| 释义 |
disposition|dɪspəˈzɪʃ(ə)n|
[a. F. disposition, OF. also -icion (12th c. in Littré), ad. L. dispositiōn-em, n. of action from dispōnĕre to dispone. Not derivationally related to dispose, but associated with it from an early period in OFr., by contact of form, and adoption of -poser as virtual representative of L. -pōnĕre: cf. composition.]
I. The action or faculty of disposing, the condition of being disposed.
1. a. The action of setting in order, or condition of being set in order; arrangement, order; relative position of the parts or elements of a whole.
1563W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 24 It comes of the divers disposition of the clouds. 1597Morley Introd. Mus. Annot., In the natural disposition of numbers thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth iii. i. (1723) 156 The Disposition of the Strata. 1713Swift Frenzy of J. Denny Wks. 1755 III. i. 139, I then took a particular survey of..the furniture and disposition of his apartment. 1756Burke Subl. & B. ii. xii, Stonehenge, neither for disposition nor ornament, has anything admirable. 1827H. Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 15 Single Trees and Bushes, in groups and open dispositions. 1865Geikie Scen. & Geol. Scot. vi. 122 Looking at the disposition of the Highland glens and straths.
†b. Relative position; situation (of one thing). Obs.
1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg., Where is the dysposicion of the yerde? 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 99 That..the Tracing-Pin be constantly held in the same Disposition, without varying its Point. 1750tr. Leonardus' Mirr. Stones 102 Effestis..being opposed to the Sun, kindles Fire in Matter put in a Disposition for it.
c. Rhet. and Logic. The due arrangement of the parts of an argument or discussion.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. x. i, The second parte of crafty Rethoryke Maye well be called Disposicion. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1567) 82 a, Inuencion helpeth to finde matter, and Disposicion serueth to place argumentes. 1628T. Spencer Logick 13. 1788 Howard Roy. Cycl. II. 715 Disposition, in Logic, is that operation of the mind, whereby we put the ideas, operations, and arguments, which we have formed concerning our subject, into such an order as is fittest to gain the clearest knowledge of it, to retain it longest, and to explain it to others in the best manner; the effect of this is called method.
d. Arch., etc. The due arrangement of the several parts of a building, esp. in reference to the general design: see quots.
1624Wotton Archit. (1672) 14, I may now proceed to the Disposition thereof [i.e. of the matter], which must form the Work. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Disposition..in Architecture, is the just placing of all the several Parts of a Building, according to their proper Order. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 115 Disposition; a draught or drawing representing the several timbers that compose the frame of the ship, so that they may be properly disposed with respect to the ports, &c. 1876Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss., Disposition, one of the essentials of architecture. It is the arrangement of the whole design by means of ichnography (plan), orthography (section and elevation), and scenography (perspective view). 1886Willis & Clark Cambridge III. 247 The general inclosure within walls, the disposition into courts..all have their analogies..in the monastic buildings.
e. Mil. See 2 b.
2. a. Arrangement (of affairs, measures, etc.), esp. for the accomplishment of a purpose; plan, preparation; condition or complexion of affairs.
1382Wyclif Prov. xxiv. 6 For with disposicioun me goth in to bataile; and helthe shal ben wher ben many counseilis. 1604Shakes. Oth. i. iii. 237, I craue fit disposition for my Wife..With such Accomodation and besort As leuels with her breeding. 1712Budgell Spect. No. 404 ⁋1 In the Dispositions of Society, the civil Oeconomy is formed in a Chain as well as the natural. 1736Butler Anal. Introd. Wks. 1874, I. 8 To judge what particular disposition of things would be most..assistant to virtue. 1814tr. Klaproth's Trav. 3 My dispositions for the journey would soon have been completed. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 317 To observe..those secret dispositions of events which prepared the way for great changes.
b. Mil. The arrangement of troops in preparation for a military operation: (a) (from sense 1) their actual arrangement in the field; (b) (from sense 2) their distribution, allocation, destination, etc.; pl. military preparations or measures.
1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 37 Having viewed the ill disposition of the Campe. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) II. iv. 257 The Persian troops had been used to engage 24 men in depth, but Cyrus thought fit to change that disposition. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. xxiv. 684 The military dispositions of Julian were skilfully contrived. 1799Stuart in Owen Wellesley's Desp. 116, I have made a disposition to defend my position. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 605 Having observed the disposition of the royal forces. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 242 Fabius made all his dispositions to repel the attempt to force a passage.
c. Naut. (See quot.)
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Disposition, the arrangement of a ship's company for watches, quarters, reefing, furling, and other duties.
3. Ordering, control, management; direction, appointment; administration, dispensation; = disposal 1. (Cf. dispose v. 2, 7.) arch.
c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 477 (526) O god þat at þi disposicioun Ledest þe fyn by luste purueyaunce Of euery wyght. 1382Wyclif 2 Chron. xxiii. 18 Forsothe Joiada sette prouostis in the hous of the Lord..after the disposicyoun [1388 by the ordynaunce] of Dauid. 1520Caxton's Chron. Eng. v. 56 b/2 To submytte hym to the dyposycyon of God. 1530Palsgr. 214/1 Disposytion, disposition, govuernement, ordre. 1582N. T. (Rhem.) Acts vii. 53 Who receiued the Law by the disposition of [so 1611: R.V. as it was ordained by (marg. or, as the ordinance of)] Angels, and haue not kept it. 1661Bramhall Just Vind. ii. 6 Which things by the just disposition of Almighty God, fell out according to the..desires of these holy persons. 1719De Foe Crusoe (1840) II. xii. 262 This seemed to me to be a disposition of Providence. 1841Myers Cath. Th. iii. §14. 53 Inexpressibly thankful to receive this Law by the disposition of Angels.
4. a. The action of disposing of, putting away, getting rid of, making over, etc. (see dispose v. 8); bestowal; spec. in Law, the action of disponing; bestowal or conveyance by deed or will.
1393Gower Conf. I. 269 She [i.e. Nature] preferreth no degree As in the disposicion Of bodely complexion. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1065 Touchyng the disposicion of is goodnes [ses biens] after his deth. 1577–87Holinshed Scot. Chron. (1805) II. 340 The disposition of officis vacand. 1712Steele Spect. No. 497 ⁋2 The wanton disposition of the favours of the powerful. 1795Wythe Decis. Virginia 5 His wife could make no disposition of the personal estate. 1861W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 292 A disposition is an unilateral deed of alienation, by which a right to property, either heritable or moveable, is conveyed. 1884Sir J. Bacon in Law Rep. 27 Ch. Div. 47 The point which is said to remain for disposition when the case is heard.
b. Power of disposing of; disposal, control: esp. in phrase at (in, etc.) one's disposition (= disposal 4).
c1374Chaucer Troylus v. 2 Aprochen gan the fatal destyne That loues hath in disposicioun. 1406E.E. Wills (1882) 13 At the dysposicion of myn Executours. 1529Cdl. Wolsey in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. II. 12 Yf I may have the free gyft and dyssposycion of the benefyces. 1673Temple Ess. Ireland Wks. 1731 I. 110 The Lieutenants of Ireland since the Duke of Ormond's Time have had little in their Disposition here. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. xii. 255 The choice of action or of repose is no longer in our disposition. 1860Trench Serm. Westm. Abb. iii. 31 [He] had at his disposition no inconsiderable sums of money.
II. The way or manner in which a thing has been disposed, or is situated or constituted.
†5. Astrol.
a. The situation of a planet in a horoscope, as supposed to determine the nature or fortune of a person, or the course of events. Obs.
1375Barbour Bruce iv. 699 Astrology, Quhar-throu clerkis..May knaw coniunctione of planetis..And of the hevyn all halely How þat þe disposicioune Suld apon thingis virk heir doune. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 229 Som wikke aspect or disposition Of Saturne. c1590Marlowe Faust. Wks. (Rtldg.) 88/1 A book where I might see all..planets..that I might know their motions and dispositions.
†b. The state of being ‘disposed of’ (see dispose v. 8 a). Obs.
1647Lilly Chr. Astrol. lxxxii. 447 See if the more ponderous Planet of the two, that is, the receiver of the Disposition be in any angle but the fourth.
†c. The nature or constitution of a planet or sign, in relation to its alleged influence or effects.
c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 701 Mercurie loueth wysdam and science And Venus loueth ryot and dispence. And for hire diuerse disposicioun, Ech falleth in otheres exaltacioun. 1393Gower Conf. III. 114 His nativite Hath take upon the proprete Of Martis disposicion.
6. Natural tendency or bent of the mind, esp. in relation to moral or social qualities; mental constitution or temperament; turn of mind.
Possibly of astrological origin: cf. the description of dispositions as saturnine, jovial, martial, venereal, mercurial.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 113 (Mätz.) Nouȝt by chaungynge of body, but by chaungynge of disposicioun of wit and of semynge. 1393Gower Conf. III. 19 After the disposition Of glotony and dronkeship. 1475Bk. Noblesse 51 If suche prophesies and influence of the seide constellacions might be trew, yet..havyng a clene soule, may turne the contrarie disposicion that jugement of constellacion or prophesies signified. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 266 Men of honeste and vertuous disposition. 1678Wanley Wond. Lit. World v. ii. §81. 472/2 A man he was of a fierce, bloody, and faithless disposition. 1779J. Moore View Soc. Fr. (1789) I. xvii. 128 Congenial with the phlegm and saturnine dispositions of the English. 1837Whewell Hist. Induct. Sc. (1857) I. 108 The belief..that the motions of the stars, and the dispositions and fortunes of men, may come under some common conceptions and laws. 1841James Brigand i, His disposition was naturally cheerful and bright.
7. a. The state or quality of being disposed, inclined, or ‘in the mind’ (to something, or to do something); inclination (sometimes = desire, intention, purpose); state of mind or feeling in respect to a thing or person; the condition of being (favourably or unfavourably) disposed towards. (In pl. formerly sometimes = mental tendencies or qualities; hence nearly = sense 6.)
1393Gower Conf. III. 62 They take logginge in the town After the disposition Where as him thoughte best to dwelle. 1461Paston Lett. No. 408 II. 35 If thei do it of her owne disposicion. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 11 b, He requireth but onely a disposicyon in the persone..that he be repentaunt. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iv. i. 113 But come, now I will be your Rosalind in a more comming-on disposition. 1625Meade in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. III. 199 Those..that know best her dispositions are very hopefull his Majestie will have power to bring her to his own religion. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxiii. (1695) 156 Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry. 1754Chatham Lett. Nephew iv. 28 Go on, my dear child, in the admirable dispositions you have towards all that is right and good. 1832H. Martineau Life in Wilds ix. 121 There was a general disposition to remain. 1887Ruskin Præterita II. 253 A pleasant disposition to make the best of all she saw.
†b. A frame of mind or feeling; mood, humour.
1726–7Swift Gulliver i. i. 31, I rose up with as melancholy a disposition as ever I had in my life. 1749Fielding Tom Jones x. iii, The footmen..were in a different disposition. 1764Foote Patron iii. Wks. 1799 I. 356 If he is admitted in his present disposition, the whole secret will certainly out.
†8. Physical constitution, nature, or permanent condition. Obs.
c1477Caxton Jason 41 b, If ye juge the disposicion of my body after the colour of my face ye be gretly abused. 1555Eden Decades 29 Rather by the disposition of the earthe then constitucion of heauen. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 365 Considering the weake disposition of your bodie. 1635N. Carpenter Geog. Del. ii. xiv. 224 Hippocrates pronounced the people of the North to be of a leane and dry disposition. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 3/2 A constant unchangeable Disposition of Air above all the rest of the World. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 261 The disposition of trees may, however, be changed gradually in many instances.
9. a. Physical aptitude, tendency, or inclination (to something, or to do something).
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iii. xix. (1495) 65 To make the wytte of smellynge perfyte it nedyth to haue..good dysposicions in the nosethryllis. 1541R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 A iij, We shall treate in this present boke the dysposycyons which augmenteth the vlcere. 1552Huloet, Disposition to slepe or wake, cataphora. 1654Z. Coke Logick (1657) 32 Disposition..sometimes it is largely used for all fitness to anything..as when water waxeth warm, it is said to have a disposition to heat. 1791Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing I. i. ii. i. 120 The different dispositions of wool, silk, etc. to unite with the colouring particles. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 97 The disposition to form wens prevails frequently in many parts of the body at the same time.
†b. Aptness or capacity for doing something; aptitude, skill. Obs. rare.
1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 27 Yet did he admire their order..their disposition to handle the pike, and their strict obedience. 1768Sterne Sent. Journ., Montriul (1775) I. 37 You can shave, and dress a wig a little, La Fleur!—He had all the dispositions in the world.
†10.
a. Physical condition or state; state of bodily health. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 103, I foond þe sike of bettere disposicioun..& he spak bettere. 1541R. Copland Galyen's Terap. 2 B iv b, Of other vlceres wherin no corrupte affection or dysposition (that the Grekes call Cacoetes) is adioyned. 1598R. Grenewey Tacitus' Ann. vi. vi. 130 Cocceius Nerua..being in perfect disposition of body, resolued with him selfe to die. 1611Cotgr. s.v. Habitude, L'habitude du corps, the estate, plight, liking, or disposition of the bodie. 1633T. Stafford Pac. Hib. xxx. (1821) 506 Being surprised by an ill disposition of health. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 370 An inflammatory Disposition of the Coat of the Nerve.
†b. Normal or natural condition (of mind or body). Obs. rare. (Cf. indisposition = deranged condition.)
[c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 58 As soone as a membre is brouȝt to his kyndeli disposicioun.] 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 19 This solitarinesse is profitable and necessary for the disposition of the minde, so verie often is it hurtfull to the health of the bodie. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 36 The Pilot, seeing him restored to his disposition, caused [etc.].
11. Comb. in Philos., as disposition-concept, disposition-term, disposition-word.
1936R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. III. 440 Let us consider the question whether the so-called disposition-concepts can be defined. Ibid. 448 In the case of a disposition-term, the reduction cannot be replaced by a definition. 1949G. Ryle Concept of Mind ii. 44 Many disposition-concepts are determinable concepts. 1958Aspects of Translation 54 One may use the language of linguistic philosophers, and talk about disposition-words. 1965P. Caws Philos. Sci. viii. 54 Carnap..restricts the applicability of disposition terms. |