| 释义 |
temperance|ˈtɛmpərəns|
Also 4–5 temperans, 4–6 -aunce, 6 -anse; (5–6 temporaunce, 7 -ance).
[a. AF. temperaunce (R. Grosseteste a 1250), ad. L. temperāntia moderation, f. temperānt-em, pr. pple. of temperāre to temper. As to previous history, see Note below.]
I.
1. The practice or habit of restraining oneself in provocation, passion, desire, etc.; rational self-restraint. (One of the four cardinal virtues.) a. Self-restraint and moderation in action of any kind, in the expression of opinion, etc.; suppression of any tendency to passionate action; in early use, esp. self-control, restraint, or forbearance, when provoked to anger or impatience.[a1250R. Grosseteste (in Godef. Compl.), C'est force et temperaunce.] a1340Hampole Psalter xxxiii. 2 Debonere men þat has temperaunce in all thynge. 1382Wyclif Col. iii. 12 Therfore clothe ȝou..[with] the entrailis of mercy, benygnite, and mekenesse, temperaunce [Gr. πραότητα, L. modestiam, Tindale to R.V. meekness], and pacience. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 57 On euery wrong a man may nat be wreken, After the tyme moste be temperaunce. 14..in Tundale's Vis. (1843) 135 Hys hart dawnt so by temperance To voyde rancour and plante in sufferaunce. 14..in Wars Eng. in France (1864) II. 521 The iiij. cardinalle vertuse, named Justice, Prudence, Force, and Temperaunce. 1511Colet Serm. Conf. & Ref. B vij b, The lawes that commaunde sobernes..and temperance in adournynge of the body. 1552Huloet, Temperaunce..is a moderate gouernaunce of reason, and also as one of the car[di]nall vertues. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. viii. 34 He..calmd his wrath with goodly temperance. 1654Whitelocke Jrnl. Swed. Emb. (1772) II. 421 Yett it pleased God to give me much patience and temperance to beare this..ingratitude. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 9 The choice of a venerable old man..announced to the court of Constantinople the gravity and temperance of the British usurper. 1851Hussey Papal Power iii. 162 The moral force of the testimony..is weakened by the manifest defects of the case, and some want of temperance in the mode of conducting it.
b. Self-restraint in the indulgence of any natural affection or appetency; moderation in the pursuit of a gratification, in the exercise of a feeling, or in the use of anything; in early use often = chastity.
1340Ayenb. 124 Temperance [lokeþ þane man] þet he ne by be none kuede loue amerd. 1526Tindale Acts xxiv. 25 As he preached of Iustice, temperaunce [Vulg. castitate, Wyclif, Coverd. chastite, Rhem. chastitie], and Iudgement to come, Felix trembled. 1535Coverdale Gal. v. 23 The frute of the sprete is loue, ioye, peace,..goodnesse, faithfulnes, mekenesse, temperaunce. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 270 She forgetteth temperance, and waxeth incontinent. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 65 When it ruleth and ordereth our lust or concupiscense, limiting out a certaine measure, and lawfull proportion of time unto pleasures, it is called Temperance. 1656Stanley Hist. Philos. v. (1701) 164 Temperance, the Principle of subduing Desires, and yielding to no Pleasures, but living Moderately. 1846Trench Mirac. i. (1862) 112 The secret of temperance lies not in the scanty supply, but in the strong self-restraint. 1875Manning Mission H. Ghost x. 266 Temperance is the excellence of the will in controlling the passion for pleasure.
2. a. spec. The avoidance of excess in eating and drinking; esp., in later use, moderation in regard to intoxicants, sobriety. Now often applied to the practice or principle of total abstinence from alcoholic drink; teetotalism.
[1509Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess of Richmond Wks. (1876) 293 Her sobre temperaunce in metes & drynkes was knowen to al them that were conuersaunt with her.] 1542Boorde Dyetary ix. (1870) 251 Surfetes do kyll many men, and temporaunce doth prolonge the lyfe. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 69 Having..agreed upon some particular Rules, especially of Temperance and Sobriety. a1718Penn Tracts Wks. 1726 I. 909 Temperance,..Properly and strictly speaking it refers to Diet. 1727Bailey vol. II, Temperance..the two Species of it are Sobriety, which moderates our eating and drinking, and Chastity. 1727–46Thomson Summer 1609 Sound Temperance, Healthful in heart and look. 1775Ash, Temperance, Moderation, the opposite to gluttony and drunkenness. 1826(title) American Society for the Promotion of Temperance. 1849Cobden in Morley Life xviii. (1902) 69/1 With a delicate frame..I have been enabled, by temperance, to do the work of a strong man. 1887M. E. Braddon Like & Unlike i, Where I can enjoy a stiff glass of grog with my feet on the hobs, and with nobody to preach temperance. 1890Besant Demoniac i, Not the least breath of suspicion had ever rested upon him in the matter of temperance.
b. attrib. usually, Pertaining to, practising, or advocating total abstinence, as temperance address, temperance association, temperance badge, temperance drink, temperance lecture, temperance man, temperance meeting, temperance movement, temperance reformation, temperance ship, temperance society, temperance work; temperance hall, a building used for public meetings or entertainments at which no intoxicants are sold or provided; temperance hotel, house, inn, one where no intoxicants are sold or provided; temperance pledge: see pledge n. 5 b.
1831(title) Report of the American Temperance Society. 1833E. T. Coke Subaltern's Furlough ii, in Waldie's Sel. Circulating Library 24 Sept. 380/3 Many hotels have ‘temperance house’ inscribed in large gilded letters over the door or sign. 1833C. F. Hoffman Let. 26 Dec. in Winter in West (1835) I. 211 The most devout temperance man could see no harm in that! 1834J. J. Strang Diary 1 July in M. M. Quaife Kingdom of St. James (1930) 219, I shall soon have to make the temperance address. 1836J. Hume Sp. Ho. Com. 24 Mar., There were perhaps many present, who were advocates of Temperance Societies. 1837Dickens Pickw. xxxiii, The Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand Junction Ebenezer Temperance Association. 1837W. Jenkins Ohio Gaz. 69 Barnesville..has..2 taverns, and 1 temperance hotel. 1840R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast (1841) xxxi. 118/2 This was a ‘temperance ship’; and like too many such ships, the temperance was all in the forecastle... The captain..can drink as much as he chooses. 1841Cultivator VIII. 163, I witnessed..a very large temperance meeting at which I saw ‘female influence’ fully exerted in a most glorious cause. 1843Temperance hall [see perambulatory n. a]. 1850E. Elliott More Verse & Prose, Beware Dogmas 9 James..keeps, abjuring rum and gin, A Temperance inn. 1855Zoologist XIII. 4681 Assisting Father Mathew in the temperance-movement. 1862G. Borrow Wild Wales II. xiv. 154, I drew nigh..and read: ‘tea made here, the draught which cheers but not inebriates.’ I was before what is generally termed a temperance house. 1869J. H. Browne Great Metropolis 327 A large number remain open, pretending to sell nothing but ‘temperance drinks’. 1881I. M. Rittenhouse Maud (1939) 17 Went to the Temperance Meeting last night with Emma and Mabel. 1886C. E. Pascoe London of Today iii. (ed. 3) 55 One of the best ‘temperance’ dining-places in London. 1890Besant Demoniac v, Captain and crew must be all temperance men: there is not to be one single drop of drink..put on board. 1890Dawson Burns (title) Temperance History. 1902O. Wister Virginian 454 Once I had to sleep in a room next a ladies' temperance meetin'. 1922Joyce Ulysses 476 Bloom's bodyguard distribute..loaves and fishes, temperance badges, expensive Henry Clay cigars. 1933E. O'Neill Ah, Wilderness! iv. iii. 153 I'm not going to read you any temperance lecture. 1978P. Bailey Leisure & Class in Victorian Eng. iv. 82 Bolton... A vast new town hall, opened in 1873, looked down upon the Free Library..a Second Temperance Hall. 1978Times 5 Apr. (Tourism in Britain Suppl.) 4/9 For those seeking an unusual experience Birmingham..has a famous temperance hotel.
c. Used as pred. adj. Practising or advocating total abstinence.
1907J. Masefield Tarpaulin Muster xiii. 138 They're temperance down at the Point in these times. 1977H. Fast Immigrants iii. 193 You're not temperance, are you?
II.
†3.
a. The action or fact of tempering; mingling or combining in due proportion, adjusting, moderating, modification, toning down, bringing into a temperate or moderate state (see temper v. 1–5): = temperament 8, 9.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xli. (Bodl. MS.), For temperans and keling of þe lifte side. c1440Alphabet of Tales 280 Be temperans of a mervalos evynhed, ather of þaim loste ane ee. 1530Palsgr. 279/2 Temperaunce, atrempance, attemperance. 1531Elyot Gov. iii. xxiv, By the whiche mutuall coniunction and iust temperaunce of those two studyes he attayned to suche a fourme in all his gouernaunce. 1552Huloet, Temperaunce or temperynge, or moderation of mynglyng thynges togither, temperatura. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. i. (S.T.S.) 111 A forme of commoune weil, quhair the people haue the hail authoritie,..bot wt sik temperance, that cheif vpon thair king, and counsel..the Repub. does depend.
†b. A tempered or properly proportioned consistence, constitution, or state; temperate condition, moderateness: = temperament 1, 2. Obs.
1471Ripley Comp. Alch. iv. iv. in Ashm. Theat. Chem. Brit. (1652) 145 And so promotyd unto most perfyt temperance. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 1 b, Fyre..is the clarifier of other elementes, if they be vyciate or out of their naturall temperaunce. Ibid. 17 They be in the highest degree of heate and drithe, aboue the iuste temperaunce of mannes body. 1595Spenser Col. Clout 553 Through the myld temperance of her goodly raies. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 345 Boiled until they come unto a soft temperance. 1638Cowley Love's Riddle iii. i, But were all Men of my Temperance, and Wisdom too, You should woo us.
†c. The keeping of time in music. Obs.
1549Compl. Scotl. vi. 39 Ther syndry soundis hed nothir temperance nor tune.
†4. Moderate temperature; freedom from the extremes of heat and cold; mildness of weather or climate; temperateness; cf. temperament 4, 5, temperature 6, 7. Obs.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 75 Hit ioyethe in temperaunce, felenge neither coldenesse ne heete. c1440Alphabet of Tales 96 Whar þer was temperans of þe ayr & sownd of watir rynyng, & syngyng of burdis, and gude smell of flowris. 1542Boorde Dyetary viii. (1870) 247 In your beed lye not to hote nor to colde, but in a temporaunce. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 5 Sa grett clemencie and temperance of the wathir. 1610Shakes. Temp. ii. i. 42 It [the island] must needs be of subtle, tender, and delicate temperance.
[Note. L. temperantia (whence F. and Eng. temperance) was used by Cicero to render Plato's σωϕροσύνη ‘soundmindedness, prudence, moderation, sobriety, self-control’, in Plato and in the Stoics, one of the original four (cardinal) virtues, ϕρόνησις, δικαιοσύνη, ἀνδρεία, σωϕροσύνη, rendered in L. by Jerome and Augustine prudentia, iustitia, fortitudo, temperantia; also in Albertus Magnus, Aquinas, and the mediæval writers generally, and in the med.L. version of Aristotle's Nicom. Ethics. Thence the use of temperaunce by Grosseteste, and the earlier Eng. use. But temperantia was not orig. a Christian word: it occurs nowhere in the Vulgate or the Antiqua; it is not one of the ‘fruits of the Spirit’, even in the expanded list in the Vulgate, in Galat. v. 23 By Wyclif, however, temperaunce was used to render L. modestia ‘moderation’, in the Rhemish, modestie. In the Eng. versions from Tindale onward, temperance or temperancie, renders Gr. ἐγκράτεια ‘self-mastery or restraint, esp. of certain sensual impulses’, in L. commonly continentia. In Acts xxiv. 25 Tindale, Cranmer, Geneva, 1611, and Revised have temperance, where Vulgate has castitate, Wyclif, Coverdale, Rhemish chastite, -tie. In 2 Peter i. 6 (bis) T. and Cov. have temperancy, Cr., Gen. etc., temperaunce, -ance; V. abstinentia, W. and Rhem. absty-, abstinence. In Gal. v. 22, T., Cr., Gen., have temperancy(e, -ie, Cov., 1611, Rev., tempera(u)nce; Vulg. (which interpolates 3 additional ‘fruits of the spirit’), continentia, Wycl. and Rhem., contynaunce, continencie. Of the Engl. senses above, 1 a corresponds to the L. temperantia, Gr. σωϕροσύνη; 1 b in general to Gr. ἐγκράτεια, of which sense 2 may be considered a specialized use.] |