| 释义 |
▪ I. ratio, n.|ˈreɪʃ(ɪ)əʊ|
[L., f. rat-, ppl. stem of rērī to think: see also ration, reason.]
1. a. Reason, rationale. spec. in Law, reason or rationale upon which a juridical decision is based; = ratio decidendi (see sense 1 b).
1636Mede Reverence God's House ii. Wks. (1672) 343 The true Ratio..of this Shecinah or Speciality of Divine Presence. 1752Warburton Serm. i. Wks. 1811 IX. 16 Now, in this consists the ratio and essential ground of the Gospel-doctrine.
1964G. Abrahams Police Questioning & Judges' Rules i. 20 Therein, it is submitted, is the ratio of that decision against the admissibility of statements. 1971Mod. Law Rev. XXXIV. vi. 691 The judge considered..that Torquay Hotel Co. v. Cousins was authority, ‘that this tort of interference with contracts applies not only where there is interference with contracts already made but where there is interference with contracts to be made in accordance with a regular course of dealing.’ Is this the ratio of the Torquay case? 1976J. M. Kelly Stud. Civil Judicature of Roman Republic v. 112, I have, by negative implication, foreshadowed certain characteristics of the unus iudex inasmuch as the factors which form the ratio of the centumviri or recuperatores will not be present in his case. 1977Times 23 Dec. 18/5 That restricted definition was unnecessary for the ratio of that decision.
b. In Lat. phrases, esp. Philos. and Law: ratio cognoscendi, that in virtue of which knowledge of something is possible; that in virtue of which something is known to exist; ratio decidendi (pl. rationes decidendi), rationale of judgment; a principle underlying and determining a judicial decision; ratio essendi, existendi, that in virtue of which something exists.
1830W. Hamilton in Edin. Rev. LII. 178 The existence of external things, which is given only through their intuition, it admits; the intuition itself, though the ratio cognoscendi, and to us therefore the ratio essendi of their reality, it rejects. 1862in C. Clark House of Lords Cases VIII. 392 The observations made by Members of the House, whether law Members or lay Members beyond the ratio decidendi which is propounded and acted upon in giving judgment, although they may be entitled to respect, are only to be followed in as far as they may be considered agreeable to sound reason and to prior authorities. 1865S. H. Hodgson Times & Space vii. 488 Now both the cause, or ratio existendi, and the reason, or ratio cognoscendi, in every particular case must be given by actual experience. 1877Law Rep. Exchequer Division II. 233 The ratio decidendi in these cases does not appear in the reports. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 337 But if the brand is the ratio cognoscendi of the belonging, the belonging, in the case of the herd, is in turn the ratio existendi of the brand. 1902J. W. Salmond Jurisprudence viii. 176 A precedent, therefore, is a judicial decision which contains in itself a principle. The underlying principle which thus forms its authoritative element is often termed the ratio decidendi. 1903G. E. Moore Principia Ethica iv. 127 Kant..admits that Freedom is the ratio essendi of the Moral Law, whereas the latter is only ratio cognoscendi of Freedom. 1923C. D. Broad Sci. Thought viii. 267 Sensa are..in some way the ratio cognoscendi of the physical world, whilst the physical world is..the ratio essendi of sensa. 1948Law Q. Rev. LXIV. 463 The court is always at liberty to propound alternative rules of law, each of which it may elevate to the status of a ratio decidendi. 1970Internat. & Compar. Law Q. XIX. i. 37 Which of these rationes decidendi possesses binding force? 1972Evangelical Q. XLIV. 241 These activities compose the ratio cognoscendi of the pardoning grace of God; they make us aware of God's activity which is the ratio essendi that calls forth man's response. 1977Law Q. Rev. XCIII. 378 The importance of the ratio decidendi is that it is the rule of law for which a case is authority.
2. a. Math. The relation between two similar magnitudes in respect of quantity, determined by the number of times one contains the other (integrally or fractionally).
This is sometimes distinguished as geometrical ratio (see geometrical a. 1 b), in contrast to arithmetical ratio, or the extent by which one magnitude exceeds another (now practically obs., though still mentioned in some text-books). For alternate, anharmonic, compound, duplicate (etc.) ratio, see the adjectives.
1660Barrow Euclid v. Def. 3 Ratio (or rate) is the mutual habitude or respect of two magnitudes of the same kind each to other, according to quantity. 1706W. Jones Syn. Palmar. Matheseos 56 When two Ratio's are equal, the Terms that Compose them are said to be Geometrically Proportional. 1772Junius Lett. lxviii. 356 The ratio..is exactly one to a hundred. 1854Brewster More Worlds iv. 70 The matter of Jupiter is much lighter than the matter of our Earth, in the ratio of 24 to 100. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 114 Heat expands all bodies, but the ratios of the degree of expansion to an equal increase of temperature are different in different bodies.
b. The corresponding relationship between things not precisely measurable.
1808Southey Lett. (1856) II. 66 Wishes to appropriate to himself the reputation which he had only a right to share, and that in no great ratio. 1820Lamb Elia Ser. i. South-Sea House, Executorships..which excited his spleen or soothed his vanity in equal ratios. 1858Buckle Civiliz. (1869) II. i. 103 The progress of knowledge bore the same ratio to the decline of ecclesiastical influence. 1872Liddon Elem. Relig. v. 174 The amount of will which we severally carry into the act of prayer is the ratio of its sincerity.
3. spec. In monetary science, the quantitative relation in which one metal stands to another in respect of their value as money or legal tender.
1879E. Cazalet Bimetallism 26 Such a fixed ratio is eminently desirable for the welfare of all civilized nations. 1881Evart in Horton Silver Pound (1887) 309 The adoption of the ratio of 15½ to 1, would accomplish the..object with less disturbance in the monetary systems..than any other ratio.
†4. = ration n. 3. Obs.
1760Sterne Tr. Shandy III. xxxviii, A cow..eat up two ratios and half of dried grass. 1806A. Duncan Nelson 51 The Governor..furnished the..invaders with a ratio of biscuit and wine. 1824Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Captain Jackson, Sliding a slender ratio of Single Gloucester upon his wife's plate.
5. Special Comb.: ratio detector Electronics, an F.M. detector whose two output voltages are such that their sum is constant and their ratio, rather than their difference, is proportional to the ratio of the two applied frequency-dependent voltages, so that its insensitivity to changes in amplitude is not confined to the carrier frequency. Also ratiometer.
1947RCA Rev. VIII. 201 A new circuit for f-m detection known as the ratio detector is coming into wide use. 1965Wireless World July 8 (Advt.), Printed circuit for I.F. amplifiers and ratio detector. 1974Harvey & Bohlman Stereo F.M. Radio Handbk. v. 99 Normally, in a ratio detector of the balanced type, the centre-point of the load is earthed and the output signal is taken from the tertiary winding.
▪ II. ratio, v.|ˈreɪʃ(ɪ)əʊ|
[f. the n.]
trans. To enlarge, amplify, or reduce by a certain ratio. So ˈratioed ppl. a., ˈratioing vbl. n.
1943H. T. U. Smith Aerial Photographs viii. 196 Each print which departs from the average scale or shows any apparent tilt is rectified and ‘ratioed’, or corrected for scale, by means of a projection printer. Ibid. 352 Ratioed print, a print prepared at a predetermined scale by photographic enlargement or reduction. 1970J. A. Howard Aerial Photo-Ecol. ix. 105 Aerial photographs..sometimes..are enlarged or reduced in size for a special purpose. These photographs are then known as ratioed prints or ratioed photographs. 1978Nature 9 Mar. 142/2 This ratioing operation reduces the effective amplitude fluctuations of the laser by more than 100-fold. |