| 释义 |
▪ I. tenth, a. and n.|tɛnθ|
Forms: see below in A. 1.
[Various formations from the cardinal numeral ten, at earlier and later stages of its history. The early forms represent Indo-Eur. *dekmtos (Gr. δέκατος, Lith. deszim̃tas, OSlav. desjātyĭ) simply, or with assimilation to the form of the cardinal; the later are new formations on ten, with the suffix -th, -d, -t, ablaut forms of pre-Teut. -tos. Like the other ordinals, only of the weak declension: in OE. with sing. masc. -a, fem. and neut. -e, pl. -an. The form-groups are: α. OE. (Anglian) *teoᵹoða, -eða, -ða (Northumb. teiᵹ(e)ða, teiða), corresp. to OFris. tegotha, -atho, -etha, OS. tegotho, -atho (MLG. tegede, teigede, LG. tegede, tegde), going back through *teᵹū̆þo, to OTeut. *teᵹunþo-. Its mod. repr. is tithe. β. The ordinary OE. (WSax.) téoða (early ME. tēþe), app. from *teoh(e)ða, going back through *tehū̆þo, to *tehunþo-, with h in place of ᵹ under the influence of the cardinal *tehun. This form is found only in Eng.; it survived dialectally to the 16th c. as tēthe. γ. Early ME. tēnde (later tend, teind), appearing in Ormin c 1200, but probably existing earlier, also in Kentish in the Ayenbite 1340. It corresponds in consonants to OFris. tîanda, tîenda (Du. tiende), OS. tehando, OHG. zehanto; Goth. taihunda, Norse tíonde, tíunde. δ. Early ME. tenðe (tyenðe, teonðe), tenþe, now tenth, a new formation from ten with suffix -th1. ε. ME. tent, also from ten, with suffix -t. Now dial., chiefly northern and north midl. See Note below.]
The ordinal numeral corresponding to the cardinal number ten; that which comes next to the ninth.
A. adj.
1. In concord with a substantive expressed or understood.
(α) 1 Anglian. teoᵹoða (in teoᵹoðian tithe v.), teoᵹeða, teoᵹða; Northumb. (teᵹða: in teᵹðiᵹan tithe v.), teiᵹða, teiða, 2–3 tiȝeðe, 3 tiȝðe, 4–5 tiþe, tyþe [4–9 tithe, tythe, etc.: see tithe n.].
a900tr. Bæda's Hist. v. xxii[i]. §1 Ðy teoᵹeþan [v.r. teoðan] dæᵹe Iunius monþes. c950O.E. Martyrol. (1900) 80 On þone teoᵹðan [MS. C. teoðan] dæᵹ þæs monðes. Ibid. 116 On ðone teoᵹeþan [MS. C. teoðan] dæᵹ þæs monðes. c950Lindisf. Gosp. John i. 39 Tid uæs suelce ðio teiᵹða [Ags. G. teoðe tid]. Ibid. Matt. Prolog. X Canon. Skeat 3, l. 18 In regula ða teiða. c1250Tiȝðe [see A. 3]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8935 Het was ido in þe teþe [v.rr. teoþe, tenþe] ȝer of þe kinges kinedom, & enleue hondred & þe tiþe, þat vr louerd an-erþe com. c1375Tyþe [see A. 3].
(β) 1 téoða, téða, 2 tioðe, tieðe, 3–4 teoþe, teothe, teþe.
c900tr. Bæda's Hist. v. xxii[i]. §1 Þy teoðan [Ca. teoᵹeþan] dæᵹe Iunius monþes. c900Teðan [see A. 3]. c955O.E. Chron. an. 955 He ricsade teoþe healf ᵹear. c1000ælfric Gen. viii. 5 And þa wætera..wanedon oþ þæne teoþan monþ. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Swa fele þe me mihte þat tioðe hape fulfellen. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 137 Þe tieðe [wise] is þat michele hereword þat ure helend him gaf. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 76/205 In þe teoþe ȝere also. a1300Fall & Passion 15 in E.E.P. (1862) 13 For þe prude of lucifer þe teþe angle fille in to helle. c1315Shoreham iii. 329 Þe teþe hest þe for-bet Wyl tou oþer manne þynge. 1387Teþe [see A. 2].
(γ) 2–5 tende, 4 teinde, teynde, 4–5 tend, teind, 5–6 teynd [8 tiend, etc.: see teind].
c1200Ormin 4518 Þe tende bodeword wass sett þurrh Godd forr þine nede. Ibid. 12745 Summ itt off þatt daȝȝ þe tende time wære. c1250Gen. & Ex. 3141 Ðe tende dai it sulde ben laȝt, And ho(l)den in ðe tende naȝt. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 3990 Þe tend [token] es of þe grete dome final. 1340Ayenb. 2 Þe tende godes heste. Ibid. 13 Þe tende article is þellich. 13..Teind [see ε]. 1375Barbour Bruce iv. 460 On the tend day..the king..Arivit. c1460Towneley Myst. i. 144 Thou art fallen, that was the teynd, ffrom an angell to a feynd.
(δ) 2 tenðe (tyenðe), 2–4 teonðe, 4 tenþe (tentþe, tennyth), 4–6 tenthe, 4–5 tienthe, 5– tenth.
a1150MS. (in Anglia XI. 370), On þan tenðen dæiᵹe. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Þat teonðe werod abreað. Ibid., Þa wes þes tyenðes [ed. tyendes] hapes alder swiþe feir isceapen. c1175Lamb. Hom. 117 Þe teonðe [ed. teouðe] unþeau is þet biscop beo ᵹemeles. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 354 Þe tentþe [ed. tenteþ] propirte þat suiþ. 1382― John i. 39 The our was as the tenthe. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ix. xxxiii. (Bodl. MS.), In the moneþ of September..on tenþe dai of þat moneþ. 1480Caxton Tienthe [see quot. 1387 in A. 2]. 1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. ix. xxxiii. 369 The tenth daye of Septembre. 1526Tindale John i. 39 It was about the tenthe [1539 tenth] houre. 1530Palsgr. 372/1 Dixiesme, tenthe. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, i. ii. 77 King Lewes the Tenth. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xiii, Not a man claiming in the tenth degree of kindred but must repair to the brattach of his tribe.
(ε) 4– tent (Sc. 5–6 teynt).
13..Cursor M. 515 (Cott.) Þe tent [v.rr. tende, teind] ordir for to fullfill. c1400Destr. Troy 4480 To saile somyn vnto Troy..And the tent yere truly..Þere worship to wyn. 1513Douglas æneis xi. vi. 156 The Grekis conquest..prolongit was quhill the tent ȝeir. 1562Winȝet Cert. Tractates ii. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 18 The tent day of Marche, 1561. 1657Sir W. Mure Hist. Rowallane Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 251, 1415, the tent year of his governale. 1905[Tent is now the local form in Scotland, most of England down to Shropsh., Worcester, Leicester, Lincolnsh., and parts of Ulster. See Wright, Eng. Dial. Gram. 269.]
2. a. The last of each row or series of ten; each or every tenth individual or part.
c890–901Laws K. ælfred Introd. c. 38 Þine teoðan sceattas & þine frumripan..aᵹif þu Gode. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 2122 (Gr.) Ðæs hereteames ealles teoðan sceat Abraham sealde Godes biscope. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6713, & tolde of hom þe teþe out, & þe nine slou. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 395 Al þe teþe [Caxton (1480) tienthe] londe, þat þe kyng hadde assigned him. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (Rolls) III. 384 Confermit wes with the paip of the new..That king Dauid the tent penny suld haif. 1551Crowley Pleas. & Pain 343 The tenth increase by sea and lande. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 37 Disarming the souldiers and executing the tenth man. 1759Hist. in Ann. Reg. 55 note, The French court have stopt the payment of..the rents created on the two sols per pound of the tenth penny. 1844Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xi, In 1205 a Parliament..ordered every tenth knight to be raised and mounted at the charge of the other nine.
b. tenth wave: every tenth wave was formerly held to be larger than the nine preceding waves; hence allusively. (Cf. decuman 1.)
1585Higins Junius' Nomencl. 400/1 Fluctus decumanus, the tenth waue, that is a mighty, huge, violent and great waue or surge. 1628Sir R. Le Grys tr. Barclay's Argenis 297 This tenth waue will either put an end to the storme or sinke my beaten barke. 1752Young Brothers iv. i, This, Fate, is thy tenth wave, and quite o'erwhelms me. 1884Harper's Mag. Aug. 472/1 A mighty tenth wave of cheers and cries.
3. tenth part († tenth deal, † tenth dole), any one of the ten equal parts into which a whole may be divided.
854Charter of æthelwolf in Birch Cart. Sax. II. 80 Ða ða he teoðode ᵹynd eall his cyne rice ðone teoðan dæl ealra his landa. a900tr. Bæda's Hist. iv. xxx. [xxix.] §4 Ealra wæstma & æppla & hræᵹla ðone teoðan [Ca. teðan] dæl for Gode to ælmessum ðearfum sealde. 971Blickl. Hom. 35 We sceolan..syllan þone teoþan dæl ure worldspeda. c1200Ormin 6125 Off all þatt god te birrþ þin Godd Þe tende dale brinngenn. c1250Gen. & Ex. 895 Habram ȝaf him ðe tiȝðe del Of alle [h]is biȝete. a1300Cursor M. 20026 A thusand yeir moght i noght reke..Til tend [v.rr. tende, tenþe] part of hir louing. c1350Will. Palerne 4715 What wise i miȝte quite þe tenþedel. c1375E.E. Allit. P. B. 216 Bot þer he tynt þe tyþe dool of his tour ryche. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xix. 87 Vnnethes will any Cristen man suffer half so mykill, ne þe tende parte. c1460Towneley Myst. i. 257 The ten [v.r. teynd] parte felle downe with me. Ibid. xx. 277 Of the tresure that to vs fell, the tent parte euer with me went. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iii. ii. 95 Discharging lesse then the tenth part of one. Mod. Not a tenth part of his income.
B. absol. and n. [Orig. the adj. used elliptically or absolutely, and declined as adj., pl. þa teoðan; but from c 1200, treated as n. with pl. (tiȝeþes, tithes, tethes, tendes, tenthes) tenths. In sense 1 b, form α was retained in standard Eng., and form γ in Scotland and north. Eng., giving tithe and teind, q.v. for these differentiated uses.]
1. a. A tenth part (A. 3) of anything; any one of ten equal parts into which a whole may be divided.
submerged tenth (i.e. of the population): see submerged.
a1300–c 1475 [see teind]. 1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 139 Neither all, nor halfe, nor third, nor tenths of all shall be saued. 1692Locke Lower. Interest 52 Money now is 9/10 less worth than it was the former year. 1707Mortimer Husb. (1721) II. 97, 1 Foot 5 Inches and 2 tenths of an Inch. 1873Leland Egypt. Sketch Bk. 291 Englishmen of culture, who have not seen one-tenth of the great cathedrals of their own country. 1909Daily Chron. 14 July 4/7 There are things in the world that you can get for a tenth of a penny.
b. spec. A tenth part of produce or profits, or of the estimated value of personal property, appropriated as a religious or ecclesiastical due, a royal subsidy, etc.
In the ecclesiastical use, † (a) orig. = tithe, teind. (b) spec. The tenth part of the annual profit of every living in the kingdom, originally paid to the pope, but by Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 3 (1534) transferred to the crown, and afterwards made a part of the fund known as Queen Anne's Bounty (bounty 5 a). As a royal subsidy or aid formerly levied, see quot. 1765, and cf. fifteenth B. 1.
[a1100Laws of Athelstan i. 102 2 Ic ðe wille ᵹesyllan mine teoþan. Ibid. §3 ᵹif we ure teoðan ᵹesyllan nyllaþ, us ða nyᵹon dælas biþ ætbrædene, & se teoþa an us biþ to laf. c1200Tiȝeþes: see tithe B. 1. c 1250 Tiȝþes: see ibid. a 1300–c 1450: see teind.] 1474Caxton Chesse iii. i. (1883) 77 That they rendre and gyue to god the tienthes of her goodes. 1496–7[see fifteenth B. 1]. 1535–6Act 27 Hen. VIII, c. 42 The said firste frutes and tenthe. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 39 b, The fyrst fruictes, & the tenthes. 1587Harrison England ii. i. (1877) i. 24 To returne to our tenths, a paiement first as deuised by the pope. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1378/1 An vniuersall taxation was made in nature of a tenth and fifteenth ouer all the countrie of Kent. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. ix. (1623) 628 The Tenths of the Clergie..should haue been receyued. 1686tr. Chardin's Coronat. Solyman 147 They pay both Tribute and Tenths. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. viii. 308 Tenths and fifteenths were temporary aids issuing out of personal property, and were formerly the real tenth or fifteenth part of all the movables belonging to the subject. Originally the amount was uncertain, but was reduced to a certainty in the eighth year of Edward III., when new taxations were made of every township, borough, and city in the kingdom, and recorded in the Exchequer. 1792A. Young Trav. France 537 No such thing was known in any part of France..as a tenth: it was always a twelfth, or a thirteenth, or even a twentieth of the produce. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xv. III. 557 The hereditary revenue..was derived from the rents of the royal domains,..from the first fruits and tenths of benefices [etc.].
†2. Every tenth number (below a hundred) in the natural series of numbers; pl. the multiples of ten, the ‘tens’. Obs.
1543Recorde Ground of Artes 136 These be all the nombers from 1 to 10, and then all the tenthes within 100. Ibid. 136 b, Loke how you did expresse single vnities and tenthes in the lefte hande, so must you expresse vnities and tenthes of hundredes, in the ryghte hande. Ibid., So the fourme of euery tenthe in the lefte hande serueth [in the ryghte hand] to expresse lyke nomber of thousandes, so y⊇ fourme of 40 standeth for 4000.
3. Mus. A note ten diatonic degrees above or below a given note (both notes being counted); the interval between, or consonance of, two notes ten diatonic degrees apart.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 71 Phi. Which distances do make vnperfect consonants? Ma. A third, a sixt, and their eightes: a tenth, a thirteenth [etc.]. 1694Holder Harmony iv. (1731) 40 A Tenth ascending is an Octave above the Third. 1869Ouseley Counterp. xvi. 122 Double counterpoint at the tenth is that in which either of the parts is transposed a tenth, the other remaining unmoved. 1880C. H. H. Parry in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 670/1 The use of tenths in this example [of ‘Diaphony’ of the 10th century] is remarkable, and evidently unusual, for Guido of Arezzo,..a full century later, speaks of the ‘symphonia vocum’ in his Antiphonarium, and mentions only fourths, fifths, and octaves.
4. The tenth day of the month.
1580in H. Foley Jesuits in Conflict (1873) 105 The tenth of September, 1580. 1868E. S. P. Ward in Atlantic Monthly Mar. 345 (heading) The tenth of January. 1951W. Faulkner Requiem for a Nun i. 36 It was barely the tenth of July. Ibid. iii. 250 On the morning after June tenth.
C. Comb.: tenthmetre, a metre divided by the tenth power of ten (= one ten-millionth of a millimetre); tenth-rate a., of the tenth rate or relative quality, very inferior; so tenth-remove a.; tenth-value a., designating a thickness of material that reduces the intensity of radiation passing through it by a factor of 10.
1876G. F. Chambers Astron. x. iii. 848 The wave-lengths of the principal Fraunhofer lines expressed in *tenthmetres, a tenthmetre being the 1–1010 of a metre.
1834Tait's Mag. I. 440/1 He tears himself away from the smiles of a *tenth-rate figurante of the Academie Royale. 1889Spectator 9 Nov. 626/2 A people seeking nothing but material prosperity of the tenth-rate kind.
1905Westm. Gaz. 28 Mar. 4/1 Constable is too remote and difficult, but a *tenth-remove derivative, properly browned, will serve their turn.
1955Gloss. Terms Radiology (B.S.I.) 17 *Tenth-value thickness. 1957Effects Nucl. Weapons (U.S. Defense Atomic Support Agency) viii. 378 For concrete, the tenth-value thickness is..about 48 cm. [Note. The etymological history of some of the prec. forms (as in other numerals) presents points of which the explanations are more or less conjectural. The direct OTeut. repr. of Indo-Eur. *dekmˈtos was by Verner's Law *teᵹunđos; with this the Gothic taihunda, OS. tehando, OHG. zehanto, agree, except in having h for g, apparently under the influence of the cardinal *tehun, -an. The OTeut. *teᵹunþo-, whence OS. and OFris. tegotho, -a, OAnglian te(o)ᵹoþa, implies a pre-Teut. *ˈdekmtos, with shifted stress (implied also in some other ordinals). Assimilation of this form also to the cardinal would give *tehunþo-, whence *tehū̆þa, teoh(o)ða, téoða. The history of tēnde is more uncertain: the four ordinals, sefende, eȝtende, neȝende, tēnde, in ME., Northern and Kentish, form a group of which only the first is known in OE., repr. by siofunda, seofonda, in the Lindisf. and Rushw. glosses. Siofunda, like Goth. *sibunda, OS. siƀundo, OHG. sibunto, represents an OTeut. *siƀunđo-, Indo-Eur. sep(t)mˈtos. OE. niᵹenda (a 1066), OS. nigundo, OHG. niunto, Goth. niunda, had prob. a parallel history. The ME. ehtende appears to have been conformed in its ending to sefende; and tende, from its late appearance, was prob. formed from tēn on the same model. Ten-th has the suffix which in OE. appears in feorða, seofoða, eahtoða, niᵹoða, teoᵹeða, and which has now been extended to all the ordinals from fourth onward. On the other hand, ten-t has the form of the suffix which was regular in OE. fifta (OS. and OFris. fīfto, -ta, OHG. fimfto, Goth. fimfta, OTeut. *fimfto-), and sixta (OS. and OHG. sehsto, Goth. saihsta, OTeut. seχsto-), which in OE. was also used in enlefta (ellefta) and twelfta, and in North. and North-Midld. dialects has since been extended to all the ordinals from fourt to hundert.] ▪ II. tenth, v. rare.
[f. tenth n.]
trans. To decimate, to tithe.
1598Barret Theor. Warres i. ii. 9 As did Iulius Cæsar..Dezimare or tenth the ninth Legion by sound of the horne. 1647Trapp Comm. Ep., Heb. vii. 6 371 Received tithes of Abraham. Gr. Tithed or tenthed Abraham. 1878Hooker & Ball Marocco 470 At last came the holiday l'ashora, or the day of the Sultan's tenthing. |