| 释义 |
European, a. and n.|jʊərəʊˈpiːən|
Also 7 Europian, -æan.
[ad. Fr. européen, f. L. eurōpæus, f. Eurōpa, a. Gr. Εὐρώπη Europe.]
A. adj.
1. a. Belonging to Europe, or its inhabitants.
In India, European (not ‘English’ or ‘British’) was the official designation applied to the troops sent from the United Kingdom, as distinguished from the native soldiers.
1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 152 At such time as he was by the Europian Tartars deliuered. 1624Bedell Lett. iv. 78 On the Christian and Europæan side, was the word, Et erunt Reges nutritij tui. 1632Massinger Maid of Honour i. i, England, The empress of the European isles. 1702Rowe Tamerl, i. i, Polish'd Arts of Europæan Courts. 1862Dana Man. Geol. 559 The European Caves were mostly Caves of Bears. 1878Morley Carlyle Crit. Misc. Ser. i. 198 Spain was finally thrust from among the efficient elements in the European State-system.
b. Taking place in, or extending over, Europe.
1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 675 Their Ancestors..were not content with European Victories. 1837Lockhart Scott (1839) IX. 359 The popularity of Sir Walter Scott, European and more than European as it was. Mod. A scholar of European celebrity.
c. Used in the names of certain economic and defence organizations or unions of western European countries.
1952Ann. Reg. 1951 164 Signature on 18 April in Paris of the treaty establishing a European Coal and Steel Community among the six participating countries. Ibid., The..project for a European Defence Community was the subject of intensive negotiations. 1955Times 30 July 5/3 The council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to-day approved the plans that had been submitted to it for renewing for a year the European Payments Union. 1957Times 8 Oct. 11/1 The European Common Market now being organized by the ‘Six’—France, Germany, Italy, and Benelux. 1958Spectator 7 Feb. 184/3 The Common Market Treaty, laying down the conditions under which the European Economic Community..is to be established, came into force on 1st January 1958. 1961Listener 17 Aug. 252/1 Britain's application to join the European Community. 1969Times 6 Jan. 7/7 It may be rather less pressing in Britain than in the European Economic Community, where the cost of financing the mounting butter surplus has threatened the whole structure with collapse.
2. Comb. European-built, European-minded, European-style adjs.; European corn-borer U.S., the larva of the moth Pyrausta nubilalis, which attacks maize and other crops; European Court, (a) (in full: European Court of Human Rights) the Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, established under the European Convention on Human Rights in 1958; (b) (in full: European Court of Justice) the Court of Justice of the European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and Euratom in Luxembourg, established in 1958 and superseding the Court of Justice of the ECSC; European Parliament, the principal representative and consultative body of the European Economic Community, the ECSC, and Euratom, originally set up (as the European Parliamentary Assembly) under Article 138 of the Treaty of Rome, and since 1979 elected by direct universal suffrage throughout the EEC; cf. Europarliament s.v. Euro- 2 b; European plan U.S., the method or practice at a hotel of charging for lodging and service without inclusion of meals (opp. American plan).
1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 63 They had five or six *European-built ships.
1920G. W. Herrick Insects of Economic Importance 122 The *European Corn Borer..has lately been discovered in the United States. 1955Sci. News Let. 10 Sept. 164/1 European corn borers and boll weevils appear to be causing the nation's farmers the greatest losses at present.
[1958Times 8 Oct. 9/2 (heading) European Communities Court of Justice.] 1959Times 18 Sept. 9/7 Lord McNair..has been confirmed as president of the newly established *European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg. 1961Whitaker's Almanack 1962 966/2 The European Court superseded the Court of Justice of ECSC and is common to the three European Communities. 1973Times 3 Jan. 4/4 It was not abnormal for member countries to be taken to the European Court. 1985R. C. A. White Admin. Justice i. i. 8 It is possible, and sometimes obligatory, for questions on the interpretation of the treaties establishing the European Communities..to be referred to the European Court from an English court. 1986Financial Times 28 Feb. i. 12/2 The Government is urgently considering legislation to comply with the ruling of the European Court..that Britain's different retirement ages for men and women breach EEC directives.
1932Hemingway Death in Afternoon xix. 268 *European-minded politicians. 1961A. Wilson Old Men at Zoo vii. 312 A literary critic of that older, more European-minded school.
[1959A. H. Robertson Europ. Institutions v. 124 The new European Parliamentary Assembly..first met on March 19, 1958, and became the parliamentary organ of all three Six-Power Communities.] 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 170 On 17 May..the European Parliamentary Assembly..adopted a draft convention on the election of a *European parliament by direct universal suffrage. 1976Times 21 May 4/3 Parliament can debate direct elections to the European Parliament before the European summit meeting discusses the subject. 1983Listener 6 Jan. 4/1 The directly elected European Parliament will have a special role to play.
1834Sun (N.Y.) 26 May 2/1 The hard times did not warrant his taking board on the ‘*European Plan’. 1889Harper's Mag. Aug. 484/3 Is this hotel on the European plan? 1914[see American plan s.v. American a. 3].
1907Daily Chron. 24 July 3/3 A prosperous *European-style city. 1957P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound vi. 115 He..had built himself a European-style house.
B. n.
1. A native of Europe.
1632Massinger City Madam iii. iii, You are learned Europeans, and we worse Than ignorant Americans. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. IV, ccciv, Iudging Soules (Europeans are soe) Laught at them afeard. 1692in Coles. 1721–1800in Bailey. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 360 Europeans in India rarely possessing..the inclination to invest capital in landed property. 1858J. B. Norton Topics 64 He had saved the lives of three Europeans.
2. A person of European extraction who lives outside Europe; hence, a white person, esp. in a country with a predominantly non-white population.
1696J. Ovington Voy. to Suratt 79 She takes her liberty with Subject or Foreigner, African or European at her will. Ibid. 87 The more wary Europeans, who traffick with these People. 1791G. Carter Narr. Loss of Grosvenor xli. 154 This party or detachment consisted of one hundred Europeans, and three hundred Hottentots. 1832A. Earle Narr. Residence N.Z. 73 Several Europeans who had accompanied various tribes to battle. 1857Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. v. 104 By Griquas is meant any mixed race sprung from natives and Europeans. 1905W. B. Where White Man Treads 286 In fact, that no ‘native’..may bequeath or divert his land to a European without valuable consideration. 1913W. W. Thompson Sea Fisheries Cape Col. ii. 42 At Somerset West Strand the industry is carried on by Malays and coloured men with a few Europeans; at Hermanus and East London nearly all those engaged in boat fishing are Europeans. 1954R. St. John Through Malan's Africa i. i. 12 ‘European’ in the South African lexicon, means anyone whose skin appears to be white, regardless of where he may have been born or brought up and what his parents may have been. 1959Cape Argus 23 Jan. 4/3 More and more the landladies of London are talking of ‘Europeans’ when they mean people of white skin. 1961Observer 19 Mar. 23/3, I, a ‘European’ from Canada, listened to an African Sunday orator in Trafalgar Square.
3. A member(-country) of the European Economic Community; a person who advocates membership thereof.
1959Listener 31 Dec. 1142/2 By ‘convinced Europeans’ I mean those who are consciously constructing a new European entity... ‘Europeans’..feel that the Community of the Six is still very fragile. 1962Ibid. 8 Feb. 241/2, I am also worried that perhaps the Europeans do not value the adhesion of Britain sufficiently. 1963Guardian 21 Jan. 9/2 ‘Europeans’ of the five countries feel it is of the utmost importance to make this combined stand..against the French boycott of further meetings with the British. 1970Daily Tel. (Colour Suppl.) 20 Feb. 7/1 As a dedicated European of long standing I must now face the plain fact that the Common Market is in a mess.
▸ European Commission n. the executive body of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Brussels, on which representatives of each of the member states sit.
The European Commission was established in 1958 and was a direct development of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1951.The collocation is found earlier referring to various commissions set up by European nations or to deal with European questions.
1956Times 28 Apr. 6/4 To ensure effective control of the system, a council of ministers will draft a joint economic policy. There will also be a *European commission, with limited and precise powers. 1964P.-H. Spaak in L. B. Krause Common Market iv. 173 The European Coal and Steel Community was formed, the Treaty of Rome was concluded and ratified, and the European Commission was set up. 1975World Politics 27 498 An attempt by the European Commission to enforce a policy or program decided upon in typical ‘Brussels decision-making’ fashion. 2004A. Smith Politics & European Comm. 1 The European Commission, with its reputation as a ‘bureaucrat's paradise’, has come to both fascinate and repulse a wide range of politicians, journalists and social scientists.
▸ European economic area n. (a) a group of European nations whose economies are in some way linked or integrated; (b) spec. (in form European Economic Area) a free-trade zone operative from 1994, composed of the states of the European Union (when first mooted, the European Economic Community), and certain members of the European Free Trade Association (see Efta n.); abbreviated EEA.
1942Population Index 8 298 The question of the labor force in the *European economic area. 1960Times 25 July 7/3 It would seem to be in the Commonwealth's interests that Britain should share in the greater opportunities for prosperity created by a wider European economic area. 1985Financial Times 9 May i. 8/4 The European Commission yesterday approved a plan of action to reinforce links between the European Community and Efta, with the ultimate objective of creating a single European Economic Area. 2000J. Klosek Data Privacy in Information Age iv. 68 The Personal Data Act 1999 prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the European Union or European Economic Area unless those third countries guarantee an adequate level of protection to personal data.
▸ European monetary system n. a monetary system prevailing in the whole or a part of Europe; spec. (in form European Monetary System) a monetary system based on the Exchange Rate Mechanism, agreed on by the European Community in 1978 and inaugurated in 1979, intended to coordinate and stabilize the exchange rates of the currencies of member states in preparation for monetary union; (since 2001) the monetary system of those countries that have adopted the single European currency; abbreviated EMS.
1892Times 3 Nov. 10/3 They should endeavour to return to that system of bimetallism which existed previously to 1873, as the present depression in every kind of industry throughout the world appeared to date from the change in the *European monetary system which began at that date. 1933N.Y. Times 1 Dec. 18/1 The apprehension had been dispelled that a Western Goth was determined to upset the European monetary system. 1968K. N. Chaudhuri in Econ. Hist. Rev. 21 480 In the mid-seventeenth century the European monetary system was such as to make its dependence on a metallic currency for domestic use almost overwhelming. 1978Washington Post 8 July c7/5 West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt..said the new European Monetary System (EMS) would have a positive effect on the dollar. 2001Independent on Sunday (Electronic ed.) 10 June From 28 February 2002, when the euro becomes the official currency of those states belonging to the European Monetary System, any francs or pesetas you have will eventually become worthless.
▸ European monetary union n. (also European Monetary Union) (a programme for) the phased introduction of a single monetary policy across Europe or (in later use) among the member states of the European Union; spec. the adoption of a shared single currency unit, the euro (financial transactions in and between the first participating nations began to be calculated in euros, freq. alongside the individual currencies, on 1 January 1999).
[1949Internat. Organization 3 732 A French proposal urged an immediate creation of a western European monetary union.] 1961Times 21 July 17/1 Support is growing within the Common Market for the formation of a *European Monetary union of some kind. 1970Euromoney Dec. 7 The Prime Minister of Luxembourg chaired the committee on European monetary union and gave his name to their report. 1995Independent on Sunday 1 Oct. 2/1 In a clear attempt to halt the growing doubt about European Monetary Union, Germany's finance minister, Theo Waigel, yesterday backed the 1999 deadline and proposed that the single currency should be called the ‘Euro’. 1998Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 31 Dec. An immensely powerful multinational media group has produced a comic for young readers with the message ‘The euro: it's easy!’ ahead of European Monetary Union tomorrow. 2006Cato Jnrl. 26 49 On January 1, 1999, 11 European countries gave up the independence of their monetary policy by joining the European Monetary Union (EMU). |