| 释义 |
surmount, v.|sɜːˈmaʊnt|
Also 4–6 sour-, sor-, 5 sirmount(e, 5–6 surmont(e, 6 -mownt, Sc. -munt.
[a. AF., OF. surmunter, so(u)rmonter, mod.F. surmonter (= Pr. sobremontar, It. sormontare), ad. med.L. supermontāre: see sur-, super- 2 and mount v.]
†1. trans. To rise above, go beyond, surpass.
a. in quality, attainment, etc.: To excel, be superior to. Obs.
c1369Chaucer Dethe Blaunche 826 So had she Surmountede hem al of beaute. c1385― L.G.W. Prol. 123 Comparison may noon y-maked bee For yt surmounteth pleynly alle odoures. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 3344 A stoon..Þe whiche..of colour surmounteth euery grene. c1430― Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 232 Holsom and glad is the memorye Of Crist Jhesu! surmountyng al swetnesse. 1508Dunbar Gold. Targe 260 O reuerend Chaucere,..Surmounting ewiry tong terrestriall, Alls fer as Mayes morow dois mydnycht. 1531Elyot Gov. Proheme, Whome, I beseche god, ye may surmount in longe life and perfect felicitie. 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. x. 1 The famous auncestryes Of my most dreaded Soueraigne..By which all earthly Princes she doth farre surmount. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage viii. ii. 735 In Siluer, Potozi seemes to haue surmounted any one Mine of the World, besides those of new Spaine. 1624Quarles Sion's Sonn. Poems (1717) 347 See how Kings Courts surmount poor Shepherds Cells, So this, the pride of Solomon excels. 1667Davenant & Dryden Tempest Pref., We may satisfie our selves with surmounting them in the Scene, and safely leave them those Trappings of Writing,..with which they adorn the Borders of their Plays.
†b. in amount or magnitude: To exceed, amount to more than, be greater than. Also, to pass beyond (a specified point or amount); e.g. to live beyond (a certain age); to spend more than (one's income). Obs.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iii. 1038 Som so ful of furye is and despit, That it sourmounteth his repressyoun. c1374― Boeth. iii. pr. viii. (1868) 80 Mayst þou sourmounten þise olifuntz in gretnesse or weyȝt of body? c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon i. 37 How hath y⊇ euyl thys daye surmounted y⊇ goode. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 228 b, Aged persones that hath surmounted and passed that age. 1546in Dugdale Monast. Anglic. (1821) III. 283/2 The kinges maiesties landes doe surmount the lands of the said John Norris by the yearly value of xlj s. xj d. ob. 1570Act 13 Eliz. c. 4 §8 Yf the Landes..solde..do surmount, after the Rate and Value aforesaid, the Debt and Arrearages. 1570Buchanan Admonitioun Wks. (S.T.S.) 21 To incur the cryme of surmonting my priuat estait. 1581Lambarde Eiren. ii. vii. (1588) 276 If two or moe persons, do ioyne in the stealing of goods that do surmount xii d. 1591― Archeion (1635) 50 Where the Mischiefe doth surmount the common growth. 1600Holland Livy xxi. lviii. 426 There arose so terrible a..tempest..that it surmounted well near the foule trouble..endured in the Alpes. a1674Traherne Chr. Ethics (1675) 471 Many charitable and pious works, perhaps surmounting his estate. a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. i. (1677) 131 The Inhabitants of the World do daily increase, and their increment surmounts daily their decrease. 1776Conn. Col. Rec. (1890) XV. 357 That the debts..due from the estate..surmount the inventoried part of said estate the sum of {pstlg}46. 3. 11/4.
†c. To be above the reach or capacity of, to transcend: = surpass 4. Obs.
1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) i. vii. 69 Thynges y⊇ whiche surmounteth the puyssaunce and capacyte of natural understandynge. 1553Respublica iii. ii. 626 Theye ferre sormounte all praise that my tong can expresse. 1671Milton Samson 1380 How thou wilt here come off surmounts my reach. 1686Oldham's Wks. Pref. 5 Nothing can be said so choice and curious which his Deserts do not surmount. 1738Wesley Ps. cxxxix. xiii, Thy Thoughts of Love to me surmount The Power of Number to recount.
†2. absol. or intr.
a. (from 1 a). To be superior, to excel. Obs.
1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 156 Not oonly this Marye..surmountyd in dygnyte But also..She of naturys yiftys had the sovereynte. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. i. (Percy Soc.) 11 O ye estates surmountynge in noblenesse. 1517R. Torkington Pilgr. (1884) 12 The Richesse, the sumptuous buyldyng,..with all other thynges that makyth a Cite glorius Surmownteth in Venys a bove all places that ever I Sawe. 1577Harrison England ii. xv. (1877) i. 271 The noble men and gentlemen doo surmount in this behalfe. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. iv. (1642) 256 She was a woman, as in birth royall, so in all naturall graces surmounting. 1687tr. Sallust 85 There were two Great Men of different..Manners of Living, yet in Vertue both surmounting.
†b. (from 1 b.) To exceed, be greater or more numerous; to be in excess, predominate, preponderate; also, to remain over as a surplus. Obs.
a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) B iij b, This our age..is not called of yron, for faute of sages, but bycause the malycious people surmounte. 1534Whitinton Tullyes Offices i. (1540) 27 That we maye..se bothe in addycion and subtraction what somme may surmounte of the remaynes. 1541Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 G iv, Somtyme ye shal vse detraction of blode, yt is when the blode surmounteth. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 393 The cleargy, which in the consistory of the Empire surmounte in nombre. 1621H. Elsing Debates Ho. Lords (Camden) 83 My mysery doth more surmount that his Majesty is drawen in to be a party.
3. trans. To prevail over, get the better of, overcome.
a. a person; † also said of an emotion or desire. Now rare.
1390Gower Conf. I. 217 He his fader in desdeign Hath..set of non acompte, As he which thoghte him to surmonte. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 6161 His hert gret angur surmounted. a1400–50Wars Alex. 2361 (Ashm.), Sexes [= Xerxes] in sum time surmountid all kyngis. a1450Knt. de la Tour 117 Seint Katerine, that by her witte..surmounted..the grettest philosophers in Grece. 1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xvi. (Percy Soc.) 73 Thus covetyse shal nothyng surmount Your yonge ladyes herte. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xcv. 284 He feared leste they wolde surmounte hym, and take awaye his realme from hym. a1530Wolsey in Cavendish Life (1893) 153 The sodden joy surmounted my memory. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 275 The attempts of the rival ministers to surmount and supplant each other.
b. temptation, hostility, (now usually) a difficulty or obstacle; by association with sense 7 = to rise superior to, get over.
1483Caxton G. de la Tour f iij, They surmounted many grete temptacions. 1600Holland Livy xxxviii. I. 1015 The very indignation and shame of this example surmounted the malice of his adversaries. 1683Temple Mem. Wks. 1720 I. 403 About which, the Swedes could not surmount the Difficulties during the Course of their Mediation. 1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 19 His Aversion is not so invincible, but it may be surmounted by a weighty Present. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. ix. 398 He saw it would be impossible for him to surmount the embarasment he was under. 1780Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 11 Apr., We have had very cold weather; bad riding weather for my master, but he will surmount it all. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. ii. 23 Thus early Charles surmounted the obstacles which nature had cast in his way. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 118 After surmounting the embarrassment and delays inseparable from a deficient supply of conveyance.
†c. absol. or intr. To overcome, prevail. Obs.
1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. cxi. 111 Sweche er of þe nombre of hem þat surmounten and ouercomen. c1477Caxton Jason 78 b, The whiche assemblid in thys maner by grete pryde that surmounted on them.
4. trans. To mount, rise, or ascend above (also fig.); also, to reach or extend above, surpass in height, be higher than, overtop. Now rare.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. met. i. (1868) 110, I haue..swifte feþeres þat surmounten þe heyȝt of þe heuene. 1423Jas. I Kingis Q. lxxxvii, Sum for desyre, surmounting thaire degree. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxxv. 147 There ben so highe [engyns] that not onely they surmonten the walles but also the highest towres. 1578Lyte Dodoens 1 The great Sothrenwood doth..surmount the heigth or stature of a tal man. 1633P. Fletcher Pisc. Ecl. iii. iii, She the highest height in worth surmounts. 1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 91 Any time of the year it [sc. the quicksilver] will not much..surmount the..height..of 29 inches. 1688Holme Armoury iii. xiii. 479/2 Mounts gradually surmounting each other. 1794R. J. Sulivan View Nat. I. 57 It is clear that the waters never surmounted those high summits, or at least remained but a short time upon them.
†b. To go back in date beyond. Obs. rare.
a1647Habington Surv. Worc. (Worc. Hist. Soc.) I. 77 A family whose ancestors surmounted for tyme of continewance theare the Conquest.
†5. intr. To mount, rise, ascend (above something); to extend in height; fig. to exalt oneself; to arise, spring up. Obs.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas i. ii. (MS. Bodl. 263) 15/2 So hih a tour..Which that sholde surmounte aboue the skie. a1475Ashby Dicta Philos. 397 Theim to supprise That wolde surmonte, or in vices arise. c1475Partenay 2610 Ful gret ioy of hert in hym gan surmount. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour d viij, The waters..surmounted by heyght of ten cubites upon the hyghest montayn. 1539Tonstall Serm. Palm Sund. (1823) 27 Disobedience of the deuyll, not kepynge the order of his creation, but surmountynge farre aboue it. 1563Shute Archit. F ij, If the piller surmount from 25 to .30. the height of the pillor must be deuided into .12 partes.
†b. To amount to (so much). Obs.
In quot. 1551 a loose translation.
1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (1895) 116 Betwene thys two corners the sea runneth in,..and there surmounteth into a large and wyde sea [orig. per ingens inane diffusum]. 1576Foxe A. & M. (ed. 3) 102/1 The whole summe was founde to surmount to .294. yeares. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 293 Presents to the Viceroy and Bassas, which are said to surmount to twentie thousand dollars. a1656Ussher Ann. vi. (1658) 439 The custom which in former times was farmed for ten hundred thousand drachma's, scarce now surmounts to a hundred and fifty thousand.
†c. To result from addition; to arise or be produced from something. Obs.
1571Digges Pantom. ii. v. M ij b, Adde all the sides of that Triangle together, taking halfe of the number which surmounteth. 1572Will of W. Lyly (P. Prob. Reg., Bodfelde 4) All my goodes I will be solde, and the money that shal surmount of the same [etc.]. 1654Vilvain Enchir. Epigr. i. xxvi, From which, they say, all mixtils doe surmount [orig. existunt].
6. trans. To mount upon, get on the top of; usually, to mount and cross to the other side of, climb across, get over; occas. to round or weather (a cape); also, to extend over and across.
a1533Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. Prol. (1535) A j, [They] surmounted the hyghe mounte of Olympius, there to contemplate..the influences of the planettes in the heuen. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. i. i. 1 Hauing..surmounted the height and sharpnesse of the mount Rhodope. Ibid. ii. i. 31 b, The sea which..casteth against [Cape] Malee, is such that without great labour..she is not to be recouered or surmounted. 1765Museum Rust. IV. 250 The difficulty of surmounting obstacles by their shorter radii. 1819J. Foster Contrib. Eclectic Rev. (1844) I. 505 He would sometimes leap over the wall at a spring, in preference to taking the trouble to open the gate or surmount a stile just at hand. 1825Scott Talism. xii, The surmounting one crag only lifts the climber to points yet more dangerous. 1829Chapters Phys. Sci. 357 Telescopes enable the eye to surmount immense distances. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xii. 89 Simond surmounted the next ridge.
absol.1843Wordsw. Grace Darling 53 Each grasps an oar, and struggling on they go—..alike intent Here to elude and there surmount.
7. To stand, lie, or be situated above; to rest on the top of; to top, crown. Orig. in Heraldry, said of a crest above a shield, also of a charge represented as laid upon another so as to extend across and beyond it. Chiefly in pa. pple.: surmounted by = having above or on the top.
1610J. Guillim Heraldry vi. vii. 280 A rich Mantle of cloth of Gold, doubled Ermine,..surmounted by a Lion passant, gardant. 1634Peacham Compl. Gentl. xv. 192 A fesse engrailed Argent surmounted by another not engraild Gules. 1688Holme Armoury ii. vii. 148/1 Two Reynards or Foxes counter saliant, the dexter surmounted of the sinister Gules. Ibid. 198/1 A Serpent Imbowed, the head debrused (or surmounted) of the tail. Ibid. xix. 479/1 Thre Swans Necks..surmounting (or debrusing) each other. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 58 (Christmas Eve) The huge square columns that supported the gate were surmounted by the family crest. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. iii. 167 The two domes..which surmount the Holy Sepulchre and the Basilica of Constantine. 1864Boutell Her. Hist. & Pop. vii. (ed. 3) 33 When a Canton and Bordure are blazoned upon the same shield, the Canton surmounts the Bordure. 1869H. F. Tozer Highl. Turkey I. 36 An artificial mound..with some indications of a wall having surmounted it. 1882Cussans Her. vi. (ed. 3) 86 In the case of one Ordinary lying on another, Surmounted by, or Over all is always used, and never Debruised by.
Hence surmount n. (rare—1), something that surmounts, something placed on the top; surˈmountal (rare—1) [-al1 5], the act of surmounting or getting over.
1879P. R. Drummond Perth. Bygone Days v. 24 Leaping a gate where there was a surmount of spikes. 1886J. W. Graham Neæra (1887) II. xvi. 292 It was too lofty to afford any hope of surmountal. |