| 释义 |
▪ I. effect, n.|ɛˈfɛkt|
Also 6 Sc. effeck.
[a. OF. effect (F. effet), ad. L. effectus, n. of action f. efficĕre to work out, accomplish, f. ex- out + făcĕre to make.]
1. a. Something accomplished, caused, or produced; a result, consequence. Correlative with cause.
c1391Chaucer Astrol. i. §21 The planetes..causen us by hir influence..effectes lik to the operaciouns of bestes. 1485Caxton Paris & V. (1868) 6 Thy enterpryse came to none effect. 1572Jones Bathes of Bathes Ayde iii. 22 a, Cause of sicknesse is that unto which any thing followeth, which is named effecte. 1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet., The Effect, is that which is brought to passe by the Cause. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. 4 Contrivances..that are the Effect of a great deal of Study. 1736Butler Anal. i. i. Wks. 1874 I. 16 We know not at all what death is in itself; but only some of its effects. 1751Harris Hermes (1841) 119 Nature begins from causes, and thence descends to effects. 1831R. Blakey Free Will 198 We..give the name of cause to that event which precedes, and the name of effect to that event which follows in the order of time. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 485 The beneficial effects of their interposition had given shelter and security to private trade.
b. collective and abstr. Results in general; the quality of producing a result, efficacy. Phrases, with effect, of no († none) effect.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 620 Thing that beryth more effect. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxv. 30 This ordynaunce..was of lytell effect. 1538Starkey England 15 Thys law [i.e. civil law] takyth effecte of the opynyon of man. 1555Eden Decades W. Ind. i. ix. (Arb.) 99 Whose perfume is of most excellent effect to heale the reumes. 1611Bible Mark vii. 13 Making the word of God of none effect through your tradition. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 865 This Tree is..of Divine effect To open Eyes. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. I. iv. 341 A law was made..but it had little effect. 1809Roland Fencing 115 You may..throw his foil at a sufficient distance..to enable you to deliver a thrust with effect. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. III. x. viii. 288 Respectful message to his Majesty was of no effect.
c. Mechanics. The amount of work done in a given time. useful effect: the net result, after making deductions for loss from friction, etc.
1812–6Playfair Nat. Phil. (1819) I. 111 The effect of animal force, then, or the quantity of work done in a given time will be proportional. 1871B. Stewart Heat §389 An agent for generating mechanical effect.
d. Any of various phenomena of physical science, e.g. those connected with electric currents, usually named after the first discoverer or describer of the appearance. See also Doppler, Einstein, Faraday, Zeeman.
1881S. P. Thompson Elem. Less. Electr. & Magn. 343 This phenomenon of heating (or cooling) by a current, where it crosses the junction of two dissimilar metals (known as the ‘Peltier effect’, to distinguish it from the ordinary heating of a circuit where it offers a resistance to the current, which is sometimes called the ‘Joule effect’). Ibid. 346 This effect, known as the Thomson effect from its discoverer Sir W. Thomson, is opposite in iron to what it is in copper or zinc. 1894Ibid. 563 Kerr's Effect. Dr. Kerr showed in 1877 that a ray of polarized light is also rotated when reflected at the surface of a magnet or electromagnet.
e. Psychol. (See quots.)
1905E. L. Thorndike Elem. Psychol. (1907) x. 166 This law..[of acquired connections] might be stated..as follows. (1) The line of least resistance is,..that resulting in the greatest satisfaction to the animal... We may call (1) the Law of Effect. 1922R. S. Woodworth Psychol. 392 The law of effect, stated as objectively as possible, is simply that the successful or unsuccessful outcome or effect of a reaction determines whether it shall become firmly linked with the stimulus, or detached from the stimulus and thus eliminated. 1929Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 683/1 The so-called ‘Law of Effect’,..which refers..more particularly to the acquisition of skill, and to the formation of habit. 1951J. C. Flugel Hundred Years Psychol. (ed. 2) ii. ii. 83 Thorndike and others owe to Bain the first clear formulation of what later became known as the ‘law of effect’ (the ‘stamping in’ of movements under the influence of pleasure).
2.
†a. A contemplated result, a purpose; chiefly in phrases, to this or that effect, to the effect that (obs.).
b. In the same phrases: Purport; drift, tenor, essential significance.
c1386Chaucer Merch. T. 153 And for hise freendes on a day he sente To tellen hem theffect of his entente. 14..Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1866) 50 Theffect of whych was thus in dede. 1513Douglas æneis vi. ii. 131 Ane othir goldin grane to the ilk effect Thow sall nocht mis. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 283 Cask. He spoke Greeke. Cassi. To what effect? 1652Wadsworth tr. Sandoval's Civ. Wars Spain 287 Hee incharged the same Don Pedro..to go and surprise the said Souldiers, giving him two hundred hors and five hundred Foot to that effect. 1818Cruise Digest II. 17 A subsequent proviso was added to that effect. 1872Morley Voltaire (1886) 157 The famous reviewer's sentence..to the effect that, etc.
†3.
a. An outward manifestation, sign, token, symptom; an appearance, phenomenon. Obs.
c1450Why can't be Nun 67 in E.E.P. (1862) 140 In a gardyne I sportyd me..to see The swete effecte of aprelle flowres. 1593Hooker Eccl. Pol. i. ii, His wisdome hath stinted the effects of his power. 1599Shakes. Much Ado ii. iii. 112 What effects of passion shows she? 1656Cowley Pind. Odes (1669) 22 note, No natural effect gives such impressions of Divine fear, as Thunder.
b. A (pleasing or remarkable) combination of colour or form in a picture, a landscape, etc. Also of music (see also quot. 1938). Cf. 6.
1870Porcupine 19 Mar. 492/3 The other perfectly unique ‘Spohr effects’ produced during the performance of this cantata. 1884Ruskin Art of Eng. 222 The old water-colour men were wont to obtain their effects of atmosphere by, etc. a1891Mod. The reflexion of the trees in the brook is a very pretty effect. Here's a painter with his sketch-book hunting for ‘effects’. 1938Oxf. Compan. Mus. 285/1, Effects, a term used in dance-band parlance..for imitative instruments such as various forms of whistle and anvil, baby cry..whip crack, &c. 1955Keepnews & Grauer Pictorial Hist. Jazz ii. 19 They went in for cowbells and other dubious ‘novelty’ effects.
c. (Cf. stage-effect, sound-effect.) Now usu. in pl.: the various aids and contrivances (appropriate ‘noises off’, lighting, etc.) used to accompany and vivify the production of plays, films, or broadcasts. Also attrib., as in effects studio, effects microphone, etc.
1881P. Fitzgerald World behind Scenes i. 46 Few pieces excited more mysterious interest on its first production than the spectral effect in the drama. Ibid. 70 One of the most startling and successful effects was given in a revival of ‘Sardanapalus’... In the midst of the banqueting, a thunderbolt descended. 1911C. N. Bennett et al. Handbk. Kinematogr. ix. 69 We append a table of well-known tinting effects... Moonlight effect,..candle light and lamp light effects,..firelight effect. 1914E. A. Dench Playwriting for Cinema xviii. 78 Lighting effects often present a difficulty. 1928B.B.C. Handbk. 268/2 Effects Studio, a studio in which the noise effects incidental to a transmission are made. 1933A. Brunel Filmcraft 217 Salaries..wages..set-building materials..costumes..properties, laboratory charges, trick effects. 1941B.B.C. Gloss. Broadc. Terms 10 Effects, sounds characteristic of a scene or incidental to an event, either produced artificially in order to create illusion (e.g. in a dramatic broadcast) or occurring naturally (e.g. in an outside broadcast); sound effects. Hence effects microphone, microphone specially placed to pick up such sounds. 1950T. S. Eliot Cocktail Party 40 She has simply faded—into some other picture—Like a film effect. 1951N. Marsh Opening Night iv. 98 A stage-hand..carried an effects-gun. This was fired at the appropriate moment. 1961K. Reisz Technique Film Editing (ed. 9) 279 Effects track, soundtrack of sound effects other than speech and music.
†4.
a. Something which is attained or acquired by an action. Obs.
1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iii. 54, I am still possest Of those effects for which I did the Murther.
b. pl. ‘Goods and chattels’, movable property. personal effects: personal luggage as distinguished from merchandise, etc. Also with wider meaning in phrase no effects: written by bankers on dishonoured cheques when the drawer has no funds in the bank; also, to leave no effects: to leave nothing for one's heirs.
1704J. Logan Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 290 The effects of their plantations will scarce buy them clothes. 1711–14Addison Spect. (J.), The Emperour knew that they could not convey away many of their Effects. 1843Thackeray Ravenswing v. (1887) 196 The bankers declined to cash the Captain's draft..simply writing the words ‘No effects’ on the paper. Mod. Sale of household effects. The contents of the trunks were insured as ‘personal effects’. He died leaving no effects.
5. a. Operative influence; a mode or degree of operation on an object.
1668Phil. Trans. I. 635 What Effects are thereby produced upon the body. 1831Brewster Nat. Magic. vi. (1833) 149 It will act like a concave lens when the cooling effect has reached the axis. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 104 Speeches which will have an effect upon the courts. 1883Harper's Mag. Sept. 562/1 The effects which the demand for aboriginality..had upon the race of builders.
b. The state or fact of being operative. to give effect to: to render operative. to take effect: to become operative: to prove successful; (of a law, an agreement, etc.) to come into force (from a certain date).
1771Goldsmith Hist. Eng. ii. 62 The stratagem took effect; the English..began to fly on all sides. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 529 The Administration was willing to give effect..to the arrangements. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 545 Eadward's grant was not to take effect till after the death of ælfwine.
6. The impression produced on a beholder, hearer, or reader, esp. by a work of art or literature; sometimes = general effect, the impression produced by a picture, building, etc., viewed as a whole. for effect: for the sake of creating a telling impression on the minds of spectators or hearers.
1736Butler Anal. ii. iii. 328 What they call the effect in architecture. 1824J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. II. 347 He who writes for effect..must address himself to the prevalent feeling. 1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi i. (1870) 16 With a view..to poetical effect. 1869Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 219 His [Shelley's] aim is rather to render the effect of a thing than the thing itself. Mod. His whole behaviour and conversation are calculated for effect.
7. a. Accomplishment, fulfilment. Now only in phrases, to bring to effect, carry into effect: to accomplish, bring to a successful issue; to put into effect: to accomplish, to realize.
1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 389/1 Who someuer shal..calle me that he may haue..theffecte of his requeste & prayer. 1538Starkey England 195, I thynke hyt schold be veray hard to bryng thys to effect. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. i. i. 50 Losing..the faire effects of future hopes. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1621) 177 What he tooke in hand, he..brought to good effect. 1638R. Brathwait Hist. Surv. (1651) 403 Never bringing their designes to effect. 1705Col. Rec. Penn. II. 208 The only means to bring all happily to effect. 1709Swift Adv. Relig. Wks. 1755 II. i. 111 The proposals are..such as a pious active prince..might soon bring to effect. 1936Discovery Sept. 296/1 A tireless film director who was forever having ideas and would not rest until they were put into effect successfully.
†b. Practical reality, fact, as opposed to name or appearance: see 8. Obs.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. v. iii. 109 Meere words..Th' effect doth operate another way. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. (1849) III. 545 He should depart only with a title, the effect whereof he should not be possessed of, before he had very well deserved it.
8. in effect: formerly = in fact, in reality, opposed to in show, in words. In mod. use, virtually, substantially, so far as the result is concerned (see senses 1, 2).
1588R. Parke tr. Mendoza's Hist. China 243 With pretence to depart from thence vnto China, as in effect they did. a1600Hooker (J.) In shew, a..senate..was to govern, but in effect one only man should..do all in all. 1626Bacon Sylva (J.), No man, in effect, doth accompany, but he learneth, ere he is aware, some gesture, or voice, or fashion. a1668Denham (J.) State and Wealth..is to him..No other in effect than what it seems. a1719Addison (J.) To say of a celebrated piece that there are faults in it, is, in effect, to say that the author of it is a man. 1804H. T. Colebrooke Husbandry Bengal (1806) 37 The duties are paid..by the purchaser; but the charge in effect falls upon the importer. Mod. The two methods are in effect identical. He was, in effect, accused of falsehood. I cannot tell you what he said, but in effect it was that he, etc.
9. [After Fr. effet.] (See quot.)
1738Chambers Cycl., Effect in the manage, is applied to the movements of the hand which direct the horse. They distinguish four effects,..viz. in using the bridle to put a horse forwards, draw him backwards, and shifting it out of the right hand into the left, and vice versa.
▸ Music. A reproduction of a musical sound, created by a synthesizer; an alteration of the sound of a musical instrument (or sometimes a voice) in recording or performance, created by an electronic device (freq. attrib., denoting such a device). Chiefly in pl.
1955N.Y. Times 6 Feb. e9/6 In the R.C.A. synthesizer..special musical effects for each tiny increment in a musical passage are dialed into electronic circuits. 1969Guitar Player Dec. 42/2 The Acoustic Reverberato is the first unit to be offered in the Acoustic accessory line. Features include a moderate true reverberation effect, three positions of tape echo delay..and a treble booster. 1978Contemp. Keyboard Jan. 52/2 It's possible for the synthesist to add vibrato or other effects. 1989Music Technol. Oct. 33/3 Then you learn:..panning, mixing and effects; reverb and delay effects. 1996P. Trynka Rock Hardware Gloss. 139/3 Fuzz, crude distortion effect caused by clipping of an overloaded signal; commonly produced using guitar footpedal effects boxes. 2001M. Azerrad Our Band could be your Life x. 366 A whole wave of English groups, dubbed ‘shoegazer bands’, sprang up in their wake, playing folk chords through phalanxes of effects pedals to make swirling, deafening music.
▪ II. effect, v.|ɛˈfɛkt|
[f. prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To bring about (an event, a result); to accomplish (an intention, a desire).
The existence of obstacles or difficulties is, in mod. use, ordinarily implied in this sense of the vb.
1589Warner Alb. Eng. vi. xxxi. (1612) 154 And nothing else I did affect but to effect my sute. 1593Shakes. 3 Hen. VI, ii. vi. 98 Ile crosse the Sea To effect this marriage. 1635Quarles Embl. i. vi. (1718) 25 Let wit, and all her studied plots effect The best they can. 1718Free-thinker No. 90. 244 At first they only wish to be secure; that effected, they endeavour to grow Powerful. 1792Anec. W. Pitt III. xliv. 196 Peace..would never be effected. 1833Lardner Manuf. Metal II. 227 (Cab. Cycl.) This reciprocating movement of the carriage is effected by a pinion fixed upon the end of a vertical spindle. 1837Disraeli Venetia iv. i. (1871) 203 Just effected his escape as the servant announced a visitor. 1850Browning Easter Day 5 Effecting thus, complete and whole, a purpose of the human soul. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 13 The cure..has to be effected by the use of certain charms. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 105 The most skilful chemists have hitherto failed to effect such decomposition.
†b. To produce (a state or condition). Obs.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. i. i. 86 Sorrie am I that our goodwill effects Biancas greefe. 1655–60Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 135/1 The concurrence of Pleasures which effecteth Beatitude, is very difficult.
c. To make, construct. rare. arch.
1791Smeaton Edystone L. §75 The Lighthouse happily effected by Mr. Rudyerd. 1884Stevenson New Arab. Nts. 317 An enormous window..had been effected in the wall.
d. Comm. to effect a sale, an insurance; hence, to effect a policy (of insurance).
1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiii. 598 The earliest purchases are effected in immediate proximity to the mines. 1883Manch. Guard. 17 Oct. 5/4 Nominee life policies are often effected which are altogether invalid.
†2. To give effect to (a resolution, a feeling); to fulfil (a promise). Obs.
c1590Marlowe Faust. v. 95 Faustus I swear..To effect all promises between us made. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. v. x. 6 You heauens, effect your rage with speede. 1660Marvell Corr. iii. Wks. 1872–5 II. 20 We shall be called upon shortly to effect our vote made the former sitting.
†3. absol. and intr. To have an effect, be effectual; to accomplish its purpose. Obs.
1592Warner Alb. Eng. vii. xxxiv. (1612) 164 But that Cadwalladers Fore-doomes in Tuders should effect Was vnexpected. 1603Knolles Hist. Turkes (1621) 1330 The petard having effected as we have said. 1655–60Stanley Hist. Philos. (1701) 161/2 Elements, of which Air and Fire have a faculty to move and effect. 1817A. Constable Let. 16 Jan. in J. Constable's Corr. (1962) 153, I..hope you will..endeavour to make all right with the Doctor, even tho' as by this time you know I dare say that your first letter did not effect.
¶4. Confused with affect (? and infect).
1494Fabyan vii. 371 The Albygensis..had ben effected wt dyuers poyntes of herysy. 1652Wadsworth tr. Sandoval's Civ. Wars Spain 301 The Abbat of Santa Pia..whom the earl particularly esteemed and effected. 1729T. Cooke Tales, Prop. &c. 135 His words effected much the Laureat's Mind. 1772–84Cook Voy. (1790) IV. 1279 He effects to preserve an entire silence about Kerguelen. |