| 释义 |
reader|ˈriːdə(r)|
Forms: 1 rǽdere, 3–6 redar(e, 4–6 reder(e, (6 Sc. reidar, ridar, reider), 5– reader.
[f. read v. + -er1.]
1. An expounder, interpreter (of dreams, etc.).
a1100O.E. Glosses (Napier) i. 4192 A phitonibus, wiccum, fram ræderum. c1440Promp. Parv. 426/2 Redare, or expownder of thyngys hard to vndyrstonde..interpretator.
2. a. One who reads or peruses.
c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia VIII. 308 Þe þus ys awriten on þam bocfelle, ᵹemun ðu la rædere [etc.]. a1300Cursor M. 26502 Vnderstand me wel, þou reder, quat birthyn mai þis wordes bere. 1423Jas. I. Kingis Q. cxciv, Pray the reder to haue pacience Of thy defaute. c1425Hampole's Psalter Metr. Pref. 13 In þis boke is muche vertu, to reders wiþ deuocyown. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 1 b, I trust it shall not be tedyous to the reders. 1611Bible Transl. Pref. ⁋14 Truly (good Christian Reader) wee neuer thought..that we should neede to make a new Translation. 1702Addison Dial. Medals i. Wks. 1721 I. 449 All kinds of Readers find their Account in the old Poets. 1784Cowper Task ii. 581 My very gentle reader yet unborn. 1856Mrs. Browning Aur. Leigh iii. 319, I wrote tales beside..To suit light readers. 1882A. W. Ward Dickens i. 4 He was no great reader in the days of his authorship.
transf.1784Cowper Task iii. 253 Sagacious reader of the works of God. 1838Lytton Leila ii. i, He was a profound reader of men's characters. 1888A. K. Green Behind Closed Doors iii, If I am any reader of countenances.
b. A proof-reader.
1808C. Stower Printers' Grammar 387 A careful and steady Reader must be indispensable in every printing-office. 1882J. Southward Pract. Printing (1884) 144 All corrections made by the reader are called ‘marks’ or readers' marks.
c. One employed by a publisher to read works offered for publication and to report on their merits. Also, one similarly employed by a theatre to read plays offered for production.
1829H. Foote Compan. Theatres 146 Drury-Lane.—Season 1828–9. Lessee and Manager—B. Price, Esq...Reader of Plays—Mr. Frederick Reynolds. 1859E. Fitzball Thirty-Five Years Dram. Author's Life I. vii. 262, I have been dramatic reader myself, in the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden,..some years. 1871in Ringwalt Amer. Encycl. Printing. 1891G. Gissing New Grub Street II. xiii. 4 One of Mr Jedwood's ‘readers’..was expressing a doubt whether Fadge himself was the author of the review. 1895G. B. Shaw in Sat. Rev. 2 Mar. 280/2 The Lord Chamberlain's reader is not selected by examination either in literature or morals. 1924J. Galsworthy White Monkey ii. vi. 168 Here were manuscripts, of which the readers to Danby and Winter had already said: ‘No Money in this.’ 1956P. Scott Male Child ii. iv. 153 He told me..he'd get another reader..in your place. He thought your illness had impaired your judgment. 1976M. Green Children of Sun v. 171 J. B. Priestley..became..a publisher's reader for John Lane.
d. One who reads designs in weaving (see read v. 5 e).
1839Ure Dict. Arts 267 The weaving of imitation shawls is executed, as usual, by as many shuttles as there are colours in the designs, and which are thrown across the warp in the order established by the reader. 1932L. Hooper New Draw-Loom ii. ix. 82 The reader, looking carefully at the line, No. 1 of the design at the side next to the numerals, must count the number of dark squares with which it begins..and call ‘Take 1’. 1970Classification of Occupations (Office of Population Censuses & Surveys) 70/1 (Index), Reader: design; textile.
e. One who reads music; a sight-reader.
1947G. B. Shaw in Mus. Times Jan. 10/1 It takes years of practice to train a group of good readers to sing in tune not only passably but exactly. 1977Grimsby Even. Tel. 5 May 3/3 (Advt.), Pianist wanted also Trombonist by local rehearsal dance band. Must be readers.
3. a. One who reads aloud; esp. one who is appointed to read to others, and spec. one who reads the lessons or other parts of the service in a place of worship.
In the Roman Catholic Church the office of reader is the second of the minor orders (see lector). After the Reformation, lay readers were appointed in the Churches of England and Scotland to read the lessons and perform some minor functions in parishes which had no regular incumbent or minister. In Scotland further appointments to the office were forbidden by an Act of the General Assembly in 1581; in England it remained in use till a much later period, and was partly revived in 1866.
c961æthelwold Rule St. Benet xxxviii. (Schröer 1885) 62 Þæt nanes mannes stefn..ᵹehyred ne sy, butan þæs ræderes anes. 10..Laws ælfric in Thorpe Laws II. 346 Lector is rædere, þe ræd on Godes cyrcan, and bið þærto ᵹehadod þæt he bodiᵹe Godes word. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 137/1070 Þis word þat ore louerd het is redare bi-fore him radde. c1315Shoreham i. 1291 Ine þe alde laȝe þe redere Rede þe prophessye By wokke; So schulle þe rederes now Hyrede. 1382Wyclif 1 Esdras viii. 9 Esdras, prest, and redere of the lawe of the Lord. 1560–1First Bk. Discipl. Ch. Scot. iv. in Knox's Wks. (1848) II. 196 In process of tyme he that is but ane Readar may atteane to the further degree, and..may be permittit to minister the sacramentis. 1585J. Carmichael Let. in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) 436 The readers are made ministers, and..every man hath gotten four kirks. 1661Pepys Diary 22 Dec., To Church in the morning, where the Reader made a boyish young sermon. 1733? Worsley Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 180 The Reader whose buisiness it is to read prayers twice every day. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 18/2 The reader must be supposed..actually to personate the author. 1842Brande Dict. Sci., etc. s.v., There are..readers (priests) attached to various eleemosynary and other foundations. 1872Minutes S. Manch. Hebrew Congreg. 29 Sept. in I. W. Goldberg South Manch. Hebrew Congreg.: 80 Years of Progress (1952) 8 That the Reverend H. D. Marks be elected Reader, Stipendiary Secretary and Minister to the Congregation. 1873Phillimore Eccl. Law (ed. 2) I. 451 Recently lay readers have been appointed by bishops in several dioceses to officiate with consent of the incumbent. 1973Jewish Chron. 2 Feb. 43/1 A memorial service for Mr. Victor Schiller, honorary reader of the Lecton Synagogue..was held at the synagogue.
b. reader-aloud, one who reads (a literary text, etc.) aloud, esp. to an audience. Also (rare) reader-alouder. Cf. read v. 11 a.
1938Times 16 Sept. 13/4 Fountains are less trouble in bedrooms than readers-aloud or raconteurs. 1952G. Raverat Period Piece viii. 145 Aunt Etty was the best reader-aloud I have ever known. 1952Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 13 Sept. 6/3 Hemingway is a reader-alouder, it appears. 1977Listener 10 Nov. 624/4 Lots of subordinate clauses can make life very difficult for the reader-aloud.
4. a. One who reads (and expounds) to pupils or students; a teacher, lecturer; spec. in some Universities as the title of certain instructors.
1519W. Horman Vulg. viii. 88 b, He hath founded a reder in greke for a C. ducattes a yere. 1536Act 28 Hen. VIII, c. 13 §2 Reders of diuinitie in the comon scholes of diuinitie. 1567Buchanan Wks. (S.T.S.) 11 Ane Reidar in Medicine. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 50 Let his Lecture consist, more in questions and answers,..than in the Readers continued speech. 1667Decay Chr. Piety xvi. ⁋4 Have any of our idolized readers bought their interest in us so dear as Christ has done. 1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 91 Dr. Hook, Reader of Geometry in Gresham-colledge. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 359 The University of Durham..consists of a warden, professors, tutors, readers, and lecturers. 1881Stat. Univ. Oxf. (1882) 65 A Reader in Roman Law shall be appointed from time to time.
b. In the Inns of Court, a lecturer on law. (Now only as the title of an honorary office.)
On the nature of the office of reader in the various Inns see Encycl. Brit. (1881) XIII. 88/2, Douthwaite Gray's Inn (1886) 36, Worsley (?) Observ. Const. Middle Temple (repr. 1896) 57, Black Books of Lincoln's Inn (1897) III. p. xiv.
1517Black Bks. Lincoln's Inn (1897) I. 182 Who so bryngith any repaster to the Redar's denar or sopar, except the Redar or any of the Benche, schall pay for the Repast, xijd. 1569Nottingham Rec. IV. 133 Maister Recorder, then beyng Reder of Grey's Inne. a1613Overbury A Wife, etc. (1638) 121 He arrogates as much honour for being Reader to an Inne of Chancery. 1664–5Pepys Diary (1879) III. 124 Mrs. Turner..takes it mightily ill I did not come to dine with the Reader, her husband. 1733? Worsley Observ. Const. Middle Temple (1896) 57 From the Benchers are chosen Readers who us'd to read law twice in the year, vizt: in the Lent, and Long Vacations.
5. Used as a title for books containing passages for instruction or exercise in reading.
1799(title) The English Reader; or Pieces in Prose and Poetry selected from the best writers..by L. Murray. 1869(title) The advanced reader: Lessons in literature and science. 1876H. Sweet (title) An Anglo-Saxon Reader; in Prose and Verse.
6. a. Thieves' cant. A pocket-book.
1718C. Hitching Regulator 20 A reader, alias pocket-book. 1789G. Parker Life's Painter Varieg. Char. xv. 151 Reader. Is a pocket-book; a person cannot be too careful of this article, particularly if he should have..any rum screens in it, that is, bank notes. a1790in Potter New Dict. Cant. 1819J. H. Vaux Mem. I. xii. 140 He had that day turned out three readers, but without finding a shilling in either of them. 1834H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. v. (1878) 200 None [could] knap a reader like me.
b. Gambling slang. A marked card.
1894Maskelyne Sharps & Flats 27 Whatever method of marking may be adopted in the preparation of ‘faked’ cards or ‘readers’. 1977‘L. Egan’ Blind Search iv. 57 McAllister was a gambler... This is a deck of readers—marked cards.
c. U.S. Criminals' slang. (See quot. 1926.)
1926Clues Nov. 162/1 Reader, a circular notifying police officers to arrest the party described thereon. 1955Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxiv. 150 Sometimes there is a ‘detainer’ issued for a thief... This is called a reader or a dipsy.
7. A device for obtaining data stored on tape, cards, or other media (usu. converting the data into coded electrical signals).
1946N.Y. Times 15 Feb. 16/3 When the problem is punched on the cards they are dropped into a slot in a ‘reader’. 1964F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers iv. 80 Even with the faster types of card reader it is difficult to exceed 800 digits per second. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 205/1 It may be possible to eliminate the stage of transfer onto punched cards by using an optical reader, for there is now a rapid development in this type of device. 1972M. Woodhouse Mama Doll xi. 145 Some people at Admiralty ran the tape through a five-hole reader for us, and gave us back seven hundred and eighty-four groups of digits.
8. A machine for producing on a screen a magnified, readable image of any desired part of a microfilm or other microform.
1950Amer. Documentation I. 141/2 A new reading machine just announced..holds much promise. This reader giving a clear, sharp image..is relatively inexpensive. 1962A. Günther Microphotogr. in Lib. (Unesco) 7 Micro-opaque cards..may be readily filed. However, they need much more light for projection and, therefore, a more complicated and more expensive reader, which must be equipped with a blower for cooling. 1975P. G. New Reprography for Librarians iv. 48 The librarian committed to exploiting micro materials must not only consider investing in a multitude of portable readers for loan, but must also ensure that his library is fully equipped with..viewers for use on the premises.
9. attrib. and Comb., as reader group, reader participation, reader response; reader-contributor, reader-writer; (sense 2 c) reader's report; reader-printer, a reading machine (sense (b) s.v. reading 10 b) that can also produce enlarged, readable copies.
1946R.A.F. Jrnl. May 146 The success of the new magazine will depend on the continuance of the excellent reader-contributor relationship which was fostered. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 112/2 These magazines, carefully geared to both the purse and heart strings of their respective reader groups, feature houses and rooms in which almost nobody ever lives. Ibid. 5/2 This kind of newspaper invites reader participation in its triumphs. 1959H. W. Ballou Guide to Microreproduction Equipment 167 Thermo-Fax Brand Microfilm Reader-Printer... Special Features: Reader and Printer combined in one machine for automatic push-button copying or reading. 1971Ann. Rep. Curators Bodl. Libr. 1969–70 47, 4,011 prints were made on the microfilm reader-printer.
1940Kenyon Rev. II. 274 The reader-response has been altered through a lessening of the pleasure with which the utterance is received. 1979Maledicta III. 83 Among those critics who use psychoanalytical theory there is little agreement over what one can say legitimately about ‘reader response’.
1897‘S. Grand’ Beth Bk. (1898) xlvii. 460 Mr. Kilroy took the manuscript himself to a publisher..who..accepted it... Beth.. heard the reader's report. 1978E. Tidyman Table Stakes ii. v. 241 Each morning a mailboy would arrive with a stack of scripts..Attached were the readers' reports.
1951S. Spender World within World 310 Reader-writer walk together in a real-seeming dream-alliance leading into gardens inhabited by Stephen Daedalus and Marcel.
Hence ˈreaderess, a female reader.
1864Realm 16 Mar. 4 He paid only a just tribute to readeresses at the expense of readers. |