| 释义 |
electro-|ɪˈlɛktrəʊ|
formally repr. Gr. ἠλεκτρο- combining form of ἤλεκτρον, which, after the analogy of its derivative electric, is treated as if meaning ‘electricity’; first occurring in quasi-Greek derivatives like electrometer, and now used without restriction to form combinations (chiefly written with hyphen) denoting processes carried on by electrical means, or the application of electricity to particular departments of art or industry, as in electro-blasting, electro-cautery, electro-dentistry, electro-engraving, electro-etching, electro-horticulture, electro-lithotrity, electro-otiatrics. Also in the following:
eˌlectro-aˈcoustics, acoustics investigated by electrical methods; hence eˌlectro-aˈcoustic, -aˈcoustical adjs.; eˌlectro-aˈnalysis Chem., electrolytic analysis; so eˌlectro-anaˈlytical a.; eˌlectrobaˈllistic a., relating to the art of timing by electricity the flight of projectiles; eˌlectro-biˈoscopy [+ -bioscopy, f. bio- + -scopy, after microscopy, etc.], the examination of an animal body by means of a galvanic current, to discover muscular contractions as evidence of life; eˌlectro-ˈbrasser (see quot. 1921); † eˈlectrobus Obs., an omnibus propelled by electricity; also attrib.; eˌlectro-ˈcapillary a., having reference to the influence of electricity on capillary tubes under certain conditions; eˌlectroˈcardiogram Med. [ad. G. electrocardiogramm (W. Einthoven 1894, in Arch. Ges. Physiol. LVI. 541)], a record of the electric currents produced in the body by the heart-beats of a patient; eˌlectroˈcardiograph, the apparatus used in registering electrocardiograms; hence eˌlectrocardioˈgraphic a., -graphy; eˌlectro-ˈcautery Med., cautery by means of an electrically heated instrument; eˌlectro-ˈchemic, -ˈchemical adjs., pertaining to electricity and chemistry jointly; hence electro-chemical equivalent, the weight of a substance deposited during electrolysis by the passage of a specified quantity of electricity, usu. expressed in grams per coulomb; electro-chemical series (see quot. 1943); eˌlectro-ˈchemically adv., in accordance with the laws of electro-chemistry; eˌlectro-ˈchemist, one who practises electro-chemistry; eˌlectro-ˈchemistry, the science of the application of electricity to chemistry; eˌlectrochroˈmatogram, a chromatogram produced by electrochromatography; eˌlectrochromaˈtography [ad. F. électrochromatographie (H. Lecoq 1944, in Bull. de la Soc. R. des Sciences de Liége XIII. 21)], chromatography in which the migration and separation of the constituents of a mixture take place under the influence of a constant electric field; zone electrophoresis; so eˌlectrochromatoˈgraphic a.; eˌlectro-ˈchronograph, an instrument for electrically recording exact instants of time; eˌlectro-coaguˈlation [a. F. électro-coagulation (Doyen)], the hardening and destruction of tissue or the control of bleeding by the direct application of an electrically heated surgical instrument (= electro-cautery) or by means of a high-frequency electric current; eˌlectro-ˈcoating vbl. n., the process of coating a body over with metal by the galvanic battery; eˌlectro-ˈcontact, used attrib. of a submarine mine which is exploded by means of electricity; eˌlectro-conˈvulsive a., of or pertaining to a convulsive response to electric shock treatment, spec. electro-convulsive therapy (abbrev. E.C.T.), electro-convulsive treatment, the treatment of mental disease by the application of an electric shock to the central nervous system; eˌlectro-ˈcopper, iron coated with copper by means of the galvanic battery; hence as v. trans., to coat with copper by electrolysis; eˌlectroˈcortin Biochem. [cortin], = aldosterone; eˌlectro-ˈculture, the use of electricity in the growing of crops; eˌlectroˈcyclic a. Chem., of a chemical change, characterized either by the formation of a single bond between the two ends of a linear conjugated organic molecule, or by the converse process of breaking such a bond; eˌlectro-deˈposit v., to deposit (a coating of metal, etc.) by means of electricity: hence eˌlectro-deˈposit, -depoˈsition, the process of depositing by electricity; eˌlectro-deˈpositor, one who conducts this process; eˌlectro-desiˈccation, the drying and consequent destruction of tissue or the control of bleeding by the local application of a high-frequency electric current; eˌlectro-diagˈnosis, the application of electricity to purposes of medical diagnosis; eˌlectro-diˈalysis, dialysis accelerated by the passage of an electric current; eˌlectro-enˈcephalogram (occas. electrencephalogram) [ad. G. elektrenkephalogramm (H. Berger 1929, in Arch. f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheit LXXXVII. 527 ff.)], the record made by an electro-encephalograph; abbrev. E.E.G.; eˌlectro-enˈcephalograph, an instrument for recording the electrical activity of the brain; hence eˌlectro-encephaˈlographer, eˌlectro-encephaˈlographist, eˌlectro-encephaˈlography ns., eˌlectro-encephaloˈgraphic a.; eˌlectro-erˈgometer, an instrument for measuring the work done by an electric machine; eˌlectro-exˈtraction [extraction 3], the electrolytic recovery of a metal from a solution of its salts (Webster 1934); eˌlectroˈforming vbl. n., the production of metallic objects by a process of electro-deposition; hence (as a back-formation) eˈlectroform v. trans.; also eˈlectroform, an electroformed metallic object; eˈlectroformed ppl. a.; eˌlectro-ˈfusion, the fusion of metals by means of the electric current; eˌlectro-galˈvanic a., pertaining to the galvanic form of electricity; also, pertaining to electricity as including galvanism; eˌlectro-ˈgalvanizing vbl. n. (see quot. 1940); eˌlectro-ˈgenesis [see genesis], the state of tetanoid spasm that supervenes in the muscles highly stimulated by galvanism, when the current is withdrawn: so eˌlectroˈgenic a. [see -genic], pertaining to electrogenesis; eˌlectro-ˈgild v., to gild by means of an electric current: hence eˌlectro-ˈgilding vbl. n., electro-gilt ppl. adj.; eˌlectrograˈvitics (see quot. 1960); so eˌlectro-graˈvitic a.; eˌlectro-hyˈdraulic a., (a) pertaining to a hydraulic system that is powered or controlled electrically; (b) pertaining to electro-hydraulics; hence eˌlectro-hyˈdraulically adv.; eˌlectro-hyˈdraulics, the use of high-voltage electrical discharges in liquids; eˈlectrojet, an intense electric current that occurs in a narrow belt in the lower ionosphere, esp. in regions of strong auroral displays and near the magnetic equator; eˌlectro-kiˈnetic a. [see kinetic], having reference to electricity in motion; eˌlectro-lumiˈnescence, electrical luminescence, as created in a gas-filled tube or by the excitation of a layer of phosphor (cf. luminescence, quot. 1896); hence eˌlectrolumiˈnescent a.; eˌlectro-ˈmassage, kneading the body or a limb with a combined roller and small galvanic machine; eˌlectro-meˈchanical a., of or pertaining to the application of electricity to a mechanical process, device, etc.; eˌlectro-ˈmedical a., pertaining to the application of galvanism to medical purposes; eˌlectro-meˈtallurgy, the application of electrolysis to the deposition of thin coatings from metallic solutions: hence eˌlectro-metaˈllurgic, electro-metaˈllurgical adjs; eˌlectroˈmotograph, see motograph; eˌlectro-ˈmuscular a., having reference to the mutual influence of the electric current and muscular contraction; eˌlectroˈmyogram, a graphical record of the variations in electric potential in a muscle; eˌlectroˈmyograph, an instrument for making electromyograms; so eˌlectromyoˈgraphic a., eˌlectromyoˈgraphically adv.; eˌlectromyˈography; eˌlectronarˈcosis, the production of a narcotic state by the passage of an electric current through the brain; hence eˌlectronarˈcotic a.; eˌlectro-ˈnegative a., (a) pertaining to, or producing, negative electricity; (b) a term used by Berzelius to describe atoms that go to the anode in electrolysis; hence, having a tendency to form negative ions; so eˌlectro-ˈnegatively adv.; eˌlectro-negaˈtivity, the degree to which atoms or radicals attract electrons; the state of being electro-negative; eˌlectro-nervous a., relating to the affinity between electric and nervous action; eˌlectro-ˈoculogram, the record produced by an electro-oculograph; eˌlectro-ˈoculograph, an instrument for studying the eye by registering the varying electric potentials of the skin around it; hence eˌlectro-oculoˈgraphic a., eˌlectro-oculoˈgraphically adv.; eˌlectro-ocuˈlography, the technique of using the electro-oculograph; eˌlectro-ˈoptic, eˌlectro-ˈoptical adjs., of or pertaining to electro-optics; eˌlectro-ˈoptics the science of the relations between electricity and optics; eˌlectro-osˈmosis, osmosis under the influence of an electric field; also called electro-endosmosis, electrosmosis; hence eˌlectro-osˈmotic a., eˌlectro-osˈmotically adv.; eˌlectro-paˈthology, the science of morbid conditions as they are revealed by electrical means; eˌlectroˈphilic a., having an affinity for electrons; eˌlectro-phoˈtography, the production of photographic prints by electronic means (see also quot. 1894); so eˌlectro-photoˈgraphic a.; eˌlectro-phoˈtometer, an instrument for comparing the intensity of lights by referring them to the standard of the electric spark; eˌlectro-ˈphrenic |-ˈfrɛnɪk, -ˈfriːnɪk| a., of or pertaining to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves; eˌlectro-physiˈology, the science of the electrical conditions of the physiological processes; the testing by electricity of the bodily functions: hence eˈlectro-ˌphysioˈlogical adj. also, eˌlectro-physiˈologist; eˈlectroˌplexy Psychiatry [after apoplexy], electro-shock or electro-convulsive therapy; eˌlectro-pneuˈmatic a., pertaining to a combination of electrical and pneumatic power; eˌlectro-ˈpoion [f. Gr. -ποιόν, neut. of -ποιός that makes], a name for Bunsen's carbon battery; eˌlectro-ˈpolar a., an epithet applied to the condition of a cylindrical conductor when, on being electrified by induction, the ends become polar; eˌlectro-ˈpolish v. trans., to polish the surface of a metal by electrolysis; hence eˌlectroˈpolished ppl. a.; eˌlectro-ˈpositive a., (a) pertaining to, or producing, positive electricity; (b) a term used by Berzelius to describe atoms that go to the cathode in electrolysis; hence, having a tendency to form positive ions; so eˌlectro-ˈpositively adv.; eˌlectro-posiˈtivity, the degree to which atoms or radicals tend to form positive ions; the state of being electro-positive; eˌlectro-ˈprocess = electrotyping process; eˌlectroˈpuncture = galvanopuncture; eˌlectro-pyˈrometer = electric pyrometer; eˌlectro-reˈduction, the reduction which takes place in an electrolytic cell (cf. reduction 10); eˌlectro-ˈretinogram, a graphic record of the electrical activity of the retina; hence eˌlectro-retiˈnography, the study of, or the technique of obtaining, such records; eˌlectro-ˈshock, an electric shock, used esp. attrib., as electro-shock treatment, medical treatment by means of an electric shock (cf. electric shock, electro-convulsive therapy); eˌlectro-ˈsilver v. = electroplate, hence as n.; also ellipt. electro; eˈlectro-slag, a name given to a process for refining or welding metal in which an electric current is passed through a layer of slag in contact with it and into the metal itself; eˌlectrostimuˈlation Med., electrical treatment sometimes used in the therapy of impaired nerves or muscles; in Psychiatry, a form of electro-shock therapy; eˌlectroˈstriction [striction] (see quot. 1942); hence eˌlectroˈstrictive a.; eˌlectro-ˈsynthesis, chemical synthesis effected by electricity; eˌlectrosynˈthetic a., causing chemical composition by means of the galvanic current; hence eˌlectrosynˈthetically adv.; eˌlectroˈtaxis Biol. [taxis 6], the response of an organism to an electric current; so eˌlectroˈtactic a.; eˌlectro-techˈnology, the science of the application of electricity to the arts; eˌlectro-teleˈgraphic a., pertaining to eˌlectro-teˈlegraphy = electric telegraphy; eˌlectro-theraˈpeutics, the treatment of disease by electricity; so eˌlectro-theraˈpeutical a., of or pertaining to electro-therapeutics; eˌlectro-ˈtherapist, -theraˈpeutist, one who practises electro-therapy; eˌlectroˈtherapy [+ -therapy, ad. Gr. θεραπεία healing] = electro-therapeutics; eˌlectro-ˈthermal, -ˈthermic adjs., relating to heat derived from electricity; eˌlectro-ˈthermancy [cf. diathermancy], and eˈlectroˌthermy [as if ad. Gr. -θερµία, f. θερµός hot], the science of the electricity developed by heat; eˌlectro-ˈtin v. trans., hence eˌlectro-ˈtinning, tinning (sense 1) by electrolysis; so eˈlectro-tinned ppl. a., eˌlectro-ˈtinˈplate, electrolytic tinplate; also electro-tin plating vbl. n.; eˈlectroˌtint [cf. aquatint], a mode of engraving, the design being drawn on copper-plate and transferred by means of an electric bath; eˈlectro-ˈtropic a., of, pertaining to, or exhibiting electrotropism; elecˈtrotropism, curvature of growth in plants due to slight electric currents; eˌlectro-ˈvalence, -ˈvalency, a chemical bond in which two oppositely charged ions are linked by the electrostatic attraction between them; an ionic bond; so eˌlectro-ˈvalent a.; eˌlectro-viˈscosity, the property of being electroviscous, the component of the viscosity of a substance that is due to the electroviscous effect; eˌlectroˈviscous [ad. G. elektroviskos (A. Passynski 1935, in Kolloid Zeitschr. LXX. 182/2)], (of a liquid or dispersion) having a viscosity that depends on the applied electric field; of or pertaining to electroviscosity; eˌlectro-ˈvital a., having reference to the connexion of electricity and the vital actions: hence eˌlectro-ˈvitalism; eˈlectro-win v., hence eˌlectro-ˈwinning vbl. n., the process of extracting a metal from a solution of its salts or from its ore by electrolysis (cf. winning vbl. n.1 5).
1935Amer. Speech X. 72/2 An *electro-acoustic determination of the factors of voice quality which distinguishes one voice from another. 1956Nature 10 Mar. 464/2 Electro-acoustic measuring techniques. 1959Times 11 Mar. 3/1 Important Position with small American Company open for electro-acoustic technical man. 1970Sci. Jrnl. May 45/2 The obvious first use for the electro-acoustic strip is as a store for signals.
1934Amer. Speech IX. 309/2 A method for measuring small intensities by means of *electro-acoustical apparatus. 1955Gloss. Acoust. Terms (B.S.I.) 17 Electro-acoustical transducer, a transducer which is actuated by energy from an electrical system and supplies energy to an acoustical system or vice versa.
1927*Electro Acoustics [see abstractor]. 1943Endeavour II. 123/2 The term ‘electro-acoustics’, which not only indicates the combination of electrical and mechanical apparatus but also the methods by which masses, restoring forces represented by springs and the like, and mechanical resistance find their analogies in electrical terms.
1903Electr. World & Engin. 28 Mar. 530/2 The difference observed in the *electro-analysis of mercury from a potassium cyanide solution are due to an attack of the platinum disc serving as cathode and to the solubility of platinum in potassium cyanide.
1903Electr. World & Engin. 21 Nov. 853/2 *Electro-analytical methods. 1964R. Johnston in Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 112 The modern electro-analytical techniques.
1890Nature 18 Sept. 502/2 In 1860..I carried on for the Government the first *electro-ballistic experiments made in this country.
1921Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §278 *Electro-brasser..effects electrolytic deposition of brass on better types of finished screws. 1960Classification of Occupations (General Register Office) 30/2 Electro-brasser (screws).
1906Westm. Gaz. 20 Apr. 11/1 The London *Electrobus Company. Ibid. 4 Dec. 6/3 About January..the first of the electrobuses will be placed in regular running.
1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone 287 Lipmann's *electro⁓capillary electrometer.
1904Sci. Amer. 5 Mar. 197/3 The human *electrocardiogram discovered by A. D. Waller. 1927A. V. Hill Living Machinery iii. 117 The second record is a normal ‘electro-cardiogram’ accompanied by a ‘phono-cardiogram’. 1952Electronic Engin. XXIV. 102 The electrical output of the heart, which when recorded is termed the electrocardiogram or E.C.G.
1913Q. Jrnl. Med. VI. 442 The two installations, electro-phonograph and *electro-cardiograph, are arranged side by side. 1927A. V. Hill Living Machinery iii. Pl. xii (caption), String galvanometer (‘electrocardiograph’) as used for recording currents produced by the human heart. 1958Observer 9 Nov. 17/5 With the electrocardiograph one records the electrical activity of the hearts of both child and mother, superimposed on one another.
1910Canad. Jrnl. Med. & Surg. XXVII. 276 As a result of *electrocardiographic work, we can for the first time be perfectly sure that the nature of excitation..in an extra-systole is wholly different from that of the normal heart beat. 1913Lancet 21 June 1784/1 The advances made in the application of electrical methods to the study of the heart are well illustrated in a catalogue..of electro-cardiographic apparatus. 1961Ibid. 22 July 183/2 Electrocardiographic changes often suggest or confirm the presence of an aneurysm, but they do not always agree..with the radiological..evidence.
1910Canad. Jrnl. Med. & Surg. XXVII. 273 (title) *Electrocardiography and electro-phonography as aids in clinical diagnosis. 1957Electronic Engin. XXIX. 132 The striking advances which have been made in electrocardiography in recent years.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 305/2 *Electro-cautery. 1931Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Aug. 650/4 His view that electro⁓cautery..affords permanent relief. 1953Jrnl. Brit. Interplanet. Soc. XII. 235 The behaviour of a normal mouse was contrasted with that of a labyrinthinectomized mouse (i.e., an electrocautery needle had been applied to the horizontal semi-circular canals in the membranous labyrinth of the middle ear).
1807Davy in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 2 Application of the powers of *electro-chemical analysis. 1848H. Watts tr. Gmelin's Hand-bk. Chem. I. 155 The elements succeed one another in the electro-chemical series of Berzelius. 1857[see absolute unit]. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 193/2 Laws of..electro-chemical decomposition. 1883E. Atkinson tr. Mascart & Joubert's Treat. Electr. I. iii. 247 The electromotive force of an electrolyte is equal to the mechanical equivalent of the heat of combination of its electro-chemical equivalent. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics. II. 354/1 Since the ratio of the mass to the charge for a hydrogen ion in solution, i.e. the electro-chemical equivalent of hydrogen, is 1·04×10-4 e.m.u., the mass of the hydrogen atom is given [etc.]. 1943Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. (B.S.I.) 94 Electro-chemical series, a tabular arrangement of the elements in the order of the electrode potential developed when an element is immersed in a solution of normal ionic concentration.
1834[see electrolyzed ppl. a.]. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 330 The quantities of these ions being *electrochemically equivalent. 1946Nature 19 Oct. 548/1 These advances led to the ‘ground’ mine, laid on the sea-bed, operated either magnetically, electro-chemically or acoustically.
1837Ann. Electr., Magnet., & Chem. I. iii, I shall shortly take an opportunity of calling the attention of *electro-chemists to two points. 1885Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Feb. 81 The man skilled in its science [sc. electro-metallurgy] and art may appropriately be styled an electro-chemist.
1814G. J. Singer (title) Elements of electricity and *electro-chemistry. 1829Nat. Philos. II. Electr. i. §2. 1 (Usef. Knowl. Soc.) Electro-Chemistry..one of the connecting branches between remote divisions of the Philosophy of Nature. 1956Nature 28 Jan. 181/2 (heading) Electro-chemistry of stainless steel in sulphuric acid.
1951Analytical Chem. XXIII. 27/2 (caption) Arrangement for formation of *electrochromatogram in paper strip, P, between glass plates.
1951Analytical Chem. XXIII. 30/1 For ions of identical sign, chromatographic sequences are usually identical with *electrochromatographic sequences.
1948Chem. Abstr. XLII. 6703 A new analytical technique, *electrochromatography, in which the adsorption is effected with the aid of an e.m.f., is described. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. III. 97/2 Electrochromatography is especially useful for the examination of ionized substances such as acids, bases, and salts.
1851C. Cist Sk. Cincinnati 302 The invention of the *electro-chronograph by Professor Locke of our city. 1878Newcomb Pop. Astron. ii. ii. 157 The electro-chronograph on which his laps are recorded.
1913Jrnl. Advanced Therapeutics XXXI. 29 *Electro-coagulation is used to destroy the neoplasms of the skin and of the mucous orifices. 1960Surg. Forum X. 439 Positive electrocoagulation is very effective in creating hemostasis in tissues not usually amenable to suture, using currents up to 100 ma.
c1865G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 239/2 *Electro-coating with zinc.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 449/2 This is done..in *electro-contact mines by a circuit closer in the mine. 1903Daily Chron. 25 June 4/3 The relative merits of electro-contact and observation mines.
1952Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Feb. 38 A course of *electroconvulsive therapy..the weakening or breaking up of certain behaviour patterns promoted by affective disturbances. Ibid., If E.C.T. blots out or breaks up the depressive pattern. 1958A. Wilson Middle Age of Mrs. Eliot ii. 251, I hope they don't give your friend E.C.T. If it's a very expensive place they probably won't. But at the hospitals they do. 1965Nursing Times 5 Feb. 188/2 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used in the treatment of both depressive and manic states. 1968Times 8 Nov. 5/8 A new legitimate opportunity for studying human brain function has recently been afforded by the use of electroconvulsive shock treatment, or ECT as a therapy for depressive illness.
1852Joubert in Jrnl. Soc. Arts 26 Nov., One *electro-copper plate has yielded more than 12,000 impressions.
1873E. Spon Workshop Rec. 1st Ser. 212/2 Steel, iron, zinc, lead, and tin which have been previously *electro-coppered.
1954*Electrocortin [see aldosterone]. 1955Sci. News Let. 5 Feb. 82/1 At the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., Dr. Philip S. Hench, co-discoverer of cortisone and Nobel Prize winner, and a number of his associates have been trying out two of the new anti-arthritis drugs. These two are aldosterone, also called electrocortin, and fluorohydrocortisone.
1902Webster Suppl., *Electro-culture. 1917Electrical Rev. 6 July 21/1 Though only just beginning to attract public attention, electro-culture is by no means a new idea. 1932Times 13 May 9/3 Even if electroculture in the vegetable garden were to become common, [etc.].
1965Woodward & Hoffmann in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 20 Jan. 395/1 We define as *electrocyclic transformations the formation of a single bond between the termini of a linear system containing k π-electrons.., and the converse process. Ibid. 5 May 2045/1 The stereochemical course of an electrocyclic ring closure is determined by the symmetry of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the open-chain reactant.
1864Reader 5 Oct. 483/3 For *electro-deposit a large series of depositing cells is required.
1882Nature XXV. 360 An *electro-deposited coating.
c1865G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 239/2 Coating metals..by *electro-deposition.
Ibid. 215/2 Some *electro-depositors use vats..of wrought iron.
1919W. L. Clark in Amer. Jrnl. Electrotherapeutics & Radiology XXXVII. 211 (title) The treatment of some lesions of the skin and mucous membranes by *electrodesiccation. 1926Arch. Dermatol. & Syphilol. XIII. 344 Electrodesiccation..should be evaluated as an additional therapeutic weapon in the hands of the dermatologist. Ibid. 345 Electrodesiccation produces a dehydration of the tissue, with shrinking of the cellular elements. 1962Southern Med. Jrnl. LV. 391/1 Postoperative bleeding was controlled by electrodesiccation under halothane anesthesia.
1921Chem. Abstr. XV. 3983 The Ca is removed by ‘*electrodialysis’. 1959Observer 7 June 10/6 With brackish water it is cheaper to remove the salt from the water. The most promising method of doing this is electro⁓dialysis, which uses an electric charge across sets of special membranes to separate out the salt. 1965New Scientist 4 Nov. 341/1 Electro-dialysis can reduce the acidity of citrus fruits by at least 50 per cent.
1934Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) XXXI. 469 *Electroencephalogram of the cortex in stimulation of the labyrinth. 1936W. G. Walter in Lancet 8 Aug. 305 He [sc. Hans Berger] called the record of this activity..the Electrenkephalogram, abbreviated as ‘EEG’ by analogy with the electrocardiogram—ECG. In English-speaking countries the term has come to be ‘electroencephalogram’. 1969Times 15 Apr. 9/3 Recording the pattern of brain waves, or electroencephalogram..emitted.
1939Times 9 Mar. 11/5 The exhibits included an *electrencephalograph, lately brought from the United States by Dr. Denis Williams. The apparatus is an amplifying device for recording on paper the minute electrical waves from the human brain. 1968Sunday Tel. 28 Jan. 4/4 The donor, Miss Denise Darvell, a motor accident victim, was then given electrocardiograph and electroencephalograph tests on heart and brain.
1951Sci. News Let. 17 Feb. 106/2 The Eastern Association of *Electroencephalographers.
1936W. G. Walter in Lancet 8 Aug. 307/2 This confirmed the *electro-encephalographic diagnosis. 1958Observer 21 Sept. 13/4 Electro-encephalographic recordings of the brain of the unborn child.
1958New Yorker 5 Apr. 74/3 Here was the *electroencephalographist's summary of his findings.
1936W. G. Walter in Lancet 8 Aug. 305 (title) Location of cerebral tumours by *electroencephalography. 1941Beaumont & Dodds Rec. Adv. Med. (ed. 10) xiii. 317 Electro-encephalography..is now accepted as a genuine method of studying electrical changes in the cerebral cortex.
1934Webster, *Electroform, v., *electroforming, n. 1950Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXV. 245/1 The bending fatigue properties were determined for electroformed sheets of iron-nickel. 1954Electronic Engin. XXVI. 325/2 Electroforming..is particularly suited to the production of waveguides and micro-wave equipment. Ibid. 325/3 Copper is the metal most commonly deposited, but *electroforms can be produced with an initial deposit of ·003/·005 in. silver or nickel.
1881C. W. Siemens in Nature XXIII. 353 *Electro-fusion of..iron or platinum.
1837J. S. Coyne Queer Subject i. iii, You shall see me make this subject more by the action of the *Electro-Galvanic Battery. 1847Brett & Little Impr. Electr. Telegr. 13 The nature of electro-galvanic action.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXX. 966/1 *Electrogalvanizing, the electrolytic deposition of a coating of zinc, from sulphate solutions, upon iron articles is now a well-established industry in all the leading manufacturing countries. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 287/1 Electro-galvanising, the electro-deposition of a protective coating of zinc on metal objects.
1935Discovery Nov. 327/2 The organ as a whole resembles a beehive, for the *electrogenic units or elements are grouped in batteries of prismatic form. 1970Nature 28 Feb. 820/1 Electrogenic explanations of ionic pumps have been proposed.
1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf. T. (1865) 14 Men of letters..will not disturb the popular fallacy respecting this or that *electro-gilded celebrity.
c1865G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 227/2 Liquid..for..*electro-gilding.
1871tr. Schellen's Spectr. Anal. §28. 98 Delicate steel parts..have been *electro-gilt.
1956Interavia XI. 373 An *electro-gravitic field acting on all parts simultaneously. Ibid. 374/1 The communication possibilities of *electro-gravitics, as the new science is called, confound the imagination. 1956Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. XV. 387 ‘Electrogravitics’ may revolutionize methods of transport by control of gravity fields. 1960C. H. Gibbs-Smith Aeroplane 296 Electrogravitics, a popular, but increasingly used, term for the general study of gravity and the force it exerts.
1880in Nature XXI. 457 The expense of *electro-horticulture depends mainly upon the cost of mechanical energy.
1922J. W. M. Sothern Marine Diesel Oil Engines xi. 359 In the *electro-hydraulic gear the power unit is placed directly beside the steering gear, and consists of a constant speed, non-reversing electric motor E driving a pump unit. 1966Science 7 Oct. 155/1 Electrohydraulics is a new process for converting electrical energy directly to other forms of energy. It depends upon the discharge of a high-voltage arc under the surface of a liquid medium. Ibid. 157/2 Electrohydraulic treatment is an extremely effective..way to sterilize water and sewage. 1967Jane's Surface Skimmer Systems 18/1 Similar electro-hydraulic signalling and feed-back systems are used to control propeller pitches.
Ibid. 117 (caption) Power is provided by four 850 hp M-50 diesels,..controlled *electro-hydraulically from the forward wheelhouse.
1955E. Burgess Frontier to Space v. 99 This experiment appears to confirm that the equatorial *electrojet does in fact exist..and that it occurs in the E layer. 1956Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. XV. 276 At 100 km. is the E layer in which electrojets flow and which were detected by early Aerobee rockets penetrating into this region.
1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. II. 207 The *Electrokinetic Energy of the system.
1889Electroluminescence [see photoluminescence]. 1902Mann & Millikan tr. Drude's Theory of Optics iii. iii. 540 The sodium light is produced by an electric discharge in a vacuum tube. In this *electro-luminescence the temperature is..lower. 1936Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Feb. 125/3 Electroluminescence, such as is exhibited in neon signs, perhaps shows the way to greater efficiency. 1956Sat. Rev. 6 Oct. 55/1 This new form of light is called electroluminescence. The glow comes from a powdered phosphor..sprayed on the surface of a glass plate... On the side that emits the light the glass is coated..with a transparent stuff that conducts electricity.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Electroluminescence, *electroluminescent. 1956Nature 4 Feb. 240/2 The electro⁓luminescent properties of some zinc sulphide phosphors have been tentatively ascribed to a partial transformation from hexagonal to cubic.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 450/1 *Electro-mechanical mines can be made by placing a voltaic battery inside the mine itself. 1927Observer 22 May 13/1 The national exhibit of hydro-electricity..consists principally of drawings, graphs..which will give an idea.. of the electro-mechanical constructions..in Italy. 1943Gloss. Terms Electr. Engin. (B.S.I.) 135 Electromechanical brake, a brake consisting of friction shoes applied..and released electrically. 1963B. Fozard Instrumentation Nucl. Reactors vii. 72 Where an electro⁓mechanical register is used..care must be taken to ensure that this does not lead to lost counts. 1967Jane's Surface Skimmer Systems 12/1 The craft..is balanced prior to moving off by an electro-mechanical weight shifting arrangement.
1909R. B. Matthews Electr. for Everybody i. ix. 87 (heading) *Electro-medical apparatus. 1961Engineering 2 June 753 The large number of electro⁓medical appliances now in use.
1854Scoffern in Orr's Circ. Sc. Chem. 117 Covering it with a thin layer of gold by the *electrometallurgic process.
c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 302/1 *Electro-metallurgical processes require certain temperatures.
1840Smee (title) Elements of *Electro-metallurgy. 1846Joyce Sc. Dialog. iii. Electr. 412 The whole art of electro-metallurgy..consists in making a good selection of solutions.
1879Du Moncel Telephone 11 The *electro-musical telephones.
1870Holmes Surg. (ed. 2) IV. A peculiar pain, which is called *electro-muscular sensibility.
1917Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. XLII. 229 The undulations seen in the *electromyogram of human muscles in voluntary contraction. 1963Lancet 19 Jan. 152/2 A ‘myopathic’ pattern in the electromyogram can be obtained from a high proportion of carrier females. 1964Amer. Speech XXXIX. 231 Electromyograms of muscular activity are similar for all positions of [f].
1958IRE Trans. Med. Electronics xi. 45 (heading) A new six-channel *electromyograph for studies on muscle.
1923Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXV. 234 (heading) *Electro-myographic studies of muscular fatigue in man. 1951Sci. News XXII. 7 The great advantage of the electromyographic method..is that the activity of the muscles can be studied in the intact individual, practically without any interference whatsoever with the normal modes of posture or movement. 1970Language XLVI. 315 We will present some new electro⁓myographic data obtained from the laryngeal and supra⁓laryngeal muscles during speech.
1928Brain LI. 517 It is possible that the evidence of physiological fatigue could be demonstrated *electromyographically.
1926Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 16 Oct. 1300/1 Work in *electromyography is complicated by variations in the resistance of the body in different individuals. 1949J. F. Fulton Textbk. Physiol. (ed. 16) v. 133 Electromyography, as a convenient method for detection and measurement of neuromuscular disorders, can be used only on the basis of deviation from the known normal patterns of muscular activity. 1950Electronic Engin. XXIV. 43/1 The measurement of phenomena associated with the nervous, cardio-vascular and respiratory systems. This includes..electromyography (E.M.G.). 1951Sci. News XXII. 7 Electrical potentials can be recorded from contracting muscles... This technique is called electromyography. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 340/2 Electromyography of the internal laryngeal muscles has been applied in the diagnosis of laryngeal palsy.
1949Polatin & Philtine How Psychiatry Helps (1951) vi. 168 *Electronarcosis..is a new form of shock therapy for mental diseases. Ibid., The term electronarcosis means, literally, coma or sleep induced by electrical current. Ibid. 169 Results of Electronarcosis Therapy. 1961Times 17 Mar. 19/6 Electrical anaesthesia, or electronarcosis.
1952Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. May 92 Bernberg showed that lengthy *electronarcotic treatment of young rats..impedes their later learning.
1810Henry Elem. Chem. (1826) I. 202 Bodies..attracted by positively electrified surfaces, and repelled by negative ones..may be termed..*electro-negative bodies. 1813Berzelius in Ann. Philos. II. 453 If..an acid or electro-negative oxide is neutralized by a quantity of base or electro-positive oxide. 1834Faraday in Phil. Trans. CXXIV. 79 Substances are frequently spoken of as being electro-negative, or electro-positive, according as they go under the supposed influence of a direct attraction to the positive or negative pole. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 343 The Anion, or the electronegative component. 1968New Scientist 30 May 460/1 Oxygen is one of the most electronegative of elements, having a greater ‘acquisitiveness’ for electrons than most other elements.
1905W. Simon Man. Chem. (ed. 8) ii. viii. 94 Each element in the table below behaves *electro-negatively toward those following, and electro-positively toward those preceding.
1926Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. 3130 A study of the *electronegativity of organic radicals is of much importance from the standpoint of the electronic conception of valence.
1843Graves Clinical Med. xxi. 429 The *electro-nervous theory received a great accession of probability.
1947Carmichael & Dearborn Reading & Visual Fatigue (1948) viii. 266 The term *electro-oculogram..is used to apply to the records traced in ink upon the recording paper... These records are made..by an ink-writing oscillograph which is actuated by amplified currents originating in electrodes placed about the orbits of the eyes.
1951Arch. Ophthalmology XLV. 185 There remains much that could be investigated using the *electro-oculograph as an instrument of research.
1955Brit. Jrnl. Ophthalmology XXXIX. 398 This recorded *electro-oculographic response (EOG) depends on the angle and speed at which the globe rotates.
1958Amer. Jrnl. Ophthalmology XLV. 158/2 In 25 subjects with unilateral amblyopia there was uncertain fixation which is..*electrooculographically demonstrable.
1951Arch. Ophthalmology XLV. 184 Many optimistic predictions or suggestions have been made for the future of *electro-oculography in visual research.
1879Telegr. Jrnl. VII. 306/2 (title) *Electro-optic properties of liquids.
1906Westm. Gaz. 20 Sept. 2/1 Lorentz made an *electro-optical model which led Zeeman to recognise the action of a magnetic field on the lines of the spectrum. 1963G. Troup Masers & Lasers (ed. 2) ix. 162 Optical modulation techniques, using electro- and magneto-optical methods.
1906Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 15 Feb. 127/2 (heading) Water and juices from mineral, animal and vegetable substances; continuous process for extracting—by *electro-osmosis. 1944S. Field Princ. Electro-deposition xx. 279 This motion of the dispersion medium is known as electro-osmosis. 1962New Scientist 15 Mar. 630 Electro-osmosis..is the flow of liquid through the pores in a membrane under the influence of an electric field.
1907Chem. Abstr. I. 2206 The solid constituents remain as separate as in mixtures such as sand, clay, and lime, the *electrosmotic components separating readily while the non-electrosmotic components remain in the liquid. 1946Nature 10 Aug. 205/1 The variations of speed [of colloidal particles]..are due to electro-osmotic currents. 1969Times 30 July 10/6 The electrical method of damp-proofing is known as electro-osmotic damp-proofing.
1907Chem. Abstr. I. 2651 Any substances that do not wander *electro-osmotically remain in the liquid. 1942S. Glasstone Introd. Electrochem. xvi. 527 The volume v of liquid transported electro-osmotically per second.
1941E. D. Hughes in Trans. Faraday Soc. XXXVII. 605 The substituting agent uses its electrons to attack the nucleus..or..its nucleus to combine with the electrons... The latter [type of substituting agent is termed] ‘*electrophilic’, and we name the substitution processes accordingly. 1964J. W. Linnett Electronic Struct. Molecules vi. 92 The most common type of reagent that attacks an aromatic system is an electrophilic one.
1959Halas & Manvell Technique Film Animation 338 *Electro-photographic transfer, the photographic recording of pictures projected electrically, as through the cathode ray tube of television. 1967E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset xiv. 205 The electro⁓photographic system..is described.
1894E. L. Wilson Cycl. Photogr. 138/1 *Electro-Photography, the production of photographs by means of electricity, or electric light. 1944Electronic Engin. XVII. 145/2 (title) Electro⁓photography..a new system of producing photographic prints by electronic action.
1948Science 29 Oct. 482/1 (heading) *Electrophrenic Respiration... A new type of artificial respiration has been developed which uses electrical stimulation of one or both phrenic nerves.
1939Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 260 Hartline's *electrophysiological studies of nerve impulses in the vertebrate eye. 1962Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 9 Mar. 786/1 An electro-physiological study of the way in which the bee discriminates the visual patterns which are known to be of importance in its normal life.
1889Cent. Dict., *Electro-physiologist. 1948Mind LVII. 245 In the book before us [by Adrian] we have renewed proof of the debt owed by the modern student of nerve and brain to the electro-physiologist.
1838Ann. Electr., Magn., & Chem. II. 228 Mr. Leithead's late work on *electro-physiology. 1881W. Spottiswoode in Nature XXV. 118 The..prospects of electro-physiology. 1945Electronic Engin. XVII. 564 In electrophysiology it is becoming increasingly important for workers to familiarise themselves with quantitative procedures such as wave analysis.
1950Jrnl. Mental Sci. XCVI. 514 (title) ‘Regressive’ *electroplexy in schizophrenics. Ibid. 520 In the light of our experiences we have discontinued the use of ‘regressive’ electroplexy. 1958Sunday Times 6 July 10/5 Before the days of Electro⁓plexy (electrical shock treatment). 1965J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatment iv. 50 Electro-convulsive treatment (E.C.T.) also referred to as electro-shock treatment (E.S.T.) or electroplexy is still the most rapid and effective treatment.
1899Daily News 1 July 4/5 This Westinghouse *electro-pneumatic signalling plant. 1933Discovery Feb. 65/2 A novel electro-pneumatic system of synchronizing the changing of the two gears has been evolved in the latest models with outstanding success.
1870F. L. Pope Electr. Tel. i. (1872) 17 This modification of the Grove battery is sometimes called the *Electropoion battery.
1956Electronic Engin. XXVIII. 484/2 The losses produced by *electropolished copper wires left out-of-doors for several months increased by 40 per cent.
1813,1834*Electro-positive [see electro-negative]. 1850Daubeny Atom. The. vii. (ed. 2) 205 Chlorine, an electro-negative body, takes the place of hydrogen, an electro-positive one. 1883Chamb. Jrnl. 1 Dec. 765/1 Tin is..electro-positive to iron. 1967C. W. Davies Electrochemistry xii. 139 Metals like cadmium, zinc or sodium, which tend to liberate hydrogen from acids, are often called electro-positive... The term ‘electro-positive’ implies that the metal has a relatively strong tendency to ionize as a positive ion.
1905*Electro-positively [see electro-negatively]. 1955Chem. Abstr. 7303 (heading) *Electropositivities of iodine.
c1865G. Gore in Circ. Sc. I. 233/2 Taking copies..by the *electro-process.
1871Holmes Surg. (ed. 2) V. 528 *Electro-puncture is nothing more than the application of a galvanic current to the tissues included between two acupuncture needles.
1927Chem. Absr. 57 (heading) The preparation of amino acids by *electroreduction of oximino esters. 1946Nature 16 Nov. 706/1 The irreversible electro⁓reduction of each compound involves two electrons per molecule.
1936Amer. Jrnl. Physiology CXVII. 338 Certain visual phenomena can be recorded not only from the eyeball itself in the usual *electro-retinogram, but from other stations in the optic pathway such as the optic nerve. 1951Electronic Engin. May 170/1 An electro-retinogram is the voltage change generated by the retina in response to a flash of light falling on the eye. Ibid., The amplifier..has been used..for recording human and animal electro⁓retinograms. 1964J. Z. Young Model of Brain vii. 118 The electro-retinogram produced by a moving spot of light changes with the direction of movement.
1948Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Dec. 80 Experiments on the *electro⁓retinography of various animals.
1944Dorland's Med. Dict. 486/2 *Electroshock, shock treatment by applying electric current to the brain. 1955Sci. News Let. 29 Jan. 73/1 Electroshock treatment of the mentally ill can be ‘softened’..by a new drug, succinyl-choline chloride.
1879F. W. Robinson Coward Conscience II. ii. xxi. 160 Dish-covers..radiant with *electro-silver. 1884R. Jefferies Dewy Morn I. xxv. 282 For all their silver and electro ‘the family’ went to London.
1959Metalworking Production 29 May 950 (heading) *Electro-slag welding comes to UK. Ibid. 950/1 A molten pool of highly-ionized and consequently electrically conductive slag which transfers the heat instead of the arc itself—therein lies the secret of the ‘electro-slag’ welding technique. 1966New Scientist 7 July 6/2 Electro-slag refining..is what the steelmaker calls a secondary refining process—one, that is, which refines an ingot of steel to higher standard of purity and structural perfection.
1953Confinia Neurologica XIII. 300 (title) Physiodynamic differentiation with non-convulsive *electrostimulation. Ibid. 301 My preference as to order of therapeutic priority based on safety, psychodynamic productivity and economy is as follows: carbon dioxide therapy has first priority unless there are specific contraindications, then non-convulsive electrostimulation (E.S., nc.), then convulsive electrostimulation (E.C.T.). 1969Nature 9 Aug. 645/2 It is difficult to compare precisely the various forces produced by electrostimulation with those obtained when the subject volitionally tried to isolate and drive the same muscle groups.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Electrostriction. 1942E. B. Uvarov Dict. Sci. 66 Electrostriction, state caused in a solution of an electrolyte by forces of attraction and repulsion between charged ions, giving rise to decreased mobility.
1956Electronic Engin. XXVIII. 132/3 The distinction between piezostrictive (linear) and *electrostrictive (square-law, etc.) response to applied field. 1957Sci. News XLIV. 98 For ultrasonic vibrations magnetostrictive, piezo-electric, and electrostrictive vibration generators are used. These convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa.
1898H. W. F. Lorenz tr. W. Löb (title) Electrolysis and *electro⁓synthesis of organic compounds. 1965New Scientist 23 Dec. 877/1 The application of large scale potentiostats in..electrosynthesis and electrorefining,—particularly in organic and molten salt solvents.
1843W. Grove Contrib. Sc. in Corr. Phys. Forces (1874) 273 *Electro-synthetic absorption of nitrogen..Capable of *electro-synthetically combining.
1900R. Pearl in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. IV. 122 He [sc. Carlgren] does not attempt to make the cataphoric action the cause of all *electrotactic phenomena.
1900R. Pearl in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. IV. 96 Nearly all of the work on *electrotaxis among the Protozoa has been done either to determine the sense of reaction..or to analyze the effect of the current on protoplasm. 1968Biol. Abstr. XLIX. 2347/2 The collection of the active zoospore by electrotaxis was not successful.
1885Pall Mall G. 18 June 11/2 The recent developments of practical electricity and *electro⁓technology.
1843Chamb. Jrnl. XII. 128 Communications may be transmitted with *electro-telegraphic speed. c1865J. Wylde in Circ. Sc. I. 258/2 The voltaic battery in *electro-telegraphy.
1908Practitioner Oct. 609 The other sections, namely, Dermatological, *Electro-therapeutical, Epidemiological. 1909Ibid. Dec. 870 The Electro-therapeutical Department, West London Hospital.
1868W. James in N. Amer. Rev. CVII. 326 The ‘laws’ of nerve and muscle electricity..have not..furnished a single hint even towards *electro-therapeutics. 1887J. Butler (title) Text-book of Electro-Therapeutics, etc.
1899Westm. Gaz. 19 July 10/1 Oculists, and *electro-therapeutists. 1928Sunday Dispatch 23 Dec. 5/6 Even Grosvenor-street having a dressmaker and an electro⁓therapeutist. 1928Daily Express 16 May 7 An electro⁓therapist.
1881Nature XXIV. 351 A new and effective method of treating disease—*electrotherapy.
1884W. Thomson in Pract. Applications Electr. 174 Joule's *electro-thermal method. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 123/2 In 1885 the brothers Cowles patented a process for the electrothermal reduction of oxidized ores. 1961Engineering 10 Nov. 611 A new non-explosive process for breaking rock has been studied by the United States General Electric Company. The process is known as electrothermal forcing.
1899Engineering Mag. June 495/1 *Electrothermic methods have been in use for a number of years in connection with the production of aluminium, sodium, [etc.]. 1959Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXCI. 197/2 Results of electro⁓thermic smelting tests carried out on these ores.
1889Cent. Dict., *Electrotin v. 1944Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXLIX. 152 P, It was understood from results of American experience in the use of *electro-tinned strip that steel electroplated with 6–8 oz. of tin per basis box..could be made into cans..without difficulty. 1937Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXXXVI. 27 A, It appeared that in the acid bath, speeds of *electro-tinning comparable with those used for hot-tinning are feasible.
1945Hoare & Hedges Tinplate xii. 256 *Electro-tinplate is a new material, the full scope of which is as yet untried.
1942Iron & Steel Engineer Feb. 90/1 The importance of the matter of *electro-tin plating of steel strip stems from the magnitude of the tin plate industry.
1842J. Sampson (title) *Electro-tint, or the Art of making paintings in such a manner that copper Plates and ‘Blocks’ can be taken from them by Voltaic Electricity.
[1898H. C. Porter tr. Strasburger's Text-bk. Bot. 263 The existence of electropism in plants shows clearly that an irritability may be present, from which no direct benefit is ordinarily derived.] 1907R. J. H. Gibson tr. Jost's Lect. Plant Physiol. xxxi. 481 Hegler..established negative *electrotropism in Phycomyces. 1965Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. iii. 374 Roots and shoots behave inversely.., roots bending towards the side which becomes positively charged, and shoots away from it (electrotropism).
1921I. Langmuir in Science LIV. 61/1 We shall see that the positive and negative valence differ from one another fundamentally only in algebraic sign, so that we shall find it convenient to include both positive and negative valence under the term *electrovalence, which we may designate by the symbol ve. Ibid. 61/2 The electrovalence of an atom in any compound may thus be defined as the number of electrons which the neutral atom must give up in forming that compound.
1923Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CXXIII. 822 Whilst a single bond may be either a covalency or an *electrovalency, a double bond in organic chemistry usually reacts as if it contained one covalency and one electrovalency. 1927N. V. Sidgwick Electronic Theory Valency 84 Covalencies, unlike electrovalencies, are directed forces. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. ii. 23 Atoms bound by this type of valency must remain in close proximity..and there is no question of their leading separate existences, as do the ions in electrovalency.
1927N. V. Sidgwick Electronic Theory Valency 83 The electronic structure which we assign to an atom in a molecule depends on whether we regard its attachments to other atoms as *electrovalent or covalent. 1947Nature 18 Jan. 100/2 The long-chain molecules of which collagen fibres are composed are mainly held together by lateral bondings of an electro⁓valent character. 1950Sci. News XV. 58 The whole thing is held together by the fact that it is made up of mutually attracting particles..the ionic or electrovalent link, as it is called.
1936Chem. Abstr. XXX. 6621 (heading) The theory of *electroviscosity. 1941Jrnl. Phys. Chem. XLV. 953 The electroviscosity accounts for 59 per cent of the specific viscosity in a 1 per cent calcium caseinate system.
1935Chem. Abstr. XXIX. 4236 (heading) The effect of an electric field on the viscosity of colloidal solutions. I. The external *electroviscous effect. 1967New Scientist 30 Mar. 666/1 (caption) Apparent viscosity of a typical electroviscous dispersion varies directly with the strength of the applied electric field, and inversely with the shear rate.
1843Graves Clinical Med. xxi. 432 *Electro-vital or neuro⁓electric currents.
1934Webster, *Electrowin, v. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 291/1 *Electro-winning. 1961Times 13 Apr. 2/4 The fields of mining..electrowinning and refining. 1967New Scientist 5 Oct. 21/1 If we extend the generally understood meaning of the term ‘electro-winning’ to include the electrochemical recovery not only of metals, but of all elemental substances from aluminium to chlorine. Ibid. 23/1 Aqueous electrowinning processes mostly take place in acid electrolytes.
Add:[a.] eˌlectro-ˈacuˌpuncture Med., acupuncture in which electrically stimulated needles are used.
1972Science 7 Jan. 21 The only anesthetic was *electroacupuncture—a new application of the ancient technique. 1981Brit. Med. Jrnl. 19 Sept. 747/1 A group of patients with recurrent pain received low-frequency electroacupuncture. 1985Neurochem. Res. X. 251 Electroacupuncture (EA) has been used for the amelioration of pain.
electroˈchromic a. Physics, pertaining to or utilizing electrochromism; spec. designating a form of display device which uses this effect.
1961J. R. Platt in Jrnl. Chem. Physics XXXIV. 862/1 *Electrochromic effects are expected in conjugated organic dyes of the dipolar linear-chain type. 1974Physics Bull. Aug. 344/3 Liquid crystal, electrophoretic and electrochromic devices are of primary interest in passive presentation applications (displays which modulate ambient light). 1988Times 7 Apr. 5/2 Professor Mino has found a way of producing ‘electro-chromic’ glass, where colour and transparency can be altered electrically.
electroˈchromism Physics, a change in the colour of a dye as a result of the Stark effect.
1961J. R. Platt in Jrnl. Chem. Physics XXXIV. 862/1 Theoretical considerations suggest that the absorption and emission spectra of certain dyes may be shifted by hundreds of angstroms upon application of a strong electric field. This effect could be called ‘*electrochromism’, in analogy to ‘thermochromism’ and ‘photochromism’. 1969Chem. Physics Lett. III. 508/2 Electrochromism was observed as the change in light intensity produced by a 500 Hz sinusoidal voltage applied to the sample electrodes.
eˌlectroˈdermal a. Physiol., of or pertaining to the electrical properties of the skin.
1940Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 212 We must approach the *electrodermal response with due caution. 1984Nature 30 Aug. 718/2 Dr Reinhold Voll,..the inventor of ‘electrodermal diagnosis’ (EDD).
eˈlectrofish v. trans., to fish (a stretch of water) by means of electrofishing.
1956Canad. Fish Culturist No. 19. 2 Every foot of the stream bed was thoroughly *electro-fished. 1979Angling July 55/1 A section of the Kennet..had been electro-fished during the close Season with the removal of many of the pike.
eˈlectrofishing vbl. n., the use of electricity to catch fish, either by electrocution or by attracting them with a weak electrical field.
1950Canad. Fish Culturist No. 9. 5 *Electrofishing resembles seining in that it is dependent on the use of nets. 1968Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 20 Feb. 663/1 An electrofishing fence of the bottom cable type for electrically fencing fishing waters. 1978Nature 3 Aug. 470/1 Bass were collected primarily by angling or electrofishing. 1988New Scientist 16 June 68/2 (caption) Electrofishing revealed the strong cyclical swing in the population of roaches.
electroˈfocusing = isoelectric focusing s.v. *isoelectric a. 2 b.
1968Science Tools XV. 17 (heading) Gel *electrofocusing—A technique for analyzing multiple protein samples by isoelectric focusing. 1976Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 93 The complexity of the structure of the Neurospora G6P dehydrogenase is also indicated from electrophoretic and electrofocusing experiments.
eˌlectrogasdyˈnamic a., pertaining to or involving the transport of charged particles through an electric field by a current of gas, or the generation of electricity by this means.
1967World Bk. Year Bk. 330 The U.S. Department of the Interior granted $680,500..to demonstrate the feasibility of transforming coal directly into cheaply transmittable electricity at the mine by using *electrogasdynamic (EGD) generators. 1972Physics Bull. Oct. 591/1 Electrogasdynamic (egd) refrigeration is a novel technique for producing low temperatures. One of its principal characteristics is the fact that it requires no low temperature moving parts. 1979tr. Denison & Nagornyi in Russ. Engin. Jrnl. LIX. xi. 53/1 Fundamentals in the design of the new electrohydraulic and electrogasdynamic automatic devices.
eˌlectrogasdyˈnamics n. pl. (const. as sing.), the branch of technology concerned with electrogasdynamic phenomena and devices.
1967New Scientist 23 Mar. 615 (heading) ‘*Electrogasdynamics’, as the technique is called, promises a simple source of high-voltage direct current that may prove to have considerable commercial value. 1978Oil & Gas Jrnl. 22 May 73/2 He worked for two years conducting R&D in the field of electrogasdynamics.
electro-optic(al a.: hence eˌlectro-ˈoptically adv.
1909Webster 708/2 *Electro-optically. 1969Appl. Optics VIII. 1397/2 An electrooptically controlled window has been made which comprises a flat cell with a dipolar fluid layer between transparent conducting sheets. 1979Sci. Amer. Jan. 62/1 The electro-optically induced change in the refractive index causes the wave velocity in that waveguide to change slightly.
electro-reception Zool., the detection of electric fields or currents by physiological means.
1970Ann. Rev. Physiol. XXXII. 521 The role of the CNS in *electroreception is largely unexplored. 1985R. G. Bailey in Banister & Campbell Encycl. Underwater Life 43/2 There are electro-reception centers in part of the enlarged cerebellum of the brain (giving mormyrids the largest brains to be found among lower vertebrate animals).
b. Designating varieties of popular music characterized by the use of electronically created sounds, esp. in electro-beat, electro-funk, electro-pop. See also *electro n. 2.
1971Sunday Times 2 May 35 The first part [of the ballet] has electromusic by Arne Nordheim. 1981N.Y. Times 23 Jan. c15/4 The music these bands play is called electro-pop, but Mr. Vega doesn't like it very much. 1982Maclean's Mag. 29 Mar. 66/2 Pianist Herbie Hancock..played a sterling set totally unlike his tarted-up electro-funk of recent years. 1984Dance Theatre Jrnl. May 14/4 Starting with square dancing, but it's really electro-bop. 1984Listener 5 July 25/3 Roland Perry's work..could be pigeon-holed into a new genre of 1984 electro-disco political analysis. 1985P. Booth Palm Beach (1986) iv. 85 Hungrily, the tape recorders lapped up the slashing rhythm of the electrobeat music.
Add:[a.] eˌlectronyˈstagmogram n., an image obtained by electronystagmography.
1967Acta Oto-Laryngol. Suppl. ccxxiv. 391 We were unable to show that enucleation of one eye produced any significant changes in the *electronystagmogram. 1993Clin. Electroencephalogr. XXIV. 151/1 For many years the main clinical test of vestibular function has been the electronystagmogram.
eˌlectronystagˈmography n. Med., the electroencephalographic recording of eye movement, as a diagnostic and evaluative tool.
1929I. L. Meyers in Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry XXI. 901 (heading) *Electronystagmography. A graphic study of the action currents in nystagmus. 1964Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. LXXXIII. 531 (heading) Electro-nystagmography and its uses in the study of spontaneous nystagmus. 1975Year Bk. Ear, Nose & Throat 22 Eye movements were recorded by electronystagmography. 1989Clin. Otolaryngol. XIV. 343/1 Electronystagmography (ENG), the method differing considerably between laboratories, has been widely used in the examination of dizzy patients since the 1950s.
hence eˌlectronystagmoˈgraphic a.; eˌlectronystagmoˈgraphically adv.
1964Trans. Ophthalm. Soc. LXXXIII. 555 *Electro-nystagmographic findings. 1975Year Bk. Ear, Nose & Throat 21 Nystagmus was recorded *electronystagmographically with the patient supine and in both lateral positions. |