| 释义 |
exclusion|ɛkˈskluːʒən|
[ad. L. exclusiōn-em, n. of action f. exclūdĕre: see exclude.]
The action of excluding in various senses.
1. a. Shutting from a place, a society, etc., debarring from privilege, omitting from a category, from consideration, etc.; an instance of the same.
1614Raleigh Hist. World i. 80 The most high God is also an infinite God, not onely by exclusion of place, but by the dignity of nature. 1622Bacon Hen. VII, Wks. (1857) 372 To have the disposing of the marriage of Britain with an exception and exclusion, that he should not marry her himself. 1626― Sylva §318 All exclusion of open Air..maintaineth the Body in his first freshness. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 525 To dare The Fiend..or aggravate His sad exclusion from the dores of Bliss. 1670G. H. Hist. Cardinals iii. ii. 276 There were 32 Cardinals in the Conclave for the Election of that person, and twenty for his Exclusion. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. iv, Solidity consists in repletion, and so an utter exclusion of other bodies out of the space it possesses. 1698Ludlow Mem. (1751) I. 14 An Act for the exclusion of the Bishops out of the House of Lords. a1731Atterbury Serm. on Matt. xxvii. 25 (Seager) Their exclusion from offices and honours. 1791Burke App. Whigs Wks. VI. 110, I cannot be of opinion, that by his [Burke's] exclusion they have had any loss at all. 1826Scott Woodst. viii, Cromwell was wont to invest his meaning..in such a mist of words, surrounding it with so many exclusions and exceptions. 1832Austin Jurispr. (1879) II. xlix. 832 That [mode of property]..which implies the largest power of user and exclusion. 1863H. Cox Instit. iii. iii. 619 The..exclusion of the female line..from succession to fiefs in England.
b. Phrases, † in exclusion of, to; to the exclusion of.
1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 87 Establishing this Method of sheathing, in Exclusion to all that had been till then used in the Navy. 1716Addison Freeholder No. 5 To the Exclusion of all common Humanity to Strangers. 1774Sir J. Reynolds Disc. v. (1876) 391, I take this study in aid and not in exclusion of the other. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. I. 15 He spoke in the singular number to the express exclusion of Eugene. 1871B. Stewart Heat §116 Two vessels entirely filled with water and vapour of water to the exclusion of air or any other gas.
c. bill of exclusion, Exclusion Bill: a bill brought before parliament in the reign of Charles II (1679) for excluding or preventing James, Duke of York, the king's brother, from succeeding to the crown, on the ground of his being a Roman Catholic. So Exclusion Parliament.
1700Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 667 Sir William Williams, speaker of the exclusion parliaments in the reign of King Charles the 2d, is dead. 1729J. Bramston Art of Politics 15 When the Exclusion-Bill was in suspense. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) II. xii. 432 The bill of exclusion was drawn with as much regard to the inheritance of the duke of York's daughter as they could reasonably demand. 1872J. S. Brewer Stuarts in Eng. Stud. (1881) 197 Halifax had spoken with great energy against the Exclusion Bill.
2. Method or process of Exclusion(s): the process of discovering the cause of a phenomenon, or the solution of a problem, by successively disproving all but one of the conceivable hypotheses. In Mathematics, applied to a method, now obsolete, devised by Frenicle c 1666 for solving problems in the Theory of Numbers.
3. The action of putting or thrusting forth from any receptacle; of laying (eggs), hatching (chickens), bringing forth (a fœtus). † Also concr. that which is excluded.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. vi. 117 That the..time of the Beares gestation..lasting but a few dayes..the exclusion becomes precipitous..There may..from this narrow time of gestation ensue a minority or smalnesse in the exclusion. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. 145 The strange sagacity of little insects in choosing fit places for the exclusion of their eggs. 1748Hartley Observ. Man. i. ii. 176 The Exclusion of the Fœtus. 1836Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 629/2 The larva of the Newt..a few days after its exclusion from the egg.
†4. The action of discharging (excrement). Also concr. matter excluded, excrement. Obs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. iii 110 The salt and lixiviated serosity..hath but a single descent, by the guts, with the exclusions of the belly. 1664Power Exp. Philos. i. 10 The excrements in the Louse, there reposited just before exclusion.
5. exclusion principle Physics, the hypothesis that no two particles of the same kind can exist in states designated by the same quantum numbers, found to be true for the particles known as fermions; exclusion zone, an area into which entry is restricted or prohibited, esp. a maritime zone forbidden to enemy ships.
1926[see Pauli]. 1928Chem. Abstr. XXII. 4351 (heading) The Pauli exclusion principle. 1930Physical Rev. XXXV. 580 Pauli's exclusion principle..was stated in the form that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. 1948Mind LVII. 539 Broadly speaking, the Exclusion Principle comprises two distinct features concerning the individuality of electrons and their occurrence in atomic systems: (a) electrons are regarded as intrinsically indistinguishable, and (b) in a given atom, no two electrons can occupy the same ‘energy level’.
1976Power at Sea (Internat. Inst. Strategic Studies) 31/1 The Blue moderates have declared a maritime exclusion zone. 1977Federal Register (U.S.) 21 Apr. 20781/2 ‘Exclusion zone’ means an area surrounding an lng facility in which the operator has the authority..to control all activities..including the exclusion or removal of persons and property. 1982Peace News 9 July 7/2 At an early stage in the conflict, Britain declared a maritime exclusion zone with a radius of 200 miles from the Falklands. 1985Financial Times 30 Sept. 3/5 The Vega, a 34-foot Greenpeace ketch.., is just outside the atoll's 12-mile exclusion zone, shadowed by a French naval vessel.
Sense 5 in Dict. becomes 6. Add: 5. An item or eventuality specifically not covered by an insurance policy or other contract; an exclusion clause.
1920Dominge & Lincoln Fire Insurance (ed. 2) 211 Exclusions, certain portions or kinds of property permitted by the companies to be excluded from the cover of their policies. 1957Encycl. Brit. XV. 919/2 Exclusions most commonly found are those avoiding liability where: (1) passengers are transported for a consideration; [etc.]. 1977Lancashire Life Mar. 101/1 The kind of fine print usually reserved for package holiday exclusions. 1990Which? Apr. 195/3 Exclusions can be added to your policy after you've taken it out.
[6.] exclusion clause, a clause in a contract disclaiming liability for something (cf. sense *5 above).
1937All Eng. Law Rep. 1 May 567 In examining the general principles according to which the court construes an *exclusion clause. 1988Daily Tel. 4 Mar. 5/2 Holiday Which? says booking conditions in brochures are ‘little more than a collection of exclusion clauses strung together’.
exclusion order U.K. Law, an order issued under any of various Acts of Parliament excluding a person from a particular location, esp. as a means of preventing the commission of certain criminal acts.
1946Palestine Gaz. 28 Jan. Suppl. ii, in Palestine Regulations 163 The High Commissioner shall have power to make an order under his hand (hereinafter in these regulations referred to as ‘an *Exclusion Order’) requiring any person who is out of Palestine to remain out of Palestine. 1976Law Commission Rep. Matrimonial Proc. in Magistrates' Courts iii. 28 in Parl. Papers 1975–6 XX. 795 The first condition which should be fulfilled before the court makes an exclusion order is that the court should be satisfied that the wife or children are in danger of being physically injured by the respondent. 1989Independent 27 Dec. 20/4 Exclusion Orders made under Section 30 of the Public Order Act 1986. |