| 释义 |
door|dɔə(r)|
Forms: 1 duru, 2–5 (Sc. 4–9) dure, 4–6 durr(e, 4–7 dur, (5 duyr), 6 Sc. duir(e, dwr, dourre; also 1–5 dor, 3–7 dore, (4 doer, 5 doyre, 6 dower), 6–7 doore, 7– door; also 1 dyr, 2–3 dyre.
[OE. duru, fem. u-stem, not found elsewhere in Teut., but from the same base dur-, as the equivalent words in the other langs.: cf. OHG. turi, an orig. plural, which became a fem. sing., MHG. tur, Ger. thür(e, ODu. duri pl. (MDu. döre, dore, Du. deur fem. sing.), OS. duri, ON. dyrr fem. pl. (and n.), Sw. dörr f., Da. dör; also Goth. daurôns pl. weak fem. OE. had also dor neut., pl. doru, large door, gate = Goth. daur, OS. dor, OHG. tor, Ger. thor gate. The same stem dhur-, dhwâr- appears in Skr. dvṛ, dwâr, Gr. θύρα, L. fores. The two OE. types duru, and dor appear to have been mixed in ME., where, beside dure and dor, are also found dur and dore. Dore prevailed in 16th c., and is found as late as 1684; door appeared in 16th c., and at length supplanted dore in writing, though now pronounced like the latter.
The spelling door points to an earlier pronunciation with ū or ū from ME. close ō, which is further attested by Sc. dure |dør| (also in Cath. Angl. 1483), and is considered by Luick as a northern lengthening of OE. u. The current pronunciation may be a retention of that evidenced for 16th c. dore by quot. 1593 in 1 β; but it may also be a more recent modification of |dʊə(r)|, as in the case of floor, and vulgar pronunciations of moor, poor, as more, pore.]
1. a. A movable barrier of wood or other material, consisting either of one piece, or of several pieces framed together, usually turning on hinges or sliding in a groove, and serving to close or open a passage into a building, room, etc.
(α) in form duru, dure (dyre), durre, dur (after 1500 Sc.).
Beowulf 1447 (Th.) Duru sona on-arn fyr-bendum fæst. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 10 Seo duru wæs belocen [Lindisf. ᵹetyned wæs ðe dura]. Ibid. Mark i. 33 Eall seo burhwaru wæs ᵹegaderod to þære duran [Lindisf. to duru vel to ᵹæt, Rushw. to dore vel ᵹeat. c 1160 Hatton Ȝe⁓gadered to þare dure.] c1025Interl. v. Rule St. Benet (1888) 78 ætforan dyran. c1175Lamb. Hom. 87 And merki mid þan blode hore duren. c1250Gen. & Ex. 1082 Al ðat niȝt he soȝten ðor ðe dure. 1375Barbour Bruce ii. 61 Thai brak the dur. c1400Destr. Troy 11890 The durres to vndo. c1420Chron. Vilod. 931 Þe durus of þ'chapelle. 1483Cath. Angl. 111/1 Dure (A. Duyr), hostium. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 16 Ye beg at a wrong mans dur [rime stur]. 1562Winȝet Cert. Tractates i. Wks. 1888 I. 2 Calking of the durris. 1563― Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 87 The duiris being closit. a1605Montgomerie Sonnets lxv. 11 To come ouir the dur. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Burrow Lawes 126 Lipper men..sall not gang fra dure to dure.
(β) in form dor (OE. = gate, pl. doru), dore (doer).
c1000Ags. Ps. (Th.) xcix. 3 Gað nu on his doru. Ibid. cvi. 15 æren dor. c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 56 Hoh ða wyrte on..þan dore. c1205Lay. 2382 Neuer ne ferde heo wið uten dore. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 495 And the doren after hom..loke vaste. a1300Cursor M. 1682 (Cott.) Mak a dor [v.rr. dore, dur]. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 3451 When þou spekes sharppely til þe pure, Þat sum gode askes at þi dore. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 280 Whil þat þou Robyn heuest of the dore [rime vnderspore]. 1483Cath. Angl. 104/1 Dore (A. Doyre), hostium. 1563Mirr. Mag., Jane Shore li. 7 To begge from dore to dore. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, v. iii. 77 Open the dore, A Begger begs, that neuer begg'd before. 1644Milton Areop. (Arb.) 59 Other dores which cannot be shut. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 12 And knocked at her Dore.
(γ) in forms (dower, dourr) doore, door.
1504Plumpton Corr. 186 None..shall not pas the dowers. 1509–28Wynkyn de Worde's edd. of R. Coer de Lion 1934 Doors and windows barred fast. 1533Gau Richt Vay (1888) 61 Quhen y⊇ disciplis..haid closit the dourris. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII 3 b, At the haule doore. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie ii. viii. (Arb.) 94 If one should rime to this word [Restore] he may not match him with [Doore] or [Poore] for neither of both are of like terminant. 1611Bible Gen. iv. 7 Sinne lieth at the doore [Coverd. in the dore]. 1662Wood Life (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 462 Before the west doore. 1760Foote Minor ii. Wks. 1799 I. 269 Well, do so no more, Drop, to atone, your money at the door, And, if I please,—I'll give it to the poor [triple rime]. 1816Keatinge Trav. I. 297 They cannot venture..to be seen beyond their own doors.
b. With various qualifications, as chamber-door, front-door, hall-door, house-door, kitchen-door, side-door, etc. q.v. under their first elements; also back-, church-, folding-door, etc.
double door(s), a door consisting of two leaves, opening in the centre; also, two doors, one behind the other, closing the same opening, to prevent draughts, etc.; glass door, a door consisting mainly of glass panels; sliding door, a single or double door that opens by sliding into a recess.
1785S. Fielding Ophelia xv, The glass-door to the closet. 1840Dickens Old. C. Shop II. v. 36 This posture of affairs Mr. Brass observed through the glass-door. ― Barn. Rudge xxviii, Hugh closed the double doors behind him. 1871Carlyle in Mrs. Carlyle's Lett. III. 177 The double door from her bedroom went wide open.
c. With definite or indefinite numerals, expressing position in a series or row, and hence indicating the room or house to which the door belongs.
1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. iv, At the Cross-daggers in Moor-fields, next door to the Popes Head Tavern. a1735Arbuthnot (J.), Martin's office is now the second door in the street, where he will see Parnel. 1776Trial of Nundocomar 22/2 [He] lives three doors from the house I inhabited. 1885Law Times Rep. LIII. 459/1 Having taken offices a few doors off.
2. The opening or passage into a building or room, which may be closed by a door; a doorway.
1382Wyclif 1 Kings xix. 13 Helias..goon out, he stode in the dore of the denne. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7394 Þe bischope in þe dure stode. 1595Shakes. Merry W. iii. v. 103 They..met the iealous knaue their Master in the doore. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 252 On the left-hand as one enters the door. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 107 A door, which she entered.
3. fig. A means of entrance or exit (in quot. 1526 a means of closing); esp. in phr. to open a door to or for: to render possible the admission of; to furnish opportunity or facility for; so to close the door upon, and the like.
c825Vesp. Psalter cxl. 3 Duru ymbstondnisse weo[le]rum minum. 971Blickl. Hom. 9 Heofonrices duru. c1315Shoreham 55 Inewyt hys the dore-ward, The doren wyttes fyve. 1382Wyclif 1 Cor. xvi. 9 A greet dore and euident..is openyd to me. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 131 b, Than shall the dore of discrecyon be put to our mouth. 1570Buchanan Admonitioun Wks. (1892) 31 Y⊇ prouidence of god had closit y⊇ dur to all yair wickitnes. 1648T. Gage New Survey W. Ind. xxi. 191 But this doore of hope was fast shut up. 1670Clarendon Contempl. Ps. Tracts (1727) 561 To..open a door for the most confounding Atheism to break in. 1707Lond. Gaz. No. 4342/1 Opening a Door to the French to assault us that Way. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xii. 195 Which left open a door to future negotiation.
4. transf.
a. Anything resembling a door in its motion or use; a lid, valve; an opening, a passage.
1665Hooke Microgr. 46 How those Atoms come to be hindred from running all out, when a dore or passage in their Pores is made. 1712J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northampt. 12 Ash-Timber, for the Doors of Bellows. 1719London & Wise Compl. Gard. 169 A small Padlock fix'd to the Door of the Basket. 1840Greener Sc. Gunnery 259 Place on this the cap, shut the door, cock your gun.
b. One of two boards or metal plates attached to the ends of a trawl-net.
1911Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 219/2 The trawl boards, or as they are frequently called ‘doors’, are of deal. 1928Russell & Yonge Seas xiii. 276 The net is hauled by two wire warps, one attached to each ‘door’. 1961Times 10 June 11/5 The modern trawl, with its bobbined foot rope, extra sweep between doors (French trawl).
5. Phrases.
a. † at door: at the door; out at door, -s, = out of doors; in at door, -s, = indoors (obs.). See also a-doors. in doors: within doors, in or into the house: see indoors. next door (to): in the next house (to); hence fig. very near (to), bordering (on). out († forth) of door(s: out of the house; in the open air, abroad; hence fig. out of place, lost, abroad, irrelevent, worthless (obs.). † to (the) door: out of the house or room (obs.). within door(s: in a house or building, indoors; also fig. so as not to be heard outside the door. without doors: out of doors.
c1386Chaucer Nun's Pr. T. 557 Out at dores stirten they anon. c1450Merlin 32 Merlyn..was gon oute at dore. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 82 He turnde hir out at doores. 1562Winȝet Last Blast Wks. 1888 I. 45 Repellit and schot to the dure. 1577St. Aug. Manual 71 Love driveth feare out of doores. 1581G. Pettie tr. Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iii. (1586) 156 Some fathers will not suffer their Daughters to set their foote foorth of dores. 1581Mulcaster Positions viii. (1887) 53 One to be vsed within dores, and the other abroade. 1595Spenser Col. Clout 711 Out of doore quite shit. 1604Shakes. Oth. iv. ii. 144 Speake within doore. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Praise iv, May dwell next doore, On the same floore. a1639W. Whately Prototypes ii. xxxi. (1640) 118 Hee may sit without doores long enough. 1650Trapp Comm. Exod. x. 28 Destruction is at next door by. 1657–8Burton's Diary (1828) II. 456 All precedents are out of doors in this case. 1682Bunyan Holy War Pref. 159 Well, now go forward, step within the dores. 1699Collier Sec. Defence (1730) 324 A Place where Thinking is out of Doors. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. xvi, I kept..within doors. Ibid. ii. i, To be next door to starving. Ibid. ii. xvi, That Objection is out of Doors. 1794Wolcott (P. Pindar) Rowl. for Oliver Wks. II. 378 Kick the Arts and Sciences to door. 1816Keatinge Trav. (1817) I. 298 A Jew is not permitted to appear without-doors save in black. 1857Ld. Houghton in Wemyss Reid Life (1891) II. xii. 19 These children..live..out of doors all day. 1875E. White Life in Christ i. i. (1878) 20 It is next door to cannibalism. Mod. You had better remain in doors.
6. a. † to drink or eat out of doors: to bring to destitution by excessive drinking or eating: cf. eat v. 4 a. † to fetch at the doors of: to obtain from. to lay, lie, or be at the door of: to impute, or be imputable or chargeable to. † to leap over the door: to escape, run out. † to set one's hand to the door: to apply oneself diligently. † to set behind the door: see quot. 1552. to darken a door: see darken 6 b. to keep open doors: see open.
1552Latimer Serm. St. Andrew's Day Wks. II. 262 They say when a man will be rich, he must set his soul behind the door; that is to say, he must use falsehood and deceit. 1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 464/2 We must not therefore spare our selues..but set our handes to the dore, as the prouerbe is. 1658–9Burton's Diary (1828) IV. 10 A part of the Commonwealth has leaped over the door. Ibid. 166 It is so much for your honour..to have the Scotch fetch their laws at your doors. 1659D. Pell Impr. Sea 437 Many Sailors drink..wives and children out of doors. 1683Lond. Gaz. No. 1835/3 The fault will lye at their doors. 1701W. Wotton Hist. Rome 299 The Blood..must all be layd to his door. 1749Fielding Tom Jones i. vii, You have in a manner laid your sins at my door. 1833Tennyson Lady Clara Vere de Vere vi, The guilt of blood is at your door.
†b. is the wind in (at) that door? = is the wind in that quarter?, is that the tendency of affairs?
1470–85Malory Arthur vii. xxxv, ‘What ! neuewe, is the wynde in that dore’? 1589Marprel. Epit. B iv, Is the winde at that dore with you brother deane? 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, iii. iii. 102. 1668 Dryden Evening's Love iv. i, Is the Wind in that Door? Here's like to be fine doings.
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib., as door-arch, door-archway, door-catch, door-chain, door-curtain, door-handle, door-jamb, door-key, door-knob, door-knocker, door-latch, door-lintel, door-lock, door-panel, door-porch, door-ring, door-scraper, door-window, etc.
b. objective and obj. genitive, as door-banging, door-dressing, door-opener, door-warder.
c. door-like adj., door-wise adv.
1886Willis & Clark Cambridge II. 162 A square-headed *door-arch.
1897Sears, Roebuck Catal. 44/2 Screen *Door Catches, enameled iron with stop. 1913Masefield Daffodil Fields 74 A door-catch clacked.
1836Dickens Sk. Boz. 1st Ser. (1837) 81 The *door-chain was softly unfastened. 1967Gloss. Terms Builders' Hardware (B.S.I.) iv. 14 Door chain, a device for preventing a door from opening beyond a limited distance, comprising a chain attached at one end to a fixing plate secured to the door frame and at the other to a stud.
1707Lond. Gaz. No. 4364/4 Window-Curtains, and *Door-Curtains.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Door-fastener, a portable contrivance for fastening a door.
1832F. Trollope Dom. Manners Amer. II. xxvi. 104 A delicate silver knocker and *door-handle. 1849Grote Greece ii. xxxix. V. 64 Leaving the hands still hanging to and grasping the door-handle.
1837Marryat Dog-fiend II. iii. (L.) Leaning against the *door-jamb for support.
1838Dickens O. Twist xxvi, Fumbling in his pocket for the *door key.
1847Rep. Comm. Patents 1846 (U.S.) 63 Improvements in *door-knobs. 1905Daily Chron. 19 July 4/7 How many door-knobs are there in this happy island?
1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xv, When Lords break off *door-knockers and beat policemen.
1678New Castle (Del.) Court Rec. (1904) 362, 3 Iron *door Latches. 1924J. M. Murry Voyage xvii. 304 She fumbled blindly at the door-latch.
1875W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 75 Shattered *door-lintels.
1654Evelyn Diary 16 July, A *dore-lock of a tolerable price.
1787Hawkins Life Johnson 123 A representation of St. John's gate..on the *door-pannel.
1535Coverdale Ezek. xlvi. 2 Then shal the prynce come vnder the *dore porche, & stonde still without by the dore cheke.
1682Milton Hist. Mosc. v. (1851) 508 Such a terrible noise, as shakes the *Door-rings of Houses..ten mile off.
1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 87 It must be made higher than the *dor-window. 1907Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 2/3 He bounded out through the wide-open French window. .. Vincent slammed the door-window behind as he jumped.
1769Monthly Rev. XL. 372 A rude arch curtained *door-wise. 1798C. Smith Young Philosopher II. 32 One sash opening door-wise. 1898G. B. Shaw Arms & Man i. 4 The window is hinged doorwise.
8. Special combs: door-alarm (see quot.); door-boy, a boy who guards the door of a passage in a mine; door-casing, -facing, -trim U.S. = door-case; door chimes [chime n.1 2], a chiming mechanical or electrical device acting as a door-bell; door-fall, the falling door of a trap; door-frame, (a) a door-case (Nicholson Pract. Builder 1823); (b) the structure forming the skeleton of a panelled door; † door-gate, an entrance; door-head, the upper part of a door-case; door-land (Sc.), a plot of ground near a door (Forsyth Beauties Scotl. 254); door-money, money taken at the door of a place of entertainment; † door-neighbour, a near or next-door neighbour; door-piece † (a) a curtain before a door; (b) see quot. 1869; door-pin, the ‘pin’ or bolt of a door; door-plane (see quot.); door-sign, a sign upon a door; door-stone, a threshold stone, a flagstone before a door; door-stop, a device to stop a door from opening too widely or closing too forcibly; also, the slip of wood against which it shuts in its frame; door-swell, a kind of swell-box in an organ; door-to-door attrib., (of canvassing, selling, investigating, etc.) done methodically at one house after another; (of a journey) from actual start to actual finish; door-weed, a name for Polygonum aviculare (Dunglison Med. Lex. 1857).
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Door-alarm, a device attached to a door, to give an audible notice when the door is opened.
1887M. E. Wilkins Humble Romance 2 He lounged smilingly against the *door-casing, jingling his scales, and waiting for the woman.
1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio x. 173 *Door chimes and hand-bells.
1845W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin I. 99, I had been hewing out some *door-facings for a new corn-crib and fodder-house. 1877Congress. Rec. 26 Nov. 705/1 This man..was sitting up in the door with his feet on the door facing.
1624Bedell Lett. iii. 59 By the most chaffie shrap that euer was set before the eyes of winged Fowle, [you] were brought to the *doorefall.
1889R. B. Anderson tr. Rydberg's Teut. Mythol. 214 The *door-frames were covered with the soot of centuries.
a1529Skelton Womanhod, Wanton, &c., 26 Of youre *doregate ye haue no doute.
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 142 *Door-head.
1894H. Speight Nidderdale 410 The *door-lintel..was..put in the door-head of the new cow-house.
1806A. Duncan Nelson's Fun. 15 *Door-money was demanded as at a puppet-show.
1562Durham Depositions (Surtees) 70 She saith she is ther *doore neighbour. 1711Countrey-Man's Let. to Curate 14 Would they deny it to the Scots their door Neighbours?
1611Cotgr., Garde-porte, a peece of Tapistrie hung before an open dore; a *dore-peece. 1869R. B. Smyth Gold-f. Victoria 609 Door-piece—That portion of a lift of pumps in which the clack or valve is situate.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1078 Ðis angels two droȝen loth in And shetten to ðe *dure⁓pin. a1300K. Horn 1003 Rymenhild undude þe dure pin. 1889W. B. Yeats Wanderings of Oisin 90 Raise the door-pin with alarm.
1876Gwilt Archit. Gloss., *Door-Plane, the plane between the door proper, and the larger opening within which it may be placed.
1816Scott Old Mort. viii, ‘Ne'er cross the *door-stane.’ 1893M. A. Owen Voodoo Tales 209 The aunties searched under every doorstone for ‘tricks’.
1881Young Every Man own Mechanic §1285 The *door-stops may be nailed to the casing and the door hung.
1852Seidel Organ 27 The roof or *door swell..when accurately constructed (of oak wood), is the best.
1902Harper's Mag. May 1004/1 When I arrived at the house my son, the editor, had just returned from a *door-to-door sale of the Mosquito. 1929‘G. Daviot’ Man in Queue x. 128 You can be an ex-service man..out of a job... I don't want any door-to-door business. 1934Planning II. xxxvi. 14 Apart from certain short-distance traffic which can be more cheaply and efficiently sent by road on account of the door-to-door facilities and absence of double handling, the main competition between road and rail is over certain long-distance traffic. 1943Our Towns (Women's Group on Public Welfare) ii. 12 The door-to-door salesmanship which is one of the pests of town life. 1963D. Ogilvy Conf. Advert. Man v. 96 When I was a door-to-door salesman I discovered that the more information I gave about my product, the more I sold.
1905N.Y. Even. Post 30 Dec. 12 (Advt.), The corridors, floors, stairways, *doortrims and walls are of marble.
▸ door prize n. orig. U.S. a prize which each person in attendance at an event has the chance to win, usually by means of a raffle or draw.
1884N.Y. Times 21 Apr. 8/6 The *door-prize of a watch every night has greatly interested the younger members of the congregation. 1963C. L. Lastrucci Sci. Approach vii. 189 Suppose, for example, that it is known that a door prize will be awarded to one person in an audience of five hundred. 1999F. McCourt 'Tis ii. 14 He says if you can guess what the vegetable is in an Irish restaurant you get the door prize. |