? 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 431 Fractures..are divisions of bones, caused by externals violently forced on them. 1676Hale Contempl. i. 280 Such a state of externals as might be suitable to the exigence and nature of my condition in this life. 1734Pope Ess. Man iv. 66 God in Externals could not place Content. 1883Athenæum 10 Feb. 178/3 The concluding remarks on..the subordination of externals to essentials.
Add:[A.] [5.] c. Computing. Of memory or a storage device: not contained in the central processing unit; also applied more generally to any peripheral component of a computing system.
1945J. P. Eckert et al. Description of ENIAC (PB 86242) (Moore School of Electr. Engin., Univ. Pennsylvania) iii. 1 The memory elements of the machine may be divided into two groups—the ‘internal memory’ and the ‘external memory’... The external memory exists outside of the machine. 1953[see random access s.v. random n., a., and adv. B. 5]. 1969IEEE Trans. Audio & Electroacoustics June 128/1 Occasionally, arrays of data to be fast Fourier transformed..are too large to fit in internal computer memory, and must be kept on an external storage device. 1984Which Micro? Dec. 35 (Advt.), Computers..plus 5 external hard disk drives. 1990Computer Buyer's Guide VIII. iii. 56/3 External floppy disk interface; sound port for external audio amplifier.
7. Econ. external economy, an economy of scale (see scale n.3 12 c) in which external factors lead to the reduction of costs to individual companies. By contrast, external diseconomy.
1890A. Marshall Princ. Econ. I. iv. xiii. 375 Looking more closely at the economies arising from an increase in the scale of production of any kind of goods, we found that they fell into two classes—those dependent on the general development of the industry and those dependent on the resources of the individual houses of business engaged in it and the efficiency of their management; or, as we may say, into external and internal economies. 1912A. C. Pigou Wealth & Welfare ii. viii. 177 Provided that certain external economies are common to all the suppliers jointly, the presence of increasing returns in respect of all together is compatible with the presence of diminishing returns in respect of the special work of each severally. 1924Economic Jrnl. XXXIV. 24, I cannot..bring myself to believe that..the phenomenon of decreasing cost can be explained entirely in terms of external economies. 1952W. J. Baumol Welfare Economics iii. 33 An example of an external diseconomy of scale is provided by the case of the fishing industry in an area where fish are relatively scarce. Here an increase in the scale of operations of any firm will increase the scarcity of fish in the sea and hence the costs of the remaining firms. 1981D. W. Pearce Macmillan Dict. Mod. Econ. 149/1 An external diseconomy is where the externality-generating activity lowers the production or utility of the externally-affected party.
▸ external combustion n. Engin. (in an engine) combustion of the fuel outside the chamber where the force is developed and motion produced (as in a steam engine or a turbine); usu. attrib.; cf. internal-combustion n. at internal adj. and n. Compounds.
1824R. Phillips Four Dialogues 176 The atomic motion, transferred by the fixation of the gases in the process of the *external combustion, passes through the substance of the vessel containing the water. 1890J. H. Cotterill Steam Engine (ed. 2) iv. 104 An engine of this class was proposed by Dr. Joule, as an external combustion engine. 1921Gas Manuf., Distribution & Use (Brit. Commerc. Gas Assoc.) ii. 95/1 The fact that a gas engine works through the explosion of a mixture of gas and air inside the cylinder of the engine led to the adoption of the term ‘internal combustion engine’ in contradistinction with the steam engine, which is driven by ‘external combustion’—the steam being produced in a separate boiler. 2007Appl. Thermal Engin. 27 802/1 The Stirling engine is an external combustion reciprocating engine developed by Robert Stirling in 1816. |