| 释义 |
suction|ˈsʌkʃən|
[ad. L. suctio, -ōnem, n. of action f. suct-, sūgĕre to suck. Cf. F. succion (OF. suction).]
1. a. The action of sucking with the tongue and lips (or analogous organs). Also, an instance of this.
Applied to a method of extracting soft cataract (and the instruments used) by sucking the liquid from the lens through a tube (cf. suction tube in 4 b).
1626Bacon Sylva §191 Sounds..may be made, as well by Suction, as by Emission of the Breath: as in Whistling, or Breathing. 1749Hartley Observ. Man i. ii. §2. 169 The Motions dependent on the Sensations of the Tongue..: Suction, Mastication [etc.]. 1800Med. Jrnl. III. 376 The author asserts, that..all the parts [in insects] derive their aliment from simple suction. 1840L. Hunt Seer i. x. 25/1 His [sc. a fly's] suctions of sugar. 1841T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. 194 The internal digestive apparatus [of the leech] is evidently adapted..to form a capacious reservoir for the reception of fluids taken in by suction. 1862Calverley Verses & Transl. (ed. 2) 2 When I..sent those streaky lollipops home for your fairy suction. 1868E. Edwards Ralegh I. xxv. 615 He was unable to take sustenance, except by suction. 1869Lawson Dis. Eye (1874) 130 Extraction of Soft Cataract by Suction... Two, three, or four days having elapsed, the second stage or suction part of the operation may be performed.
b. Imbibing strong drink, drinking. slang.
1817Scott Let. to Morritt 11 Aug. in Lockhart, A man..cannot easily spend much money in liquor, since he must walk three or four miles to the place of suction and back again. 1837Dickens Pickw. xxiii, Wery good power o' suction, Sammy. 1913Daily Mail 25 Apr. 5/1 ‘What was this debt for?’ asked Judge Snagge. ‘Suction, my lord,’ was the reply.
†c. transf. The craving of appetite. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 169 Least the parts shoulde pine away when they are..hunger-starued, nature hath framed one part of exquisite and perfect sense, which alone fore-apprehending the suction and so the want of the rest [etc.]. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 365 A continual and unsatiable desire of eating caused, by a vehement sense of suction in the mouth of the ventricle.
d. fig.
1851Hawthorne Ho. Sev. Gables xvii, They had been drawn into the great current of human life, and were swept away with it, as by the suction of fate itself. 1903Westm. Gaz. 24 Oct. 8/1 If we had joined the movement we should have been drawn into it through suction.
2. The production of a more or less complete vacuum with the result that external atmospheric pressure forces fluid into the vacant space or causes the adhesion of surfaces.
1658R. White tr. Digby's Powd. Symp. (1660) 53 One may remark within the..œconomy of nature, sundry sorts of attractions: as that of suction. 1669W. Simpson Hydrol. Chym. 129 The pressure would not be so much..unless at the time of the suction of the air. 1674Boyle Excell. Theol. ii. v. 212 Suction and the ascension of water in pumps. 1702Savery Miner's Friend 20 The external Pressure of the Atmosphere or what is vulgarly called Suction. 1793W. & S. Jones Catal. Optical etc. Instr. 6 A model of a water pump, exemplifying the nature of pumps, and proving the absurdity of what is called suction. 1878Meredith Teeth 222 That adaptation of the plate to the mucous membrane which is necessary to keep out particles of food, or to make perfect suction. 1899Baring-Gould Bk. West II. vi. 86 The suction had been so great as to tear the leather gaiters I wore off my legs.
3. Short for suction-pipe.
1886J. Barrowman Sc. Mining Terms 65 Suction, or Suction pipe, the tail pipe of a pump; that part of a pump where the water enters. 1889Welch Text Bk. Naval Archit. xi. 124 Its length is sufficient to enable it to be screwed at its other end to any of the suctions.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. Simple attrib.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 145/1 Air entering veins lying within the suction-influence of the chest. 1855Dunglison Med. Lex., Suction power, the force presumed to be exerted on the blood in the veins by the active dilatation of the heart. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 250 The alternate compressive action of the abdominal wall and suction action of the thorax.
b. Special comb.: suction box, chamber, a chamber in a pump into which the liquid is conveyed by the suction-pipe; suction dredge Engin., a type of dredge employing a suction pump, used in the dredging of soft material from sea-beds and river bottoms; hence suction dredger, a vessel which carries a suction dredge; suction dredging vbl. n.; suction fan, (a) a fan used to increase or diminish the draught in a furnace; (b) a fan for withdrawing chaff and dirt from grain, or steam and hot air from meal, as it comes from the burrs (Knight, 1884); suction gas, the town gas produced by a suction plant; suction lift Mech., the height to which a liquid can be drawn up a pipe by suction; suction pipe, (a) the pipe leading from the bottom of a pump barrel to the reservoir from which fluid is to be drawn; (b) a pipe for the extraction of dust from tow; suction plant, a form of gas producer (see producer 3) in which the blast is induced by suction; suction-plate, (a) a dental plate kept in position by atmospheric pressure; (b) (see quot. 1889); suction pressure Bot. [tr. G. saugkraft suction force (Ursprung & Blum 1916, in Ber. d. Deutsch. bot. Ges. XXXIV. 539)], the force with which a cell can imbibe water, being the difference between the pressure exerted by the cell walls on the cell contents and the osmotic pressure of the contents; suction primer (see quots.); suction pump, a pump of the type in which the barrel is placed above the level of the reservoir, and is connected therewith by a suction pipe; suction stop, any of the ‘clicks’ peculiar to certain South African languages; suction stroke, in an internal-combustion engine, a piston stroke in which fresh mixture is drawn into the cylinder; suction tube, (a) = suction-pipe (a); (b) a tube used in an operation for cataract; suction valve, (a) the valve at the bottom of the cylinder of a suction pump, below the piston; (b) the valve in a steam engine through which the water is drawn from the hot-well into the feed-pump (Knight, 1875). Also in various names of machines which perform their operations by suction or the creation of a vacuum; e.g. suction cleaner, suction gas engine, suction hose, suction sweeper.
1889Welch Text Bk. Naval Archit. xi. 124 A *suction-box or valve chest..is fitted beneath the pump.
1864Webster, *Suction-chamber, the chamber of a pump into which the suction pipe delivers.
1904Westm. Gaz. 14 Sept. 9/3 Their fight with *suction cleaners alone had cost them {pstlg}3,750.
1901Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 27 Oct. 3/2 Next Monday..the first *suction dredge ever operated in the western part of the Dominion will be given a trial. 1940Sun (Baltimore) 4 Dec. 6/3 Excavations by huge dipper and suction dredges already are under way at both ends of the canal. 1977New Yorker 20 June 68/2 Suction dredges are portable, cheap, irresistible to a certain class of lone, adventuring miner.
1911Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 6 Apr. 14/5 Plans are being prepared for a new *suction dredger of the type of the King Edward for use in British Columbia coast waters. 1930Engineering 13 June 760/1 The sand backing was filled in over the bank by suction dredgers. 1974H. R. Cooper Pract. Dredging (ed. 2) i. 10 (caption) A powerful pump, a floating platform, a pipe and disposal system{ddd}that is the simple anatomy of the Suction Dredger.
1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. vii. 69/2 These sands were washed beyond the narrow confines of the Ohinemuri River..where they were worked by *suction-dredging some years ago. 1974H. R. Cooper Pract. Dredging (ed. 2) p. x, During the 12 years since the first edition of Practical Dredging was published, trailing suction dredging methods have become increasingly important.
1874Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 400 A *suction-fan wherewith to increase or diminish the draught, and to cause the effectual passage of the gases and fumes through even a compact mass of ore.
1907Daily Mail Year Bk. 75/2 *Suction-gas has been adapted to marine purposes. 1936Bone & Himus Coal xxiv. 417 By the year 1901 ‘Suction-Gas Plants’ were established on the market. Ibid. 418 A typical ‘suction gas’, generated from gas-coke, with air saturated with steam at 51·7°C, contains CO2 = 5·15, CO = 25·45, H2 = 13·10, CH4 = 0·30, and N2 = 56·00 per cent.
1906Westm. Gaz. 2 Oct. 5/2 The householder must supply himself with a small *suction gas-engine.
1888Daily News 2 July 5/5 The Grinder and Manly tugs got to work with their *suction hose.
1909N. Hawkins Mech. Dict. 559/2 *Suction lift. 1940Kristal & Annett Pumps ii. 103 It is a generally accepted rule that 15-ft. suction lift is a safe operating condition. 1976C. P. Kittredge in I. J. Karassik et al. Pump Handbk. ii. 148 A positive value of hs is called a suction head while a negative value of hs is called a suction lift.
1793Trans. Soc. Arts V. 209 A proper length of *suction pipe. 1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 215 Arrangements..for cleaning the tow by a blowing-machine, with dust suction-pipes.
1909Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1908 826 A *suction plant costs less and occupies less ground space, but the gas made in it is not so strong as in the older form of pressure plant. 1920H. C. Greenwood Industr. Gases iii. 344 Suction plants have an advantage in the reduction of risk of carbon monoxide poisoning owing to the prevailing negative pressure.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2442/2 *Suction-plate (Dental). 1889Welch Text Bk. Naval Archit. xi. 124 A deck- or suction-plate.., to the under side of which, at its centre, the tail pipe from the pump is attached.
1922W. Styles in Biochem. Jrnl. XVI. 728, I propose for this quantity, already described as a force and a power, but which is in reality a pressure, the term ‘*suction pressure’. 1958New Biol. XXV. 38 Water moves from the soil to the leaves along a gradient which most European workers call a gradient of suction pressure or suction force and most Americans, a gradient of diffusion pressure deficit. 1978Physiol. Plant Path. XIII. 275 Infection of tomato plants by Meloidogyne javanica resulted in increased suction pressure in the root system.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2442/2 *Suction-primer, a small force-pump worked by hand and used in charging a main-pump. 1884Ibid. Suppl. 871/1 Suction Primer, a device to charge a steam pump ready for starting.
1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 635 Two or three kinds, used for domestic purposes, of which the *suction and lifting pumps are the chief. 1883Science I. 524/1 It has long been discussed whether the ventricle of the heart is not only a force-pump in systole, but also a suction-pump in diastole.
1887H. Sweet in Academy 10 Dec. 394 The *suction-stops or ‘clicks’ of the South-African languages.
1904R. T. Mecredy Dict. Motoring 169 The *Suction Stroke... The descent of the piston naturally causes a vacuum in the combustion chamber, which at first was air and gas tight. 1933V. L. Maleev Internal-Combustion Engines v. 59 Temperature td of the gases in the cylinder at the end of the suction stroke is higher than the outside temperature ta. 1941Newton & Seeds Motor Vehicle (ed. 3) xi. 172 The displacement of the piston on the suction stroke represents potential ability for forming a vacuum in the cylinder.
1920Chambers's Jrnl. Nov. 830/1 A *suction-sweeper that we have examined recently runs the electric type very close indeed. 1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 114/1 Whirlwind Suction Sweeper. Its revolving Brush sweeps the carpet... Its powerful suction sucks the dust into the dustproof container.
1863Atkinson tr. Ganot's Physics (1866) 131 A *suction tube,..which dips into the reservoir from which water is to be raised. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 502 One, resulting from the prick of a thorn, in a man, aged 28, was extracted with the suction-tube.
1831Lardner Pneumatics v. 294 Probably the most simple and the best contrivance [for an air pump] is one in which the *suction valve is altogether dispensed with.
c. spec. in Aeronaut., used attrib. to designate various devices concerned with controlling flow conditions in the boundary layer, as suction aerofoil, suction control, suction slot, etc.
1933Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) vii. 58 Suction face, the side of an airscrew blade formed by the upper surfaces of its aerofoil elements. 1946Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. L. 431/1 The suction aerofoil exhibits a large discontinuous fall of velocity followed by a gentle rising velocity from the position of the suction slot to the trailing edge. 1950Ibid. LIV. 159/2 The suction wing principle must be associated with the flying wing layout for it to be truly advantageous. 1960Aeroplane XCIX. 268/2 In spite of official reluctance to admit the potentialities of suction control of the boundary layer, the enthusiasts persist in their efforts. 1977Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXV. 350/1 The US..flew a modified twin-jet reconnaissance aircraft..in 1966 with suction slots which also achieved a high degree of wing laminar flow.
Hence ˈsuctional a. rare—1, having a power of suction (fig.); ˈsuctionist nonce-wd., one who favours a theory of suction.
1707Phil. Trans. XXV. 2415 Several Phænomena of which, being liable to be accounted for by the Suctionists, and Funicularians, to proceed from some (unintelligible) Internal Cause. 1872Ruskin Munera P. 32 The holder of wealth..may be regarded..as a money-chest with a slit in it, not only receptant but suctional. |