| 释义 |
exclusive, a. and n.|ɛkˈskluːsɪv|
[ad. med.L. exclūsīv-us, f. exclūs- ppl. stem of exclūdĕre to exclude: see -ive. Cf. F. exclusif, -ive.]
A. adj.
I. That excludes.
1. Having the power or the function of excluding. rare. exclusive voice: right of veto.
1570Levins Manip. 153 Exclusiue, exclusiuus. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 625 We..obstacle find none Of membrane, joynt, or limb, exclusive barrs. 1682Tate Abs. & Archit. ii. 254 Who with exclusive bills must now dispense, Debar the heir, or starve in his defence. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., Soveraigns have an Exclusive Voice in the Election of Popes. 1754Richardson Grandison V. xxxiv. 217 Your ‘tutor’..your friend, your ‘Brother’ (too clearly do I see the exclusive force of that last recognition!).
†2. Excluding (some other) from participation. Const. of, to. Sometimes quasi-adv. = ‘to the exclusion of’. Obs.
1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 66 The Dutch..will drive the Trade of the World exclusive to the English. 1698Locke Govt. 125 One that was, by Right of Nature, to Inherit all..exclusive..of his brethren. 1709Strype Ann. Ref. I. xxxii. 370 By this sudden peace exclusive to the English, the Protestants were..weakned.
3. Not admitting of the existence or presence of (something); unable to co-exist, incompatible. exclusive concepts (Logic): (see quot.)
a1716Bp. O. Blackall Wks. (1723) I. 4 The lowest Degree [of eternal Life and Happiness] is exclusive of all Pain and Misery. 1796Burke Regic. Peace i. Wks. VIII. 201 Various persons may concur in the same measure on various grounds. They may be various, without being contrary to, or exclusive of each other. 1864Bowen Logic iv. 93 Exclusive Concepts—animal and vegetable, for instance—do not coincide in any part of their Extension.
4. a. Of a statement, enumeration, measurement, etc.: Excluding, not comprising (something). Const. of, † to. Of an interval: Not including one or both of the specified terminal points. Opposed to inclusive.
1649Selden Laws Eng. ii. Pref. (1739) 3 Not one instance in all that Book is exclusive to the Commons. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. (1656) 105 The word, ‘To such’ is ..rather inclusive as to them, then exclusive.
b. quasi-adv. (and adv.) So as to exclude; according to the exclusive mode of computation. (In the earlier instances the word is perh. the Lat. adv. exclūsīvē: cf. esp. quot. a 1626.)
1515in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *261 Fra the xiiij day forsaid inclusiue, to xx day of þe samyn exclusiue. [a1626Bacon Jurisdict. Marches Wks. 1740 IV. 133 The distinction of exclusivè and inclusivè is a distinction both in time and place.] 1679–88Secr. Serv. Money Chas. & Jas. (Camden) 90 From 25th Decemb. last exclusive, to 29th Feb'ry following incl. 1724Swift Wks. (1778) III. 384 Nor do I know whether he reckons the dross exclusive or inclusive with his three hundred and sixty tons of copper. 1751Chambers Cycl., Exclusive..is also used adverbially: as..He sent him all the Gazettes, from No. 195 to No. 300 exclusive. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iii. 24 The châlet..contained four men exclusive of myself and my guide.
¶ In 18th and early 19th c. exclusive of is often used where we should now say ‘irrespective of’, ‘apart from (the question of)’, ‘not to speak of’.
1762Mrs. Sheridan Miss S. Bidulph (1767) V. 35, I..should (exclusive of any other reasons) have thought myself bound, etc. 1792Eliz. Percy II. 101 He could not, exclusive of his moral character, excape the slur of villany. 1825R. Ward Tremaine II. xii. 118, I think I should like to know her, exclusive of having lost my way. 1827Southey Hist. Penins. War II. 676.
II. Excluding all but what is specified.
5. Logic. Of propositions and particles: (see quots. 1864).
1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 111 Logicians..framyng a sounde and probable Argument from the proposition Exponent, to the Exclusive. 1725Watts Logic iii. ii. §4 Exclusive Propositions will form a complex Argument; as, pious Men are the only Favourites of Heaven. 1864Bowen Logic v. 135 The English Exclusive particles are, one, only, alone, exclusively, etc. Ibid. v. 145 Exclusive Propositions limit the Predicate to this one Subject, thereby excluding it from every other Subject.
6. a. Of a monopoly or grant: Excluding all other persons from the rights conferred. Hence of a right, privilege, possession, quality, etc.: In which others have no share, esp. of journalistic news or other published matter. Sc. Law: (see quot. 1861).
1765T. Hutchinson Hist. Prov. Mass. i. 129 The French claim..an exclusive fishery upon the sea-coast. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 20 The king's exclusive, legal title. 1810Wellington in Gurw. Disp. V. 488 They must be under the immediate and exclusive command of their own commanding officer. 1841Punch 17 July p. iii, An experienced nobleman..who..is frequently in a position to supply exclusive reports. Ibid. 28 Aug. 81/2 (heading) Further particulars. (Particularly exclusive.) Ibid. 13 Nov. 205/1 Our positive tone on the occasion serves to show the exclusive nature of all our intelligence. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 477 The right of exclusive trade with India, had been withdrawn from the Company. 1845Douglas Jerrold's Shilling Mag. I. 262/1 What you get from me will be exclusive—from your ‘own’ correspondent. 1847Sporting Life 18 Sept. 52/2 It paid for extensive and exclusive reports. 1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 354/1 Exclusive Privilege..is used in a limited acceptation to signify the rights and franchises of the nature of monopolies, formerly enjoyed by the incorporated trades of a royal burgh. 1885L'pool Daily Post 1 June 5/2 The Daily News..has, by the accuracy of its exclusive information, made, etc. 1928D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club xix. 247 Hardy, with Fleet Street's delicate reticence towards the man with an exclusive story, did not press the question. 1966New Statesman 13 May 680/3 The rival's story is no longer exclusive—it can now be decently lifted: i.e. hastily rewritten.
b. Exclusively confined to.
1804J. Grahame Sabbath 450 Nor is regret exclusive to the old. 1959Times 12 Jan. 11/3 Anti-Flam: Permanent flame-resistant finish exclusive to Horrockses Crewdson.
c. Of clothing, furniture, etc.: of a pattern or model exclusively belonging to or claimed by a particular establishment or firm.
1901Tatler 18 Oct. p. iv (Advt.), Some very charming artistic novelties in exclusive and original designs are now ready for inspection. 1919Ibid. 2 July (Advt.), Charming and exclusive designs. 1924Queen 2 July p. xiv (Advt.), The absurdly low prices of the most exclusive gowns in London. Ibid. 9 July p. ix (Advt.), Practical designs for golfing, country and travelling wear. Exclusive but inexpensive. 1959[see sense 6 b].
7. Of actions, sentiments, etc.: Strictly limited to the object or objects designated. exclusive dealing: the practice of confining one's custom to certain special tradesmen, esp. on political or ecclesiastical grounds.
1836Dickens Sk. Boz, Election for Beadle 46 A threat of exclusive dealing was clearly established against the vestry clerk. 1883H. Spencer in Contemp. Rev. XLIII. 9 Exclusive devotion to work has the result that amusements cease to please.
8. Employed or followed to the exclusion of everything else; single, sole.
1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 355 If he had been made the exclusive channel. 1862Sir. B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 5, I do not see why these should be the exclusive studies of our schools. 1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. iv. 70 By no means the exclusive medium of thought. 1873Mivart Elem. Anat. ii. 58 The main or exclusive locomotive organ.
III. 9. Of a corporate body, government, class of society, social circle, etc.: Disposed to resist the admission of outsiders to membership or to intimacy of association. Hence of persons as members of such associations, their temper or principles. Now also in general use, high-class, expensive; highbrow.
1822Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. xvi. (1869) 312 The same exclusive and narrow-minded spirit [as that of Dissenters]. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xiii. 62 Exclusive! pooh! trash! talk to every body. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. (Bohn) I. 336 The literary class is usually proud and exclusive. 1857Max Müller Chips (1880) I. x. 256 No religion..was more exclusive than that of the Brahmans. 1870E. Peacock Ralf Skirl. I. 162 An oligarchic government, as exclusive as that of the worst days of the Venetian Republic. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 179 The strange animals and rich minerals..which had so enlarged the ideas..of the untravelled and exclusive Israelites. 1942London Calling 15 Jan. 10/1 Claridges, probably the most exclusive hotel in the world. 1942John o' London's 10 Apr. 6/2 The short story of today is roughly one of two kinds—what is called the Magazine Story; and the newer kind which derives from Tchekov and is cultivated by the more exclusive periodicals.
B. n.
1. An exclusive proposition or particle. Cf. A. 5.
1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 943/1 This man hath a special insight in inclusiues & exclusiues, when he weneth yt in my words it wer included [etc.]. 1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 174 The scriptures that say Christ is in heauen, speake without exclusiues, or exceptiues. a1655Vines Lord's Supp. (1677) 285, I will not now stand to prove the exclusive. 1864Bowen Logic v. 145 These [Exponibles] are divided into Exclusives, Exceptives and Restrictives.
†2. = exclusive voice (see A. 1; cf. It. exclusiva).
1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 147 Whereby having the Exclusive as they terme it; no Pope can be made but with his liking.
3. An exclusive person. Cf. A. 9.
1825R. Ward Tremaine II. ii. 24 She came out..in full maturity of fastidiousness, a finished Exclusive. 1837Lockhart Scott (1839) VIII. 75 One by one, the other exclusives were seen engaged in a little tête-à-tête with her Ladyship. 1867L. M. Child Rom. Repub. xxiii. 283 She used to be the most fastidious of exclusives.
4. An article, news-item, etc., contributed exclusively to, or published exclusively by, a particular newspaper or periodical. Also transf.
1901Westm. Gaz. 28 Aug. 2/2 When he goes beyond this to supply his paper's demand for ‘exclusives’, he has to rely on second-hand versions of events. 1903Daily Chron. 9 Dec. 5/2 [He] had the experience this week of reading his own obituary notice, which the ‘Fermanagh Times’ had as an ‘exclusive’. 1904F. Lynde Grafters xxviii. 367 You'll have all the exciting details for an ‘exclusive’, to say nothing of the batch of affidavits in the oil scandal. 1917C. N. Bennett Kinematography 122 A good exclusive will have a ‘life’ of six months at least. 1936[see break v. 39 b]. 1959F. Usher Death in Error x. 156 He had a good story and was..hoping to clean up with a world-wide exclusive when it broke. 1967Punch 8 Feb. 191/1 The Sun..has had a number of useful exclusives.
▸ B. n. Usu. with capital initial. A member of the Exclusive Brethren. Usu. in pl.: = Exclusive Brethren n. at Additions.
1885Contemp. Rev. Oct. 552 The Exclusives are divided into Darbyites, Kellyites, and Cluffites; the Open Brethren into Müllerites, or the Bethesda party, and Newtonians. 1931E. H. Broadbent Pilgrim Church xvi. 372 Some of them, standing in fear of the criticisms of the followers of Darby (often called ‘Exclusives’) became in varying degrees exclusive themselves. 1990Times (Nexis) 13 Oct. The rule of the Exclusives was considerably relaxed after 1970.
▸ A. adj. Exclusive Brethren n. the more rigorous of the two principal divisions of the Plymouth Brethren (the other being the Open Brethren), formed in 1849, characterized by the considerable restrictions placed on contact with outsiders and with many aspects of contemporary secular culture, now esp. with regard to the media, information technology, and entertainment.
1879A. Miller Brethren iv. 61 It is also said, we know, that the *Exclusive Brethren—as the protesters against Bethesda's course were now called—will receive persons to the Lord's table from the church of England, where much error is held, but refuse the most godly saint from a Bethesda gathering. 1967H. H. Rowdon Origins of Brethren xi. 263 Those who..insulated themselves from every assembly and individual that upheld Bethesda,..will go down in history as Exclusive Brethren. 2000A. Mason in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 81/2 Some Exclusive Brethren drew apart from the world... They would withdraw from professional associations, and avoid sitting down for meals with people, even family members, not in the meeting.
▸ Exclusive Economic Zone n. (also with lower-case initials) an area of coastal water and seabed within a certain distance of a country's coastline, to which that country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities; cf. economic zone n. at economic n. and adj. Special uses.
1973Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 27 Apr. 78/3 Proposals have been drawn up..so African coastal states can declare ‘*exclusive economic zones’ up to 200 nautical miles from their shores. 2000E. Hunt et al. South Pacific 37/2 They have large areas available for agriculture and large Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) for fisheries. |