| 释义 |
enzyme|ˈɛnzaɪm|
[f. Gr. ἐν in + ζύµη leaven.]
1. The leavened bread with which the Eucharist is administered in the Greek Church.
1850J. M. Neale Eastern Ch. 1074 ‘If,’ says he [Theorianus, A.D. 1170], ‘the Divine virtue changes the oblations into the Body and Blood of Christ, it is superfluous to dispute whether they were of Azymes or Enzymes, or of red or white wine.’
2. Biochem. [ad. G. enzym (W. Kühne 1877, in Verhandl. Naturhist.-Medic. Ver. Heidelberg I. 194), f. mod. Gr. ἔνζυµος leavened.] Any of the proteins produced by cells which catalyse specific biochemical reactions; formerly called (unorganized) ferment. Also attrib. and Comb. Hence enzyˈmatic, enˈzymic adjs.; enzyˈmatically, enˈzymically advbs.
1881W. Roberts in Proc. R. Soc. XXXII. 146, I would suggest the desirability of adopting this term [G. enzym] into English, with a slight change of orthography, as ‘enzymes’, and also of coining from this root the cognate words which are requisite for clear and concise description. The action of an enzyme may be designated enzymosis, and the nature of the action may be spoken of as enzymic. 1890[see zymolysis]. 1898Ann. Bot. XII. 491 The alcoholic fermentation of sugar is effected by the activity of an enzyme or soluble ferment. 1899[see zymase]. 1900A. J. Ewart tr. Pfeffer's Physiol. Plants I. viii. 503 Even in an actively growing plant an abundant supply of the products of enzymatic action may partly or wholly inhibit the formation of the enzyme in question. 1902Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXI. 373 The phenomenon of fermentation is caused by enzyme action. 1903Westm. Gaz. 20 Oct. 8/2 An enzyme-secreting organism..has been conveyed to the farm. 1908Chambers's Jrnl. July 541/2 The hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by the enzyme catalase present in the milk into water. 1927Haldane & Huxley Anim. Biol. iv. 106 Each digestive enzyme is a definite substance with the property of bringing about, or enormously speeding up, a particular chemical reaction. 1930Chem. Abstr. 1654 The polypeptidase group includes enzymes which require the presence of a free NH2 and others which require a free COOH in the substrate. Probably these groups are the point of attachment in the formation of enzyme-substrate compd. 1942Ann. Reg. 1941 344 [Enzyme research] suggested strongly that enzymatic activity is vested in the protein molecule itself. 1944Ann. Rev. Physiol. VI. 277 Renin which was released by the ischemic kidney acted enzymatically upon a serum globulin. 1948Sci. News VII. 125 They are the parts of digestive juices which break up and dissolve the fat, starch and meat of food; they are also responsible for fermentation: the word ‘enzyme’ in fact means merely ‘in yeast’. 1949Miles & Pirie Nature Bacterial Surface i. 5 There is a group of mucopolysaccharides whose presence in certain organisms is essential for the stability of the cell membrane, and..these can be destroyed enzymically. 1953New Biol. XV. 112 The enzyme-catalyzed reactions which make up this machinery [of a living organism] are nearly always reversible. 1956Nature 14 Jan. 80/1 Since..cresolase activity is an enzymic..process, molecular oxygen must combine at some stage with enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex. Ibid. 24 Mar. 575/1 Even in the presence of enzymatically generated peroxide, catalase did not catalyse the oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. 1962A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 429 Lactic acid was estimated colorimetrically..and enzymically. 1968Listener 11 July 49/1 The biochemical enzymic machinery in the muscles. 1968Times 19 Nov. 6/7 Sulphur compounds are known to be important inhibitors of enzymatic processes. 1968Physics Bull. Dec. 433 Several different species of spherical cells were treated enzymatically to remove their outer coats. 1969New Scientist 16 Oct. 122/1 Its great breakthrough with the enzyme wash powders brought troubles at both ends of the product. |