| 释义 |
▪ I. proˈactive, a.1 Psychol.
[f. pro-2 1 + active a. 2.]
Of a mental effect from a previous situation which is active in a subsequent activity, esp. in learning theory, as proactive inhibition, proactive interference, the inhibition of or interference with learning caused by effects that remain active from conditions preceding that learning.
1933Whiteley & Blankfort in Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. XVI. 852 Objective results..indicate..a somewhat inhibitive influence of the various sets upon learning, and under similar conditions of prior and later learning, they suggest what might be called a proactive inhibition. However, perhaps the term proactive inhibition might better be reserved to designate the detrimental influence of a condition introduced prior to learning upon a subsequent recall, thus differentiating it from..retroactive inhibition. 1940Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. LIII. 174 By proactive inhibition is meant either (a) the retardation of the learning of an activity when some other activity has occurred as a prior condition (sometimes called negative transfer), or (b) the fact of poorer retention of an activity when some other activity has occurred as a prior condition to the original learning of that activity, than when a period of comparative rest preceded the original learning. 1943Mind LII. 360 Then we find that remembering is functionally dependent on..what happens before learning (proactive inhibition). 1951Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Mar.–May 39 It seems unlikely that proactive inhibition would have no permanent effect on the learning of the interpolated series..retroactive and pro-active processes are essentially interactive processes. 1967Hilgard & Atkinson Introd. Psychol. (ed. 4) xii. 324/2 Proactive inhibition plays a very important role when ‘experienced’ subjects are used in an experiment. 1971E. Saltz Cognitive Bases of Human Learning vi. 204 Most studies of interference are some variation of one of the following three experimental paradigms: (a) proactive interference, (b) proactive inhibition, or (c) retroactive inhibition.
▪ II. proˈactive, a.2
[f. pro-1 + reactive a.]
Of a person, policy, etc.: that creates or controls a situation by taking the initiative or by anticipating events (as opp. to responding to them); also loosely, innovative, tending to make things happen. (Freq. in management or business contexts.)
1971A. J. R. Reiss Police & Public ii. 64 Citizens usually bring matters to police attention{ddd}The police department deals with such requests as a reactive organization{ddd}The police also acquire information by intervening in the lives of citizens on their own initiative. In this capacity, they serve as a proactive organization. 1977D. M. Smith Human Geogr. xi. 327 By comparing conditions before and after the change in the five reactive, control, and proactive [sc. police] beats, the effectiveness of this strategy could be judged. 1980W. Safire in N.Y. Times Mag. 2 Mar. 9/2 Webster says he has been forced to choose between ‘reactive’ law enforcement—responding after a bank has been robbed—and ‘pro-active’ enforcement, in which his men are in on the planning stages of a crime. 1984Financial Times 10 Feb. 26 A new kind of management able to take risks,..manage change, and be more proactive. 1985Globe & Mail (Toronto) 10 Oct. b20/1 (Advt.), If you are the proactive and innovative individual we are looking for..we invite you to submit a resume in confidence.
Hence proˈactively adv.; proˈaction, proacˈtivity, proactive behaviour or practice. Also [as back-formation] proˈact v. intr., to take proactive measures; to act in advance, to anticipate.
1978J. Alderson Communal Policing p. i, The education of a community and a police force in joint pro-activity was seen as the only way to reduce morbidity of crime levels. 1980Times 3 Nov. 16/3 We anticipate, we plan, we pro-act rather than react to change. 1984N.Y. Times 14 Oct. xi. 30/5 Determinate sentencing, as an alternative to parole, forces the system to wait for the smoking gun, rather than proactively intervene before another terrible tragedy. 1985R. C. A. White Admin. of Justice iv. xiv. 256 A distinction which separates the practice of law in law centres from that in private practice is that between reactivity and proactivity. 1986Mag. Bank Admin. June 41/1 Aggressiveness, proaction or other performance criteria are paramount. 1986Industry Week 23 June 52/1 This versatility is allowing us to proact rather than react to changing market conditions. |