| 释义 |
▪ I. ‖ pro, n.1, prep., and a.|prəʊ|
The L. preposition prō before (of place), in front of, for, on behalf of, instead of, in return for, on account of, etc. [Cognate with Gr. πρό forward, before, in front of, earlier than, Skr. prá before; more remotely related to OTeut. for, fora, Eng. for, fore.]
A. as prep. in various Latin phrases, more or less used in Eng. (See also pro and con.)
1. pro ˈaris et ˈfocis, for altars and hearths; for the sake of, or on behalf of, religion and home.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. iii. iv. i. iii. (1676) 398/1 When I see two superstitious Orders contend pro aris & focis, with such have and hold, de lana caprina. 1741Hume Ess. iv. 48, I wou'd only perswade Men not to contend, as if they were fighting pro aris & focis. 1859Lowell Biglow P. 12 They serve cheerfully in the great army which fights even unto death pro aris et focis.
2. pro ˈbono ˈpublico, for the public good. Now freq. used as a signature to an open letter (as to a newspaper).
a1726Gilbert Cases in Law & Equity (1760) 113 It is pro bono publico, in which they are included. 1914‘I. Hay’ Lighter Side School Life vii. 194 Fiery old gentlemen write..to say that in their young days boys were boys and not molly-coddles. Old friends like Materfamilias, Pro Bono Publico,..rush into the fray... There is quite a riot of pseudonyms. 1922Joyce Ulysses 306 Someone..ought to write a letter pro bono publico to the papers about the muzzling order for a dog the like of that. 1973G. Beare Snake on Grave viii. 40 He would..write a letter to The Times which he would sign ‘Pro Bono Publico’. 1977New Yorker 12 Sept. 133/1 A politician who speaks for an important industry is considered very much pro bono publico.
3. pro conˈfesso, for or as confessed or admitted: chiefly in Law.
1631in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) II. 141 As if they had taken it pro confesso that he is living. 1776Claim of Roy Rada Churn 17/1 in Trial J. Fowke, etc., The Court..had informed them, if they did not [support their case by affidavit], the negative of the question put would be taken pro confesso.
4. pro ˈforma (-â) (also with hyphen, and as one word), for form's sake; as a matter of form; in the way of formality. Also attrib., pro-forma invoice, an invoice sent to a purchaser in advance of the ordered goods, so that formalities may be completed (see also quot. 1965); also absol. as n., an official form for completion; a pro-forma invoice.
1573–80G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 77 To give the choyce of a thousand thankes for every gewegawe; and sumtymes tooe for very meere Nifilles as it were only pro forma tantum. 1623J. Chamberlain in Crt. & Times Jas. I (1848) II. 425 Which is thought to be done rather pro formâ than ex animo. 1788Gentl. Mag. LVIII. 73/1 The cession of the Crimea by the Porte was contrary to the Alcoran, and was therefore admitted merely pro forma. 1827W. Bolling in Virginia Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1935) XLIII. 240 Then called proforma at Mr. Robertson's to see my sister. 1858P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products 303/2 Pro-forma-account, a model or sketch account; a pattern bill of particulars. 1882Bithell Counting-ho. Dict. (1893) s.v., When a document is drawn up or a process gone through after a prescribed model, and with the special object of complying with some legal requirement it is said to be done pro formâ. 1895Funk's Stand. Dict., Pro forma,{ddd}as a matter of form; as, a pro forma invoice. 1928Blunden Undertones of War ii. 19 He rejoiced in inventing new Army Forms, which he called ‘pro forma's’... Some of them were such that one's best information could not find a heading in them. 1930M. Clark Home Trade 100 An order may be received from an unknown person or firm... In such cases a pro forma invoice may be dispatched. 1945Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasitol. XXXIX. 226 A senior member of the nursing staff..checked that the patient took the tablet and recorded each dose given and taken on a pro-forma. 1959Punch 27 May 705/1, I do not know in precisely what form the Department of Meteorology of the Imperial College of Science is asking for information about hail, but at the very least there should be a ‘proforma’ with columns headed. 1965J. L. Hanson Dict. Econ. 329/2 Pro-forma invoice, a commercial document with three main uses: (i) A polite request for payment when a supplier is unwilling to allow his customer credit; (ii) With goods sent on approval, becoming an ordinary invoice if the goods are retained; (iii) When goods are sent to an agent to be sold; (iv) In foreign trade when goods are exported on consignment, informing the importer of the expected prices of the goods. 1977Wandsworth Borough News 16 Sept. 2/2 A pro-forma for all organisations..should contain a sentence encouraging applicants to think of any aspect of their work which might not be covered by the form. 1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 413 Details of the illness were recorded on a proforma.
5. pro hac vice, for this turn or occasion (only).
1653in Rashdall & Rait Neu College (1901) 178 Wee therefore shall pro hac vice nominate the 13 Seniors and Officers for the carryinge on the government of the said Colledge. 1715S. Sewall Diary 29 Mar., Made Mr. Little Clark pro hac vice, Mr. Cooke being sick of the Gout. 1873Oxford Univ. Gazette 18 Nov. 312 The following gentlemen have been nominated by the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors to examine pro hac vice this Term.
6. pro indiˈviso (Law), ‘as undivided’: applied to a right shared by two or more persons without division: see quot.
1607Cowell Interpr., Pro Indiuiso, is a possession, and occupation of lands, or tenements belonging vnto two or more persons, whereof none knoweth his seuerall portion, as Coparceners before partition.
7. pro ˈrata (-â) [= ‘for the rate’: rate n.1 2], in proportion to the value or extent (of his interest), proportionally. Also attrib. or as adj., proportional.
[1354Rolls of Parlt. II. 260/1 Les Eschetours sont chargez..a respoundre des parcelles des ditz rentes et fermes Pro rata temporis.] 1575Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 468 To mak payment of thair part of the said taxatioun pro rata. 1642tr. Perkins' Prof. Bk. v. §310 (1657) 118 His wife shall not have dower of that which the other copercener had pro rata. 1877L. W. M. Lockhart Mine is Thine xv. (1879) 134 I'll take my pro ratâ allotment. 1901Daily Tel. 9 Mar. 9/7 The Preference issue will be offered pro rata to shareholders at 115.
8. a. pro re ˈnata (-â), ‘for the affair born, i.e. arisen’; for some contingency arising unexpectedly or without being provided for; for an occasion as it arises. Also attrib.
1578in Spottiswood Hist. Ch. Scot. vi. (1677) 295 It is in the power of the Eldership to send out qualified persons to visit pro re nata. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. ii. 174 It was formerly left to the crown to summon, pro re nata, the most flourishing towns to send representatives to parliament. 1885A. P. Peter in Law Times 10 Jan. 185/1 Such orders are only granted pro re natâ, and must be renewed on each fresh occasion arising. Mod. At a pro re nata meeting of the Town Council, it was resolved, etc.
†b. So pro-re-nascent a. (obs. nonce-wd.), arising unexpectedly.
1647Ward Simp. Cobler 50 In pro-re-nascent occurrences, which cannot be foreseen.
9. pro ˈtanto, ‘for so much’, so far, to such an extent. Also attrib.
1780Bentham Princ. Legisl. ii. §4 Any one who reprobates any the least particle of pleasure as such..is pro tanto a partizan of the principle of asceticism. 1882Macm. Mag. XLVI. 437 Anything which reduces the amount of payments to be made out of the country pro tanto reduces the loss. 1885Law Times LXXVIII. 387/1 The land tax was redeemed and pro tanto personal estate converted into real estate.
10. pro ˈtempore, for the time, temporarily; attrib. or as adj. temporary. (Abbrev. pro tem.)
1468Paston Lett. II. 325 The tythandes did goode pro tempore. 1625–6J. Chamberlain in Crt. & Times Chas. I (1848) I. 73 The Lord Chamberlain is like to be Lord Steward this parliament, pro tempore. 1748J. Lind Lett. Navy ii. (1757) 70 Another might be appointed pro tempore to command his ship. 1759E. W. Montagu, jr. Anc. Republics 353 The pro tempore Dictator soon came to be perpetual. 1828Reg. Deb. Congr. IV. 787 President Pro Tempore... The Senate proceeded to the election of a President pro tem. 1835Dickens Let. ? 30 Oct. (1965) I. 85 Through the stupidity of Frisby who was in attendance pro: tem: Frank Ross ‘dropped in’ to my writing room. 1846H. Greville Diary (1883) 159 Called to-day upon Craven..who is pro tem. private secretary to Normanby. 1886[see gadget]. 1913Sat. Even. Post 4 Oct. 47 It was proper that Sergeant Bagby, in his capacity as host pro tem. should do the..explaining. 1955Times 12 May 11/6 One feels that this in only a capital pro tem., making do until the kingdom reaches some new turning-point in its fortunes. 1974‘E. Lathen’ Sweet & Low xv. 146 Would you be willing to take charge of our cocoa trading—on a pro⁓tem basis?
B. n.
1. a. An argument for or in favour of something, as opposed to one against it. (Now usually in pro and con, q.v.) b. A person who sides or votes in favour of some proposal.
c1400Beryn 2577 That I may the bet perseyve al inconvenience, Dout, pro, contra, and anbiguite, Thurh yeur declaracioune. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. vi. (Percy Soc.) 26 Provyng the pro well from the contrary. 1784Geo. III in G. Rose's Diaries (1860) I. 61 Mr. Pultney..should have stood amongst the Pros. 1790M. Cutler in Life, etc. (1888) I. 462 The pros are afraid to bring it forward until the return of several members on their side of the question. 1835E. FitzGerald Let. July in FitzGerald to his Friends (1979) 18 But then I get a settled home, a good companion, and the other usual pro's that desperate people talk of. 1969V. E. Frankl in Koestler & Smythies Beyond Reductionism 419 All the protesters are actually anti-testers, they have no ‘pro’, no positive alternative to offer, but they are fighting against, rather than struggling for something.
2. tally of pro: see tally n.
C. prep. For, in favour of.
D. adj. or quasi-adj.
a. Favourable, positive, supportive; favourably disposed.
1837H. Martineau Diary in Autobiogr. (1877) II. iv. 109 In the morning I am pro, and at night..con the scheme. 1961Dallas Morning News 17 Feb. i. 5 We're getting more ‘pro’ letters than ‘con’ on horse race betting. 1966‘W. Cooper’ Mem. New Man i. iv. 49 ‘In touch’ was a phrase everybody used... They used it in a pro sense; being in touch was most desirable. 1974R. Harris Double Snare v. 32 It's nice of you to be so pro the idea—I don't feel pro or against.
b. pro-attitude (Philos.), an attitude such as approval, pleasure, satisfaction, etc., which is the normal reaction to all things considered ethically good.
1935C. A. Campbell in Mind XLIV. 298 All usages of the term ‘good’ signify at least this common feature in that to which goodness is attributed, viz., that it is the object of what may perhaps least misleadingly be called a pro-attitude. 1939W. D. Ross Foundations of Ethics xi. 284 This attractive character, or..the fact that we have a pro-attitude towards them, seems to be all that is common to these three kinds of thing that are habitually called good. 1947A. C. Ewing Def. of Good ii. 68 A slightly different view would be that to call anything ‘good’ is to say that it is the object of some ‘pro attitude’ on the part of most people... I use ‘pro attitude’ to cover desiring, liking, seeking, choosing, approving, admiring, etc. 1949Mind LVIII. 90 The ground of a pro-attitude lies..in the concrete factual characteristics of what we pronounce good. 1964A. Edel in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 224 We may omit here the internal operation of general values, in the sense of obligations and pro-attitudes not peculiar to social science—regard for truth, objectivity and impartiality, [etc.]. 1967G. R. Grice Grounds of Moral Judgement i. 9 Wanting, for Nowell-Smith is one of many pro-attitudes, and..it is fair to say that his use of the term ‘pro-attitude’ conceals distinctions of importance.
Add:[A.] [2.] b. pro ˈbono attrib. phr. (Law, orig. and chiefly U.S.), of legal work: undertaken without charge, for the public good; also designating a lawyer who specializes in such work.
1969New Republic 11 Oct. 22/1 The big [legal] firms began to promise [young graduates] more free time to engage in pro bono work—the phrase used to describe work in the public interest such as representing indigents. 1970N.Y. Times 23 Aug. 38/4 Until recently pro bono practitioners confined themselves to the representation of individual indigent clients in criminal and civil law. 1971Federal Suppl. (U.S.) CCCXXIV. 1191/1 The resources of the bar for pro bono work are limited. 1979B. Malamud Dubin's Lives ix. 359 I'd..like to represent poor people in court. I like that pro bono stuff. 1982‘E. Lathen’ Green grow Dollars xiii. 105 You don't learn much about patents doing pro bono work... I'm talking about damages. And you learn plenty about them in pro bono work. 1984Gainsville (Florida) Sun 28 Mar. 2b/1 Davis had been a long-time pro bono volunteer attorney... Davis has handled more pro bono cases than any other attorney in the..circuit.
▪ II. pro, pro., n.2 (a.)
A familiar abbreviation of various wds., as proproctor and other combs. of pro- prefix1 4, also professional.
1. Abbrev. of pro-proctor.
1848J. H. Newman Loss & Gain iii. 17 When he came to Oxford..he reverenced even the velvet of the Pro. 1861H. Kingsley Ravenshoe xiv, He had past the Pro's at Magdalen turnpike, and they never thought of stopping him... Both the Proctors were down at Coldharbour turnpike. a1884M. Pattison Mem. (1885) 229, I had acted as proproctor to Green, the other pro being Kay.
2. a. Abbrev. of professional n. 2.
1866Sporting Life 17 Oct. 4/4 County matches..are also the true source of our supply of professionals of ability, for you rarely hear of a good ‘pro’ until he has played for his county. 1885J. K. Jerome On the Stage 86 The poor players helped each other as well as they could, but provincial Pros. are—or, at least, were—not a wealthy class. 1887Scott. Leader 19 Dec. 4/1 A match..between six professional golfers and six amateurs resulted in favour of the ‘pros.’ by three holes. 1890Daily News 18 Sept. 5/3 ‘Master or Pro.’..the burning question of whether school cricket should be under the dominion of the schoolmaster or the professional cricketer. 1902C. J. C. Hyne Mr. Horrocks, Purser 124 ‘I tell you the man's not a theatrical.’.. ‘Never knew any pro. yet bring either honour or profit to any boat,’ said the Purser. 190319th Cent. Sept. 464 Taverns frequented by ‘pros’, as music-hall artistes are popularly called. 1932John o' London's 25 June 426/1, I spent all my holidays practising in tournaments and having coaching from a pro. 1951‘J. Tey’ Daughter of Time xvii. 209 One wouldn't expect an amateur to walk into the Yard and solve a case that had defeated the pro's. 1960[see goy]. 1965New Statesman 7 May 712/1 Randall is essentially a pro in the tradition of technician editors, able, almost apolitical. 1975J. Symons Three Pipe Problem xvi. 158 They're not pros, how long do you think they'll stand up under questioning?
b. attrib. or as adj. in the sense of professional a. 4, esp. in sporting uses.
1932A. J. Morrison New Way to Better Golf ii. 25 The pupil..did not recognize me as the handy man of the pro shop and a former caddy. 1949Times Digest (Richmond, Va.) 26 Nov. 10/4 Riggs was enthusiastic about the crowds which his pro tennis stars have been drawing. 1961Boxing News 20 Oct. 10 Next live pro item will be the Maurice Cullen-Guy Gracia bout from Newcastle on November 13. 1970Washington Post 20 Sept. d1/1 Baseball needs such finishes in order to provide some counter-interest to college and pro football, already moving into high gear. 1975C. James Fate of Felicity Fark ii. 20 These Krauts are all pro athletes in disguise. 1978S. Brill Teamsters vi. 236 Three former pro football players were partners. 1978Rugby World Apr. 51/3 New Zealander Ken Bousfield, a Sydney player, rejected a league offer of over {pstlg}17,000 for three years at the end of last season. But this year, he has turned pro with Penrith.
c. pro('s) shop, a (work)shop run by the resident professional at a golf club.
[1905H. Vardon Compl. Golfer iv. 39 The proper place for him [sc. the beginner] to go is the professional's shop which is attached to the club of which he has become a member. Nearly all clubs have their own professionals, who are makers and sellers of clubs. ]1932[see sense 2 b above]. 1937H. Longhurst Golf 3 An extremely high standard of business morality obtains among professional golfers. A novice may enter a pro's shop [to buy clubs], a chicken ready for the plucking, and yet come out with all his feathers on. 1953J. Turnesa Low Score Golf ii. 13 Let's leave the pro shop and go over to the lesson tee. 1964D. Langdon How to play Golf & stay Happy iii. 27 Palmer..rushed back to the pro's shop after a disastrous round of 76, slammed his driver into the vice and filed away the club face. 1976T. Gifford Cavanaugh Quest ii. 31 The members' golf committee had allowed Billy to live in the room over the pro shop.
3. Abbrev. of (professional) prostitute. Cf. professional n. 2 b.
1937in Partridge Dict. Slang. 1941B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? ix. 247 He treats all women like pros. 1950[see bag n. 17]. 1968H. C. Rae Few Small Bones ii. i. 79 She's a semi-pro actually... She works in a garage..during the day, but at night she{ddd}entertains. 1976‘E. McBain’ Guns iv. 95 Benny already had himself two girls..experienced pros who were bringing in enough cash every week to keep him living pretty good. |