| 释义 |
subjunctive, a. and n.|səbˈdʒʌŋktɪv|
[ad. L. subjunctīv-us, f. subjunct-, pa. ppl. stem of subjungĕre to subjoin. Cf. F. subjonctif, It. subiuntivo, Sp. subjuntivo; also It. soggiuntivo.]
A. adj.
1. Gram. That is subjoined or dependent.
L. subjunctivus is a translation of Gr. ὑποτακτικός, which as a grammatical term was used variously with the meaning ‘subjoined’: see below.
†a. subjunctive article (Gr. ἄρθρον ὑποτακτικόν), the relative ὅς ἥ ὅ, as opposed to the ‘prepositive article’ ὁ ἡ τό; hence subjunctive pronoun, subjunctive adverb = relative pronoun, adverb. subjunctive vowel (L. vocalis subjunctiva, Gr. ϕωνῆεν ὑποτακτικόν), the second vowel of a diphthong. subjunctive proposition, a subordinate clause. Obs.
1583Subjunctive article [see prepositive]. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1355 This particle or Conjunction Eι, that is to say, If, and.. what Subjunctive proposition soever following after it. 1700A. Lane Key Art Lett. (1705) 10 E Subjunctive is written at the end of a word, after a single Consonant to make the single Vowel before it long. 1751Harris Hermes i. v. (1765) 79 We may with just reason..call this Pronoun the Subjunctive, because it cannot..introduce an original Sentence. 1818Stoddart in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 43/1 The principal subjunctive pronouns in English are who and which, and sometimes that. 1824L. Murray Engl. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 195 When we read the first chapter of Genesis, we perceive, that this subjunctive pronoun, as it may be called, occurs but seldom.
b. Designating a mood (L. modus subjunctivus, Gr. ὑποτακτικὴ ἔγκλισις) the forms of which are employed to denote an action or a state as conceived (and not as a fact) and therefore used to express a wish, command, exhortation, or a contingent, hypothetical, or prospective event. (The mood is used in both principal and subordinate clauses; cf., however, conjunctive a. 3 c.) Also, belonging to this mood, e.g. subjunctive present or present subjunctive.
So named because it was regarded as specially appropriate to ‘subjoined’ or subordinate clauses.
1530Palsgr. 84 The subjunctive mode whiche they ever use folowyng an other verbe, and addyng this worde que before hym. 1612Brinsley Posing Pts. (1669) 31 Why is it called the Subjunctive Mood? A. Because it dependeth upon some other Verb in the same sentence, either going before, or coming after it. 1669Milton Accedence 17 There be four Moods, which express the manner of doing; the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential or Subjunctive, and the Infinitive. 1751Harris Hermes i. viii. (1765) 143 This Mode, as often as it is in this manner subjoined, is called by Grammarians not the Potential, but the Subjunctive. 1839T. Mitchell Frogs Aristoph. 589 note, Examples of a subjunctive interrogative in the present tense..are not wanting in the Greek writings. 1853Max Müller Chips (1880) I. iii. 79 No subjunctive mood existed in the common Sanskrit. 1861Paley æschylus (ed. 2) Pers. 120 To combine an aorist subjunctive with a future indicative.
c. Characteristic of what is expressed by the subjunctive mood; contingent, hypothetical.
1837G. Phillips Syriac Gram. 111 The tenses..in many cases express a potential, subjunctive, or hypothetical sense. 1866R. Chambers Ess. Ser. ii. 214 One of the subjunctive heroes of literature and science. 1893Hansard's Parl. Debates Ser. iii. VIII. 1589 To make a subjunctive or contingent apology.
†2. In general sense: Additional to. Obs. rare.
a1670Hacket Abp. Williams i. 87 A few things more, subjunctive to the former, were thought meet to be Castigated in Preachers at that time.
†3. (See quot.) Obs. rare—0.
1656Blount Glossogr., Subjunctive, that under-sets, or joyns underneath.
B. n. Gram.
1. The subjunctive mood; a form of a verb belonging to the subjunctive mood.
1622J. W. tr. Oudin's Sp. Gram. 4 Cogér..maketh in the Optatiue and Subiunctiue Cója. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Mood, Men might have invented a particular Inflection... But they han't done it; and in lieu thereof, make use of the Subjunctive. 1835T. Mitchell Acharn. Aristoph. 253 note, The subjunctive thus used without ἂν has an interrogative and future signification. 1860G. P. Marsh Lect. Engl. Lang. xiv. 317 The subjunctive is evidently passing out of use, and there is good reason to suppose that it will soon become obsolete altogether. 1875Poste Gaius i. (ed. 2) 36 The edicts and interdicts of the praetor are couched in the subjunctive (Exhibeas, Restituas, &c.), a milder form of imperative.
b. Comb., as subjunctive-equivalent, an expression which conveys the subjunctive mood by a construction involving an auxiliary verb and an infinitive.
1927E. A. Sonnenschein Soul of Grammar ii. 87 Modern English makes a large use of ‘subjunctive-equivalents,’ e.g. expressions formed by combining a tense..of the verbs ‘shall’, ‘will’, ‘may’, ‘let’, with an infinitive. 1965F. Behre in English Studies Apr. 89 But now is perhaps the right moment to question the fitness of using the term ‘subjunctive-equivalent’ in contemporary English.
†2. A relative. Obs. rare.
1818Stoddart in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 83/2 Where, whence, and whither..serve indifferently for interrogatives and subjunctives.
Hence subˈjunctively adv., in the subjunctive mood, as a subjunctive.
1651Hobbes Leviathan i. vi. 29 Deliberation is expressed Subjunctively; which is a speech proper to signifie suppositions. 1871Public School Lat. Gram. §67. 167 Examples of the Conjunctive Mood used Subjunctively accidit ut aegrotem. |