| 释义 |
▪ I. tartar, n.1|ˈtɑːtə(r)|
Also 4 tartre, 5 tarter, -are, (6 tartarum, 7–8 tartarus).
[a. F. tartre = Sp., Pg., It. tartaro, med.L. tartarum (tartharum), med.Gr. τάρταρον; perh. of Arabic origin: Simon of Genoa (fl. 1292), Synonima (ed. 1473), has ‘Tartar arabice, tartarum quod ex uino in lateribus uegetis generatur’.
But there is some doubt as to this, the usual Arabic term being durdī, from Pers. durd sediment, dregs; tartīr, found in mod.Arabic lexicons from 1639, is held by Dozy to be borrowed from European langs. The med.L. tartarum appears in the Dictionarius of Joh. de Garlandia, c 1225.]
1. Chem. Bitartrate of potash (acid potassium tartrate), present in grape juice, deposited in a crude form in the process of fermentation, and adhering to the sides of wine-casks in the form of a hard crust, also called argal or argol, which in the crude state varies from pale pink to dark red, but when purified forms white crystals, which are cream of tartar.
(† In quot. c 1425 applied to the dregs of malt liquor.)
c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 260 Of Tartre, Alum glas, berme, wort and argoille. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. xcix. (Tollem. MS.), Tartar is wyn drastes [tartarum est vini fæculentia], and like to a softe ston cleuynge harde to þe sides of þe tonnes. c1425tr. Arderne's Surgery (E.E.T.S.) 49 Ffirst I made hym ane emplastre of tartare of ale, i.[e]. dreggez. c1550Lloyd Treas. Health B vij, Wyne Lyes called Tartarum..menglid in oyle and Veniger is verye good. 1679V. Alsop Melius Inquir. Introd. 32 Like Tartar, [it] is so baked and crusted to the sides of the Vessel, that till you knock off the Hoops and take the frame in pieces, no Art of Man will free the Cask from a tang at least of the old mustiness. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. 259 Small Wines with little Oil and much Tartar. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) IV. 495/2 The tartar of the white wines is of a greyish white colour, called white tartar; and that of red wine has a red colour, and is called red tartar. 1883Hardwich's Photogr. Chem. (ed. Taylor) 96 Tartaric Acid..is derived from a substance called Tartar, deposited from the juice of the Grape during fermentation. This Tartar is an Acid Tartrate of Potash.
b. Hence, ‘A generic name for salts of tartaric acid’ (Watts).
c. Commercially, applied not to the argol or original deposit, but to a product that has undergone partial purification: see quot.
1893Thorpe Dict. Applied Chem. III. 783 The crust is known as ‘argol’, and when recrystallised produces ‘tartar’, which by further crystallisation is converted into ‘cream of tartar’, technically known as ‘cream’.
d. fig.
1590Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iv. i, A soul Created of the massy dregs of earth, The scum and tartar of the elements. a1631Donne Serm. (1649) II. xix. 153 Impatience in affliction..a leaven so kneaded into the nature of man, so innate a tartar, so inherent a sting. 1683Burnet tr. More's Utopia Pref. (1684) 4 Our Language has, like a rich Wine, wrought out its Tartar. 1824Landor Imag. Conv., Ld. Brooke & Sir P. Sidney, Desire of lucre... It is the tartar that encrusts economy.
2. transf. Any calcareous or other incrustation deposited from a liquid upon bodies in contact with it. (With quot. 1605 cf. tartarer, tartarous 2.)
1605Timme Quersit. iii. 161 Of the congelations of these salts comes goutes..and diuers kinds of obstructions, according to the diuersitie of tartars and of salts which are ingendred and procreate to nature in our bodie. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 151 This water is impregnated with tartar, so that the bottom and pillars..are incrusted with it. 1789Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 427 [It] incrusted a stick with its tartar in two minutes.
b. spec. A deposit of calcium phosphate from the saliva, which tends to harden and concrete upon the teeth. (So F. tartre; cf. Ger. weinstein.)
1806Med. Jrnl. XV. 30 We find that this coagulum has the greatest similarity with the tartar adhering to the teeth. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 65 The teeth are always subject to be covered over with layers of an earthy material secreted as a constituent part of the saliva, and denominated tartar. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 743 The concretions of tartar that gather round the teeth.
3. Phrasal combinations:
a. cream of tartar: see 1 and cream n. 4; † magistery of tartar = vitriolated tartar: see b; oil of tartar, old name for a saturated solution of potassium carbonate; † salt of tartar, an old name of potassium carbonate; spirit of tartar, the liquid obtained by dry distillation of tartar; it contains pyrotartaric acid and other substances.
1584R. Scot Discov. Witchcr. xiv. i. (1886) 295 These things are of necessitie to be used; namelie..claie made with horsse doong, mans haire, *oile of tartre, allum, glasse, woort, yest, argoll. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. xxiv. 189 As strong a solution of Salt of Tartar in fair Water as could be made (we having no Oyl of Tartar per deliquium at hand). 1706Phillips, Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, the fixt Salt of Tartar dissolved by being expos'd to the Air in a Cellar, or other cool moist place. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 67 Spirit of Vitriol and Oil of Tartar..mingled together, are surprizingly hot.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 87 A pint of *salt of tartar exposed unto a moist aire untill it dissolve, will make far more liquor, or as some tearm it oyle, then the former measure will contain. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 339 Moisture drawn from it [the air] by dry salt of tartar, in such quantity, as to make the salt become intirely fluid. 1832G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 83 Precipitating with salt of tartar (sub-carbonate of potass).
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., *Spirit of Tartar, a name for pyrotartaric acid. [1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 402.]
b. † chalybeate tartar, tartar chalybeated, potassio-ferric tartrate, C4H4K(FeO)O6; † regenerated tartar, acetate of potassium, C4H6O3.K2O; † soluble tartar, neutral potassium tartrate, C4H4K2O6; also applied to ammonium potassium tartrate, C8H4(NH4)KO6; † vitriolated tartar, tartar vitriolate, sulphate of potassium, K2SO4.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v. Crystal, Crystal of *tartar chalybeated, is when it is impregnated with the most dissoluble parts of iron.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex. s.v. Tartar, *Chalybeate Tartar.., a name for the Potassio-tartras ferri.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., The good effects of *regenerated tartar in the cure of obstructions of the bowels. 1860Mayne Expos. Lex., Regenerated Tartar, term for the Acetas potassæ.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, *Soluble Tartar, is made by boiling in 3 Pints of Water, 8 Ounces of Cream of Tartar, and 4 Ounces of the Fix'd Salt of Tartar. 1860Mayne Expos. Lex., Soluble Tartar, a term for the Tartras potassæ.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, *Tartar Vitriolate, is made by pouring Spirit of Vitriol on Oil of Tartar per Deliquium, by little and little.
1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Vitriolated Tartar, which some call Magistery of Tartar, is oil of Tartar mixed with rectified spirit of vitriol. 1820T. Thomson Syst. Chem. II. 435 Known by the name of vitriolated tartar, till the French chemists called it sulphate of potash..in 1787.
c. ˈtartar-eˈmetic, † emetic tartar, common name in pharmacy of potassio-antimonious tartrate, C4H4K(Sb.O)O6 + ½H2O, a poisonous substance, used in medicine to excite vomiting. Hence ˈtartar-eˈmeticize v. trans. (nonce-wd.), to dose with tartar-emetic.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Tartar Emetick. See Emetick Tartar. Ibid., Emetick Tartar, is only Cream or Crystal of Tartar poudred and mixt with a quarter part of Crocus Metallorum, and..the Mixture..boil'd in an earthen Pan in a sufficient quantity of Water, for about 8 or 9 Hours. 1758J. S. tr. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 334 A Dose of Tartar Emetic. 1795Gaitskell in Memoirs Med. IV. 79 (heading) Observations and Experiments on the external absorption of Emetic Tartar and Arsenic. 1846Mrs. Carlyle Lett. (1883) I. 383 Dosing me with tartar-emetic and opium. 1844J. T. J. Hewlett Parsons & W. vi, Tartar⁓emeticising the establishment at breakfast.
▪ II. † ˈtartar, n.3 Obs.
Also 5 tarter, -yr, -or, 5–6 -ir, (6 tarterus, tartarium).
[= OF. tartare, tartaire (c 1300 in Godef.), med.L. tartarium, tartareus (pannus) ‘cloth of Tartary’. Cf. tars, tartarin1 2, and quot. 1880.]
A rich kind of cloth, probably silk, used in 15th and 16th centuries; the same as tartarin1 2.
1473Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scotl. I. 16 Item, for v. elne of tartar to lyne a gowne of clath of gold to the King. 1488Ibid. 85 Item, a couering of variand purpir tartar, browdin with thrissillis and a vnicorne. 1494Ibid. 224, j ell of tartor to lyne the hud. 1496Ibid. 298 Item, for viij elne of tartyr, to the Kingis jakat of clath of gold,..vijli. iiijs. a1500Flower & Leaf 212 On every trumpe hanging a brood banere Of fyn tartarium, were ful richly bete. 1501Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scotl. II. 28 Item, for half an elne tartir to the tothir scarlet hos to bordour thaim with. 1502Arnolde Chron. 73 Item of carde, bokram, fustian, clothes of gold and of silke, veluet, damask, sateyn, taffata, tarterus, couerchis,..the same broker shall haue for the valur of euery xx. s. iij. d'. 1602Segar Hon. Mil. & Civ. ii. xi. 71 One Knight shall giue him his shirt, another his hose, the third his dublet, another shall apparell him in a kertle of red Tartar. [1880G. C. M. Birdwood Ind. Arts II. 73 Tartariums, Colonel Yule believes, were so called ‘not because they were made in Tartary, but because they were brought from China through the Tartar dominions’.]
b. Comb. tartar-satin.
1483–4in Swayne Sarum Churchw. Acc. (1896) 35 Pro tribus le nailes de tartersaten' pro emendacione vestamenti.
▪ III. † ˈtartar, v. Obs. rare—1.
[f. tartar n.1]
trans. To treat with tartar-emetic.
(In quot. with play on tartar n.1, Tartarus.)
1647Ward Simp. Cobler (1843) 19 When I want physick for my body, I would not have my soule tartared, nor my Animal Spirits purged. |