| 释义 |
▪ I. tariff, n.|ˈtærɪf|
Forms: 6–8 tariffa, 7 terrif, 8 terif, 8–9 tarif, 7– tariff.
[a. It. tariffa ‘arithmetike or casting of accounts’ (Florio), ‘a book of rates for duties’ (Baretti), = Sp., Pg. tarifa, ad. Arab. taﻋrīf notification, explanation, definition, article, f. ﻋarafa in 1st conj. to notify, make known. So F. tarif.
The word came into general use as a technical term (sense 2), and this character it long retained in English use, being hardly found, except as applied to the Customs ‘tariff’; its more general application (sense 3), found earlier on the Continent and in U.S., has become more common in Great Britain only since c 1890.]
†1. An arithmetical table or statement; a table of multiplication, a ready reckoner, or the like.
1591Garrard's Art Warre 224 So that helping your memorie with certain Tablei or Tariffas made of purpose to know the numbers of the souldiers that are to enter into ranke. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Tarif, (in Arithmetick) is either a small Table..to expedite Multiplication; or else a Proportional Table contrived for the expediting a Question in the Rule of Fellowship. 1726Colson in Phil. Trans. XXXIV. 170 Reduce the Dividend and Divisor to small Figures, and form a Tariffa or Table of all the Multiples of the Divisor as far as 5. 1727Bailey vol. II, Tariff (with Arithmeticians) a proportional Table contrived for the speedy resolving Questions in the Rule of Fellowship;..Also a Table framed to shew..any Multiple or Divisor, taken any Number of Times under ten. 1770Monthly Rev. 507 That a tariff or table may be established of these proportions.
2. An official list or schedule setting forth the several customs duties to be imposed on imports and exports; a table or book of rates; any item of such a list, the impost (on any article); also the whole body or system of such duties as established in any country.
1592Wotton Lett., to Ld. Zouche 3 Oct. (1907) I. 288 The book that I put to be copied for your Honour is not yet ended, nor the tariffa of all the towns in the Grand Duke's territories, in my hands. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Tariff, a Book of Rates or Customs. 1713Treaty Utrecht in Magens Insurances (1755) II. 495 The general Tariff made in France the 18th Day of September in the Year 1664, shall take place again. a1719Addison (J.), A tariff, or declaration of the duties of import and export. 1725Lond. Gaz. No. 6414/2 The putting..into Execution the new Tarif or Book of Rates. 1816Sec. Dallas in Ann. Congress (1854) 1674 (Feb. 12), A statement of the general principles for reforming the tariff of the United States. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. v. (1852) 238 The duties in this tariff mostly vary from 40 to 5 per cent. ad valorem. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 25 The kingdom's wealth might be economized by the adoption of a free-trade tariff. 1879Rogers in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 128/2 A tariff..of a highly protective character, in the interest of employers or manufacturers.
3. A classified list or scale of charges made in any private or public business; as, a hotel tariff, a railroad tariff (U.S.).
a1751Bolingbroke Fragments xxx. Wks. 1754 V. 246 Even in times less antient, the church of Rome found it necessary to publish a tariff, or book of rates, which I have seen in print, wherein the price is set over against every sin, lest purchasers should be imposed upon. 1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. i. iii. §147 The university of Paris proceeded to establish a tariff, according to which every edition was to be sold. 1838Murray's Hand-bk. N. Germ. 428 Tariff per post of 2 German miles. 1867Howells Ital. Journ. 204 Show me the tariff of fares. 1881Chicago Times 12 Mar., The following is the present railroad tariff on flour, grain, and boxed meats from Chicago to the eastern points named.
4. attrib. and Comb.;
a. attrib., as tariff-act, tariff-bill, tariff-duty, tariff-legislation, tariff-monger, tariff-movement, tariff-office, tariff-party, tariff-preference, tariff-question, tariff-treaty, tariff war;
b. instrumental, as tariff born, tariff-bound, tariff-fed, tariff-protected, tariff-raised, tariff-ridden adjs.;
c. objective and obj. gen., as tariff adjustment, tariff-maker; tariff-cutting, tariff-mongering, tariff-raising, tariff-regulating, tariff-tinkering adjs.d. Special comb., tariff wall, a national trade barrier in the form of a tariff; hence tariff-walled a. See also tariff-reform.
1816Ann. Congress (1854) 1137 The provisions of the proposed new tariff duties. 1821J. Q. Adams Mem. (1875) V. 309 The revival at the next session of Congress of Mr. Baldwin's tariff bills. 1824Ibid. VI. 282 There had been sharp words in the tariff debate this day in the House. 1831Ibid. (1876) VIII. 438 The Free-Trade and Tariff Conventions. 1832Pres. Jackson Message Congr. U.S., A mistaken view of the considerations which led to the adoption of the tariff system. c1843Gladstone in Morley Life (1903) I. ii. viii. 267 Endeavouring to make tariff treaties with foreign countries. 1862Macm. Mag. Sept. 413 Stories about tariff grievances. 1884S. E. Dawson Handbk. Dom. Canada 288 As promoters of private legislation, or as tariff-doctors, or as volunteer advisers, interested or disinterested. 1889Puck (U.S.) XXV. 248 (heading) High tariff-wall. 1891Century Dict., Tariff-ridden, burdened with a tariff or tariffs; carrying an excessive burden of indirect taxation. 1897Daily News 21 Sept. 2/3 American tariff-tinkering. 1898Ibid. 8 Aug. 8/2 A little tariff-card [of a hotel] enclosed showed that the sum stated was liable to some little expansion. 1900Jrnl. Sch. Geog. (U.S.) Apr. 147 There have been twenty-five tariff acts prescribing, modifying or regulating tariff duties, the first being the Calhoun Act, 1816. 1904Daily News 3 Mar. 8 A warning against tariff-mongers, tariff-meddlers, and tariff-muddlers of all denominations. 1904J. Denney Let. 4 Aug. (1920) 50 We..have nothing to offer..like a Free Trade Government dealing with tariff-walled nations. 1904Judge Parker (U.S.) in Daily Chron. 11 Nov. 5/5 To prevent the tariff-fed Trusts and illegal combinations from absorbing the nation's wealth. 1909H. W. V. Temperley in Cambr. Mod. Hist. VI. ii. 49 The tariff-war was often the precursor of the trade-war. 1932Sun (Baltimore) 17 Sept. 8/3 The proposed policy is variously known as a bargaining or trade-building policy of tariff adjustment. 1934A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 85 Symptoms, such as tariff-wars and armaments. 1935E. Wingfield-Stratford Harvest of Victory i. ii. 19 The combined handicaps of tariff-walled markets, ruined customers, slackening demand for..coal, [etc.]. 1962Daily Tel. 16 Jan. 20/4 The agreement nearing completion in Brussels on a tariff-cutting agreement with the Common Market is satisfactory on the whole. 1964Ann. Reg. 1963 70 Feelings were ruffled by..the Secretary of Commerce's denunciation of a Canadian tariff-adjustment scheme. 1973Times 3 Jan. (Forward into Europe Suppl.) p. xi/2 The tariff walls begin to crumble. 1977Whitaker's Almanack 1978 978 The CET is based on the arithmetical average of those national tariffs it replaced, and after two international tariff-cutting rounds now stands at an average of 6 per cent.
Hence (chiefly nonce-wds.) ˈtariffable a., that can be subjected to a tariff; tariˈffade [after crusade], an agitation in favour of a tariff; ˌtariffiˈcation, (a) the fixing of a tariff; (b) conversion to a pro-tariff party; ˈtariffism, the principle or system of imposing a tariff, advocacy of a (high or low) tariff; ˈtariffist, an advocate of a tariff; ˈtariffite = prec.; also attrib.; ˈtariffize v., trans. to subject to a tariff or system of tariffs (in quot. in sense 3); ˈtariffless a., without a tariff.
1895Funk's Stand. Dict., *Tariffable, subjectable to a tariff.
1904P. Geddes in Ideals Sc. & Faith 201 To play his patriotic part in the approaching, ever-victorious *Tariffades by which the megalopolitan wealth and imperial greatness are to be assured.
189219th Cent. Dec. 940 Sir B. Samuelson's proposal to make compulsory the method of *tariffication..which has been optional with railway companies for forty years past. 1908Westm. Gaz. 29 May 2/3 The complete tariffication of the Unionist Party.
1903Daily Chron. 25 Sept. 4/5 The chief apostle of high *tariffism.
1901Westm. Gaz. 3 Apr. 2/3 Taking the two bodies together the Low *Tariffists are in a majority of one. 1905Daily Chron. 8 Sept. 4/4 The tariffists and purblind economists see the chief reason of Germany's industrial prosperity in its protective system.
1830Western Monthly Rev. III. 376 She is a true *tariffite, a hearty and staunch advocate for the genuine American system. 1906Daily Chron. 12 Jan. 5/2 This has excited great indignation on the part of the Tariffite candidate.
1848Tait's Mag. XV. 319 This would *tariffize the world.
1891M. M. Dowie Girl in Karp. 271 A total stranger condescended to..make a *tariffless hotel of their house.
▸ Brit. Law. Any one of a series of scales suggesting standard penalties for certain categories of crime and injuries, used as an unofficial means of determining sentences or damages; these scales collectively. Hence: a sentence or level of damages so determined, esp. the standard (or minimum) penalty for a certain category of crime or injury.
Although operated informally, the tariff system is mirrored in the sentencing guidelines produced by both the Court of Appeal and the Magistrates' Association.
1958Yale Law Jrnl. 47 965 During the last war..a bench of English lay magistrates solemnly stated that their tariff for a certain traffic offense was a fine of a stated amount, regardless of the means of the offender..until forcibly reminded..that..they were legally obliged to consider the offender's financial position. 1961Rep. Interdepartmental Comm. Business of Criminal Courts ix. 76 in Parl. Papers 1960–61 ((Cmnd. 1289)) XII. 197 Sentencing used to be a comparatively simple matter. The primary objective was to fix a sentence proportionate to the offender's culpability, and the system has been loosely described as the ‘tariff system’. 1970D. A. Thomas Princ. Sentencing ii. 38 It is..incorrect to speak of the tariff as a single entity, a continuous whole; there is in effect a series of separate and independent tariffs, each providing a pattern of sentences for a particular area of criminal behaviour. 1985N. Walker Sentencing xvi. 238 The Magistrates' Association has provided its members with a table of ‘suggested’ fines for the main traffic offences... The Association emphasized, however, that the list is not a ‘tariff’. 1996Sunday Tel. 4 Feb. 2/5 If a rapist is really that calculating about the penalties..then he will know that the tariff (sentence) will reflect the seriousness of the offence. 2000Sunday Times 23 July i. 32/1 Lord Woolf is expected to reduce the tariff to at least 10 years, which would mean they would be eligible for release in 2003.
▪ II. ˈtariff, v.
[f. prec. n. So F. tarifer.]
†1. intr. To have to do with a tariff. nonce-use.
1756M. Calderwood Jrnl. (1884) 292 A tariff of fixed duties [was] to have been settled at the treaty of Utrecht, but..was referred to commissaries; of this number was Blair's uncle, John Drummond, who tariffed all his days... Andrew Mitchell..who tariffed at Bruxells for some years.
2. trans. To subject to a tariff-duty; to fix the price of (something) according to a tariff; in quot. a 1868, to rate (a person) according to a tariff.
1828Webster, Tarif v.t. to make a list of duties on goods. 1864Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 169 If the Sidonians..had paid five per cent. on Madapollams tariffed at nine⁓pence. a1868M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 158 A slow sulky conductor he silently endures, and tariffs him accurately on reaching the end of the stage. 1870Daily News 6 Oct., If the siege lasts long enough, dogs, rats, and cats will be tariffed. 1887Westm. Rev. June 362 In 1583 the best Gascony wine was tariffed in London..at {pstlg}13 the tun. 1904Mrs. Dauncey Englishw. Philippines vi. (1906) 49 For these schools and..schoolmasters this pastoral country [the Philippines] is taxed and tariffed to breaking point.
3. To make into a pro-tariff party. nonce-use.
1909Westm. Gaz. 2 Mar. 2/2 The way in which the Tory Party has been tariffed.
Hence tariffed |ˈtærɪft| ppl. a., priced by or subjected to a tariff.
1874Symonds Sk. Italy & Greece (1898) I. xiv. 299 The pay is reduced to its tariffed medium. 1903Westm. Gaz. 17 Aug. 2/1 The ingenious device of buying highly tariffed foreign coffee and sending it to Cape Colony, whence it was reshipped as preferred East Indian coffee. |