| 释义 |
sub-, prefix|sʌb, səb|
repr. L. sub- = the prep. sub under, close to, up to, towards, used in composition (cf. under-) with the various meanings detailed below. (The related Skr. upa-, Gr. ὑπο- have a similar range of meaning.)
The b of L. sub- remained unchanged when it preceded a radical beginning with s, t, or v; before m and r it was frequently assimilated (see e.g. summon, surrogate), and before c, f, g, and p it was almost invariably assimilated (see e.g. succeed, suffer, suggest, suppose). Variation is illustrated by L. subfuscus subfusc beside L. suffuscus, subrogātus subrogate beside surrogātus surrogate. A by-form subs- (cf. abs-) was normally reduced to sus- in certain compounds with words having initial c, p, t, e.g. suscipĕre, suspendĕre, sustinēre (see susception, suspend, sustain); and before sp- the prefix becomes su-, as in suspicĕre, suspīcio, suspirāre (see suspect, suspicion, suspire).
The original force of the prefix is either entirely lost sight of or to a great extent obscured in many words derived immediately or ultimately from old Latin compounds, such as subject, suborn, subscription, subserve, subsist, substance. (Where the prefix occurs in an assimilated form and is consequently disguised, as in succeed, suffer, suppose, an analysis of the compound does not readily suggest itself.) As a living prefix in English it bears a full meaning of its own and is freely employed in the majority of the senses defined below. Appropriate originally to composition with words of Latin origin it has become capable of being prefixed to words of native English or any other origin. This extension took place as early as the 15th c., but the beginnings of the wide use of which it is now capable date from the latter half of the 18th c., to which a large number of the earliest examples of scientific terms belong.
The more important and permanent compounds, whether general or technical, are entered in this Dictionary as main words; in the present article are treated such compounds of a general character as have not a permanent status in the language and scientific terms the meaning of which may (for the most part) be gathered from the meaning of the prefix and that of the radical element.
In Romanic, sub- was replaced by subtus- as a living prefix; e.g. sublevāre was ousted by *subtuslevāre, whence OF. souz-, souslever, mod.F. soulever. (Cf. south-2.) But sub- appears in OF. (1) from the 12th cent. in learned adoptions of old Latin compounds, e.g. suborner to suborn, substance, subversion, (2) from the 14th cent. (with variant soub-) in forms substituted for older compounds with souz-, sous-; e.g. submayeur (cf. soubzmaire) sub-mayor, subprieur (cf. sousprieur) subprior, (AF.) subtaxour sub-taxer, subvicaire sub-vicar (see 6 below); soubmetre for sousmetre to submit.
Pronunciation. The prefix bears the main stress (1) in the following words derived from compounds of the old Latin stock, viz. ˈsubject (n.), ˈsubscript, ˈsubstance, ˈsuburb; ˈsubaltern, ˈsubdolous, ˈsubjugate, ˈsublimate, ˈsubsequent, ˈsubsidize, ˈsubsidy, ˈsubstantive, ˈsubstitute, ˈsubtrahend; also in ˈsubmarine; (2) in words in which there is an implicit contrast with the simple word, e.g. ˈsubarch, ˈsubclass, ˈsubflavour, ˈsubgenus, ˈsub-office, ˈsubsection, ˈsubsoil. (As with other prefixes that express contrast, the principal stress is always on sub- when the contrast is explicit, as deacon and ˈsubdeacon, to let or ˈsublet, epithelial and ˈsubepithelial tissue.) The prefix is stressless and the quality of its vowel is consequently reduced in subˈduce, subˈdue, subˈjective, subˈjoin, subˈjunctive, subˈlime, subˈmerge, subˈmit, subˈordinate, subˈreption, subˈscribe, subˈserve, subˈside, subˈsidiary, subˈsist, subˈstantial, subˈstratum, subˈsume, subˈtend, subˈtract, suˈburban, subˈvene, subˈvert, and their derivatives. In other cases the prefix bears a stress varying from a light secondary to a stress even with that of the second element of the compound (the vowel being consequently unobscured), as in ˌsubˈacid, ˌsubˈclavian, ˈsubˈdean, ˌsuboˈpercular, ˌsubteˈrranean. In compounds belonging to branch II, even stress tends to prevail.
I. Under, underneath, below, at the bottom (of).
1. Forming adjs. in which sub- is in prepositional relation to the n. implied in the second element, as in L. subaquāneus = that is sub aquā under water, subaquaneous, subdiālis = that is sub diō, subdial, subterrāneus = that is sub terrā, subterranean, -eous.
a. Compounds of a general character (mainly nonce-wds.) and miscellaneous scientific terms.
subarˈboreal, lying under a forest of trees. subˈastral, situated beneath the stars, mundane, terrestrial. subˈcambrian Geol., lying beneath the Cambrian formation. ˌsubcarboˈniferous Geol., designating the mountain-limestone formation of the carboniferous series or that lying beneath the millstone grit, lower carboniferous. † subˈconsulary, being under the government of consuls. subˈcrustal, lying under the crust of the earth. subˈferulary [see ferular], under school discipline. subˈfluvial, extending under a river. subˈglacial, existing or taking place under the ice. sublaˈcustrine, lying or deposited at the bottom of a lake. subˈmundane, existing beneath the world. subˈniveal, -ˈnivean, existing or carried on under the snow. subˈnubilar, situated beneath the clouds. ˌsuboceˈanic, beneath the ocean. ˌsubphotoˈspheric, produced under the photosphere. † subˈrenal, occurring beneath the kidneys or in the region of the loins. subˈruinan, underneath ruins. subscaˈlarian a. used as n. (see quot.). ˌsubsuperˈficial, occurring below the surface. † ˌsubteguˈlaneous [L. subtegulāneus, f. tegula tile], under the roof or eaves. subˈtidal Ecol., situated or occurring below the low tide mark. subˈundane [L. unda wave], growing beneath the waves. sub-ˈWealden, under the Wealden strata in Sussex (or similar strata elsewhere).
1886Guillemard Cruise of Marchesa II. 10 The explorer who penetrates the true primeval forest in a country such as Borneo finds himself at the bottom of a *subarboreal world.
1752Warburton Serm. Ps. cxliv. 3 He compares this *sub⁓astral œconomy with the systems of the fixed stars.
1871Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) II. ix. 172 The riddle of the rocks has been read from *sub-cambrian depths.
1849Dana Geol. ix. (1850) 485 These *sub-carboniferous beds are well developed in Illawarra.
1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 55 In *subconsulary Rome, Athens or Sparta.
1898Geogr. Jrnl. Nov. 545 Volcanic outflow of *subcrustal molten matter.
1852Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. 118 Having in his tender years been *subferulary to some other kind of schooling.
1863Hawthorne Our Old Home, Up the Thames II. 134 Making the *subfluvial avenue [viz. the Thames tunnel] only a little gloomier than a sheet of upper London.
1820W. Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 105 Pursuing their course through *subglacial channels to the front of the iceberg. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. viii. 60 Strange subglacial noises were sometimes heard.
1859Thirlwall Rem. (1878) III. 203 The prevailing notion of the *sublacustrine domains is, that they are full of countless treasures.
1832Examiner 115/1 Yet have we our festivals Even in these *submundane halls.
1885Field 12 Dec. 824/1 A favourite resort for these *sub-niveal operations is a steep bank where the heather is old and long.
1845S. Judd Margaret i. xvii, Seizing a shovel he..commenced his *subnivean work. 1864–5Wood Homes without H. 38 In a subnivean abode.
1877Dawson Orig. World ii. 63 That there is no *sub-nubilar solid sphere.
1858Rep. Brit. Assoc. i. 22 *Suboceanic and subaerial volcanic ejecta.
1903A. M. Clerke Probl. Astrophysics 66 *Sub-photospheric heat may be of almost any intensity.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 77 The humors which annoy the body of oxen are many, the first is a moist one called Malis;..the sixt a *Subrenall, when the hinder legs halte by reason of some paine in the loines.
1881J. P. Briscoe Old Nottinghamshire 140 What is that sound! A subterranean, or *subruinan voice?
1790Cowper Let. to J. Johnson 28 Feb., As to yourself, whom I know to be a *subscalarian, or a man that sleeps under the stairs.
1899Smithsonian Rep. 230 The superficial and *subsuperficial temperatures.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Subtegulaneous, that is under the eaves or roofs of houses. 1878N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 163 This subtegulaneous solitude.
1939Clements & Shelford Bio-Ecol. x. 313 The *subtidal community reaches up into the tidal area. 1979R. Brewer Princ. Ecol. v. 231 It is usual to recognize three zones on both sandy and rocky shores. These are the intertidal zone itself, a supratidal zone above it.., and the subtidal zone.
1851D. Landsborough Brit. Seaweeds (ed. 2) 19 With bright festoons of gayer, gentler algues, *Subundane drapery.
1872in Rec. Sub-Wealden Explor. (1878) 6 The thickness of the *Sub-Wealden strata in France and Belgium.
(b) In derived advbs., as subˈglacially adv., under an ice sheet or glacier.
1909Webster, *Subglacially. 1978Nature 8 June 456/2 Lava flows which were erupted subglacially in southwestern Iceland.
b. Anat. (Path., Surg.) and Zool. = Situated or occurring under or beneath (occas. behind) the part or organ denoted by the radical element, or lying on the ventral side of it or ventrally with respect to it; as in (late) L. subālāris that is sub ālīs under the wings, suboculāris subocular, mod.L. sublinguālis sublingual, etc.
Compounds of this class may coincide in form with compounds having a different analysis. Thus, subabdominal = under the abdomen, f. sub abdōmine + -al1, coincides with subabdominal = not quite abdominal, f. sub- 21 d + abdominal; so subcartilaginous, subcentral, submucous subspinous. Also, such a form as subumbrellar may be analysed as (1) sub umbrellā + -ar1 = situated beneath the umbrella, or (2) f. subumbrella (see f below) + -ar1 = pertaining to the subumbrella; so submental. (In this second case the resultant signification is much the same whichever analysis is taken.)
In some of these compounds the implied regimen of the prep. is not a simple n. but a group consisting of an adj. and a n., the adj. being the element represented in the compound; e.g. subdural.
In the following list explanations of the radical element have been occasionally added in brackets; in most instances the meaning of the compound is readily inferred from that of the prefix and of the second element. Many more words of this class are to be found in the medical dicts. of Billings, Dorland, and others, Sydenham Society's Lex., Allbutt's Syst. Med., Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci., etc.
subabˈdominal (= situated or occurring under, below, or beneath the abdomen), subaˈcromial, subˈalar, subˈanal, subaponeuˈrotic, subaˈstragaloid, subauˈricular (an auricle), subˈcæcal, subˈcalcarine (the calcarine fissure), subˈcapsular, ˌsubcereˈbellar, subcoˈllateral (the collateral fissure of the brain), ˌsubconjuncˈtival (the conjunctiva), subˈcoracoid, subˈcranial (the cranium, the cranial axis), subcuˈticular, subˈdeltoid, subˈdermal, -oid, ˌsubdiaphragˈmatic, subˈdiscal (the discal shell), subˈdural (the dura mater), ˌsubectoˈdermal, -ic, ˌsubendoˈcardial, ˌsubendoˈstylar, ˌsubendoˈthelial, ˌsubepiˈdermal, -ic, ˌsubepiˈthelial, subˈfalcial (the falx cerebri), subˈfascial, subˈfrontal (a frontal lobe), subˈgenital, sub-ˈgenual (the knee), sub-ˈgingival (the gums, esp. between the gum-margins and the teeth), subˈglenoid (the glenoid fossa), subˈglottal, subˈglottic (the glottis), subˈgular (the throat), subˈhæmal, subˈhyoid, ˌsubinteˈstinal, subˈlabial, sublaˈryngeal, subˈlobular (a lobule of the liver), subˈloral, subˈmammary, submanˈdibular, subˈmastoid, submeˈningeal, subˈmuscular, subˈnervian, sub-ˈneural (a main neural axis or nervous cord), subˈnodal, ˌsubœsoˈphageal, -an, subˈoral, subˈostracal (the shell, Gr. ὄστρακον), subˈpallial, subpaˈrietal (the parietal bone, lobe, etc.), subpeˈduncular, subˈpelvic, ˌsubperiˈcranial, ˌsubperiˈosteal, ˌsubperitoˈneal, ˌsubperitoˈneo-abˈdominal, -ˈpelvic (the abdominal peritoneum, the peritoneum of the pelvis; applied to forms of extra-uterine pregnancy), subpeˈtrosal (the petrosal bone), subˈphrenic (the diaphragm), subˈpial (the pia mater), subˈpleural, subpreˈputial, subˈpubic, subpyˈloric, subˈradular, subˈretinal, subˈscrotal, subspheˈnoidal, subˈspinal, sub-ˈspinous, subˈsternal, subˈstigmatal, subˈsylvian (the Sylvian fissure), subsyˈnovial (a synovial membrane), subˈtectal (the tectum of the skull), subteguˈmental, subˈtemporal (a temporal gyrus of the brain), subtenˈtacular (the tentacles or tentacular canal), subtraˈpezial, subˈungual, sub-ˈunguial, subvaˈginal, subˈventral.
1840Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 408 These branchiæ are situated..upon the *subabdominal appendages.
1839Dublin Jrnl. Med. Sci. XV. 260 Symmetrical *Sub-acromial Luxations.
1834G. Bennett Wand. N.S.W. II. 45 The beautiful *sub-alar plumage.
1889Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLV. 644 The *subanal fasciole.
1868Gay Varicose Dis. 150 The trunk veins, especially the *subaponeurotic.
1872T. Bryant Pract. Surg. 1061 *Subastragaloid amputation.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 187 *Subauricular tooth in the larger valve.
1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., *Subcæcal fossa, pocket sometimes found in the peritoneum behind the cæcum.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 154 The replacement of lingual lobule and fusiform lobule..by *sub⁓calcarine gyre and *subcollateral gyre.
1889Lancet 20 Apr. 787/2 The *subcapsular portion of the cortex.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 240 The *subcerebellar veins.
1839–47Todd's Cycl. Anat. III. 85/1 The cellular tissue..is sometimes the seat of..*subconjunctival ecchymosis. 1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 308 Inflammation of the sclerotic or subconjunctival fascia.
1839Dublin Jrnl. Med. Sci. XV. 251 Congenital *Subcoracoid Luxation.
1876Quain's Anat. (ed. 8) II. 738 *Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches.
1855Hyde Clarke Dict., *Subcuticular, under the cuticle. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 575 The whitlow is often sub-cuticular.
1853Dublin Quart. Jrnl. Med. Sci. XV. 6 The *subdeltoid bursa.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 415/1 These cavities are known as *subdermal chambers.
1845Todd & Bowman Phys. Anat. I. 425 They lie either in the cutis or *sub-dermoid tissue.
1844Hoblyn Dict. Terms Med. (ed. 2) 293 *Sub-diaphragmatic, the designation of a plexus, furnished by the solar plexus, and distributed to the diaphragm.
1902Proc. Zool. Soc. II. 272 A *sub-discal series of internervular spots and dashes.
1875W. Turner Hum. Anat. 219 A fine space containing a minute quantity of limpid serum..named the arachnoid cavity, or,..the *sub-dural space.
1888Q. Jrnl. Micros. Sci. (N.S.) XXVIII. 381 The cutaneous muscles arise from the *subectodermal fibrous network.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 784 A *sub-ectodermic plexus of ganglion cells in the subumbrella.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 827 *Sub-endocardial hæmorrhages.
1893Athenæum 2 Dec. 774/1 The *subendostylar cœlom.
1875W. Turner in Encycl. Brit. I. 848/2 The endothelial cells rest upon a *sub-endothelial tissue.
1853Pharmac. Jrnl. XIII. 17 The *sub-epidermal cellular tissue.
1877Huxley & Martin Elem. Biol. 65 The *subepidermic cells.
1873T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. 264 The *sub-epithelial connective tissue.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 121 The presence of a *subfalcial sinus.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 601 Its source, a degenerate gland, is not only subcutaneous, but *subfascial also, that is, under the deep cervical fascia.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 260 The sternal surface presents, anteriorly, a flattened *sub⁓frontal area.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 785 The membranes come to lie at the bottom of *subgenital cavities or lemnia.
1934Webster, *Subgenual. 1935R. E. Snodgrass Princ. Insect Morphol. xvii. 527 Proximally, below the ‘knee’, is a large fan-shaped subgenual organ. 1978H. V. Daly Introd. Insect Biol. & Diversity vi. 109/1 Sub⁓genual organs are found in many insects but are lacking in Archeognatha, Coleoptera, and Diptera.
1898H. H. Burchard Text-bk. Dental Path. & Therapeutics xxiv. 456 By *subgingival deposits are meant calculi which are first deposited in the annular depression between the gum-margin and a tooth. 1979Williams & Elliott Basic & Appl. Dental Biochem. xii. 224 Dental plaque covers the tooth (supragingival plaque) and extends over the tooth surface of the gingival pocket (subgingival plaque).
1872Humphry Myology 31 The palmar muscles take their origin from the coracoids, or *subglenoid part of the girdle.
1932W. L. Graff Language & Languages i. 33 Even if we assume that the *subglottal force of expiration is the same.., on leaving the larynx its strength is..weakened. 1970Language XLVI. 313 It would seem difficult to ascertain whether a change in fundamental frequency is due to a change in the tension of the laryngeal muscles or to a change in the subglottal air pressure.
1880A. Flint Princ. Med. 304 Œdema in very rare instances occurs below the vocal cords. This is distinguished as *subglottic œdema.
1858W. Clark tr. Van der Hoeven's Zool. II. 249 *Subgular vocal sac.
1872Humphry Myology 8 The Cryptobranch is continued from the interior of the pelvis beneath the hæmal arches of the tail where it blends with the *subhæmal septum.
1876Quain's Anat. (ed. 8) II. 740 The fourth arch, which has no special name, but might be called *sub-hyoid or cervical.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 125 Vessels..which pass round the intestine..to join a *sub-intestinal vessel.
1875Blake Zool. 196 The nasal sacs are *sublabial.
1901Proc. Zool. Soc. London I. 281 The *sub-laryngeal pouch is essentially a cæcal diverticulum of the ventral wall of the larynx, between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. 1949Koestler Insight & Outlook 391 A continuous flow of physiological processes, involving..sublaryngeal movements (inner speech).
1839–47Todd's Cycl. Anat. III. 173/1 The *sublobular veins are named from their position at the base of the lobules.
1896Brit. Birds, Their Nests & Eggs I. 185 The superciliary and *sub⁓loral white streaks.
1857Dunglison Med. Lex. s.v., ‘*Sub⁓mammary inflammation’, inflammation of the areolar tissue beneath the mamma.
1875Buckland Log-Bk. 118 The *submandibular..tissues.
1844Hoblyn Dict. Terms Med. (ed. 2) 293 *Sub-mastoïd, the name of a branch given off by the seventh pair of nerves, as it passes out from the stylo⁓mastoïd foramen.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 569 Some injury during birth, such as usually results in *submeningeal hæmorrhage.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., *Submuscular, seated beneath muscles or a muscular layer.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 679 In Lumbricus there are three longitudinal trunks which run from end to end of the body—(1) dorsal, (2) supranervian, (3) *subnervian.
1878Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anatomy 279 A *subneural cavity [in insects].
1900Lucas Brit. Dragonflies 53 The ultra-nodal sector is found between the principal and the *sub-nodal.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 547/2 A second [ganglion], which is *subœsophageal and anterior, supplies the buccal apparatus.
1858W. Clark tr. Van der Hoeven's Zool. II. 59 Branchiæ open internally in a *subœsophagean tube.
1836–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 393/2 The *sub-oral ganglion is particularly subservient to mastication.
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 675/2 A thin plate-like ‘*sub-ostracal’ or (so-called) dorsal cartilage.
1854Woodward Mollusca ii. 195 A *sub-pallial expansion on the sides of the back.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 152 *Subparietal [gyre].
1815J. Gordon Syst. Hum. Anat. I. 211 The *sub-peduncular Lobule of the Cerebellum.
1864Reader No. 103. 771/1 The acute *subpelvic arch.
1872T. Bryant Pract. Surg. 41 In the *subpericranial form [of contusions] the indurated base may organise.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 713/2 In syphilis..there is frequently *subperiosteal effusion of lymph.
1835–6Ibid. I. 13/1 The *subperitoneal cellular tissue.
1896Nomencl. Dis. 209 Affections connected with pregnancy... β. *Subperitoneo-abdominal.
1857Bullock tr. Cazeaux' Midwifery 245 *Sub-peritoneo-pelvic Pregnancy..a species of extra-uterine pregnancy.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 242 The oblique super- and *sub-petrosal sinuses.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 570 By *subphrenic abscess is understood a collection of pus in the hollow of the diaphragm.
1877tr. von Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XII. 465 Meshes or spaces in the tissue of the pia (*subpial space).
1862H. W. Fuller Dis. Lungs 173 The *sub-pleural cellular tissue is injected and œdematous.
1872T. Bryant Pract. Surg. 496 From retained *sub-preputial secretion or from adhesion between the glans and prepuce.
1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 198 *Sub-Pubic or Triangular Ligament. 1866Huxley Laing's Preh. Rem. Caithn. 94 The sub-pubic arch.
1911Encycl. Brit. (ed. 11) XVII. 166/2 The gastric glands, draining the stomach (these are divided into coronary, *sub-pyloric and retropyloric groups).
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. viii. 488 The *subradular membrane is continued into a longer or shorter sac.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 134/2 The submucous tissue of the gall-bladder; the subserous of the pleura..; the *subretinal.
1861Bumstead Ven. Dis. 119 The *sub-scrotal cellular tissue.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 241 The *subsphenoidal sinus.
1733tr. Winslow's Anat. (1756) I. 259 The *Sub-Spinal..Fossa.
1878Walsham Handbk. Surg. Pathol. 153 *Subspinous [dislocation]. The head of the bone is displaced on to the posterior margin of the glenoid cavity.
1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 772 The *substernal and pulmonary lymphatics. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 785 Dysphagia and substernal burning.
1896Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 30 The marginal cell..may have the portion below the stigma (*substigmatal) longer than that beyond (poststigmatal).
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 152 Fissural connections..of the Sylvian with the basisylvian, presylvian, and *subsylvian.
1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 254/1 The *subsynovial cellular tissue.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 818/2 *Subtectal, lying beneath the roof, as the roof of the skull. 1975Nature 30 Oct. 738/1 In the vertebrates below mammals, the tectal and subtectal areas are the main centres of termination of sensory pathways.
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 679/1 A pair of such spores [sc. tegumental] leading into *sub-tegumental spaces of considerable area.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 153 The callosal,..precuneal, and *subtemporal fissures.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. ix. 586 The *subtentacular and cœliac canals.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 28 The *sub-trapezial plexus on the under surface of the trapezius muscle.
1855Hyde Clarke Dict., *Subungual, under the nails. 1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 755 The subungual wart.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., *Subunguial, belonging to parts under the nail; as subunguial exostosis.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 159 Coloring matter is..found..in the *sub-vaginal space.
1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. I. ix. 267 No *subventral..foot.
(b) in derived advs.; e.g. subconjuncˈtivally, sub-ˈdurally, sub-ˈglottically, sub-periˈosteally, sub-ˈpially; so subcortically.
1907Ophthalmoscope V. 383 The conjunctival cicatrice had been divided *subconjunctivally. 1974Nature 11 Oct. 553/2 Grafts..placed on Fischer hosts that had been inoculated subconjunctivally..were rejected abruptly.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 700 Injected *subdurally the results were not so constant.
1975Year Bk. Ear, Nose & Throat 317 Direct laryngoscopy showed adducted cords with an absent lumen *subglottically.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subperiosteally, in a subperiosteal manner.
1950Jrnl. Neurophysiol. XIII. 192 A fine steel needle electrode thrust *subpially into the substance of the acoustic tubercle.
c. Bot. in the same sense as b; e.g. ˌsubarcheˈsporial, subhyˈmenial. Also subpetiolar.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Subarchesporial Pad, Bower's term for a cushion-like group of cells below the archesporium in Lycopodium.
1874Cooke Fungi 57 The receptacle proper comprehends the *sub-hymenial tissue, the parenchyma, and the external membrane. 1882Bennett Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 4) 288 The ascophorous hyphæ or subhymenial layer.
d. Anat. In adj. compounds in Latin form, of the type defined in b above, designating parts of the body, used absol. by ellipsis of n. (e.g. musculus muscle, membrāna membrane): e.g. subanconeus, subcrureus, submucosa.
(b) Adjs. of Eng. form are similarly used, esp. pl.; e.g. subcostal, suborbital.
e. With ns. forming attrib. compounds; e.g. ˈsub-ice; sub-ˈcuticle = subcutaneous; subˈsolidus Geol., existing or occurring in conditions corresponding to a point in a phase diagram below a solidus, i.e. when the system is wholly solid; sub-ˈturbary found under turf-ground.
1889Microcosm Dec., His *subcuticle injections.
1959Times 9 Jan. 11/6 Apart from the exposed mountains near the coast, *sub-ice hill and dale occur. 1973Nature 20 Apr. 539/3 New chapters in the history of the continent will be based on the results of continued palaeomagnetic studies, much deep-sea drilling and to a lesser extent sub-ice drilling.
1900Pop. Sci. Monthly Feb. 440 There would necessarily be a *submountain mass.
1895Westm. Gaz. 7 Sept. 4/4 The whole of the *sub-river section of the line.
1952B. Mason Princ. Geochem. x. 232 We must..consider the phase changes that may take place in solid solutions in the *subsolidus region. 1979Nature 15 Mar. 220/1 This mineral assemblage could be produced by hot-pressing the above composition in subsolidus conditions.
1846Owen Brit. Fossil Mammals 512 The *sub-turbary shell-marl in various localities in Ireland.
1893Times 24 June 7/6 The [latest] ships are practically the same with regard to the *sub-water structure.
f. With ns. forming ns. designating a part, organ, or substance lying under the part denoted by the radical element; e.g. subcosta, subenˈcephalon, subhyˈmenium, submentum, subplaˈcenta, sub-ˈradius, subˈtesta (see quots.), subumbrella.
1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., *Subencephalon, Krause's name for combined medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and corpora quadrigemina.
1900Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, Sub⁓hymenial Layer or *Subhymenium, = Hypothecium.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., *Subplacenta, decidua membrana.
1897Parker & Haswell Zool. I. 129 Half way between any ad-radius and the adjacent per- or inter-radius, a radius of the fourth order, of *sub-radius.
1816P. Keith Syst. Physiol. Bot. II. 374 The *Subtesta, which is the inner coat of the seed and lies immediately under the testa.
g. Forming vbs., in L. subhastāre = ‘hastæ subicĕre’ (see subhastation), subjugāre to subjugate.
2. a. With adverbial force (= underneath, below, down, low, lower), prefixed to adjs., vbs., and pples. (and, less freq., ns.), as in L. subærātus having copper underneath, subjacens underlying, subjacent, subscrībĕre to write underneath, write down, subscribe, subsīdĕre to sit down, subside, substernĕre to strew or spread underneath, subtendĕre to stretch under, subtend, late L. subcavāre to hollow out underneath; e.g. subaˈdjacent, sub-ˈrepent adjs.; subæˈrated, sub-conˈcealed, sub-conˈtained, sub-ˈdented, sub-ˈtwined pples.; subˈcavate vb. ˌsublineˈation, underlining. ˌsubpunctuˈation, marking letters or words with dots underneath. † subˈumbrage v., to overshadow. † subunˈdation, the action of waves underneath. (Formations of this class are uncommon.)
1722Quincy Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2) 2 The superior Parts of the *subadjacent Os Metacarpi. 1922Joyce Ulysses 653 He..gained retarded access to the kitchen through the subadjacent scullery.
1771Phil. Trans. LXII. 60 A *subærated..denarius of the Plætorian family.
1799W. Tooke View Russ. Emp. I. 115 A piece of mountain,..entirely bare of soil,..in conjunction with that mineral [viz. talc] *subcavating the trapp-stone.
a1734North Exam. iii. vi. (1740) 430 To do it with Address, and *subconcealed Artifice.
1768Cheselden Anat. Hum. Body 133 For the better understanding of the *sub-contained parts.
1836Smart Dict., *Subdented, indented beneath.
1898I. C. Russell River Developm. 246 If a name were desired for this minor feature of the drainage of certain regions, it might be termed *subimposed.
1651A. Boate in Ussher's Lett. (1686) 564 He hath made use of..*Sublineation in lieu of Asterisks. 1908Times 14 Mar. 14/1 The following whip..was marked with the sublineation of a thick black line.
1908H. Hall Stud. Eng. Off. Hist. Doc. 384 Confession of a blunder by the process of *subpunctuation must have been particularly distasteful to a mediaeval scribe.
1650Bulwer Anthropomet. ii. 53 That they [hairs] should imbibe the afflux of *subrepent humours.
1908Daily Chron. 25 July 1/4 A push-button *subtwined in a bower of red roses.
1581Satir. Poems Reform. xliii. 82 Xerxes, quhose..schippis *subumbragit all the seyis on breid.
1552Huloet s.v. Banckes, Banckes defensyue againste *subundation called Seabanckes.
b. Hence = in or into subjection, as in subdĕre to bring under, subdue, subicĕre to subject.
3. Prefixed to ns. with adjectival force (partly on the analogy of L. sublāmina under-plate, substrāmen litter) = lying, existing, occurring below or underneath, under-, (hence, by implication) underground; e.g. sub-armour, sub-trousers, sub-vestment; subcrust, sub-current, sub-deposit, sub-flush, sub-mind; sub-note; sub-crossing, sub-railway; in designations of architectural features, indicating a secondary member, feature, chamber, etc. placed under one of the same kind, e.g. sub-basement, sub-cellar, sub-hall, sub-member, sub-pier-arch, sub-plinth, sub-shaft, sub-sill, sub-store-room, sub-tower; so sub-shelf, subtrench (whence subtrenched adj.); ˈsub-floor, a floor serving as a base for another floor; ˈsub-frame, a secondary frame; spec. (a) in carpentry and building, the frame for the attachment or support of a window or door-frame, or of panelling; (b) in a vehicle, the frame on which the coachwork is built, as distinct from the chassis; subˈstratosphere, the upper part of the troposphere, immediately below the stratosphere. Also sub-arch, etc. (Stress even, or on the prefix.)
1860Hewitt Anc. Armour II. 132 The Hauberk of chain⁓mail is worn..not..as the principal defence..but as a *sub⁓armour.
1904Westm. Gaz. 26 Apr. 5/1 Underneath, in the basement and *sub-basement, were many thousands of gallons of wines and spirits.
1894Outing XXIV. 379/2 Gentlemen, I see I didn't examine your *sub-cellar.
1864Athenæum 22 Oct. 530/3 If it be not found convenient to have *sub-crossings, surely light iron bridges would answer the purpose.
1886Ibid. 4 Sept. 297/3 The intervening zone, or *sub-crust, which we should probably regard as being..in a state of hydro-thermal plasticity.
1902Westm. Gaz. 14 Oct. 3/2 The *sub-current of American life.
a1828Schoolcraft (Webster), *Subdeposit. a1846Lyell (Worc.).
1893J. P. Allen Pract. Building Construction viii. 122 Double floors may sometimes mean that the flooring or floor-boards are laid on the joists in two thicknesses..the bottom thickness being straight-jointed..; while the other..is laid in the ordinary way above the *sub-floor, as the bottom one is called. 1929W. C. Huntington Building Construction vi. 264 This type of construction is greatly superior to that which rests the studs on a sole plate placed on top of the sub-floor. 1973Building Materials (MTP Construction) 186 Any sub-floor can be levelled and smoothed.
1899Atlantic Monthly LXXXIII. 759/1 A certain *subflush of overripe color beneath the dusky skin.
1929Motor 1 Oct. 33 (Advt.), A *sub-frame, on which the body is built, isolates the coachwork from the chassis and prevents distortion; the sub-frame being mounted on the chassis by supports having a certain degree of flexibility. 1944N. W. Kay Pract. Carpenter & Joiner vi. 138 Care must be taken to prevent any damage by shrinkage. One method..is to form a sub-frame within the main frame. D shows a sub-frame, to carry the glazing, tongued into the frame of the door. 1968D. Braithwaite Fairground Archit. v. 88 At least two further wagons were required for ‘loose stuff’ ― sub-frames, gates and shutters, roundings and so on. 1979Daily Tel. 1 Dec. 18 (Advt.), For Sale. Mini 850, 1969, 47,000 miles... New sub-frame, reconditioned gear-box.
1887Dict. Archit., *Sub-hall, the place in the lower story under the hall or chief entrance, which last was usually on the first floor.
1875Brash Eccl. Archit. Irel. 133 These arches have each a chamfered *Sub-member.
1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Lit. Wks. (Bohn) II. 112 They exert every variety of talent on a lower ground, and may be said to live and act in a *sub⁓mind.
1824Dibdin Libr. Comp. 699 The *sub-note will shew that he possessed a few of his choicer works.
1835R. Willis Archit. Mid. Ages vii. 94 Sometimes the *sub-pier-arch rests on a pilaster instead of a half shaft.
1836Parker Gloss. Archit. I. 61 A second or *sub-plinth under the Norman base.
1845J. Williams (title), *Sub-Railways in London.
1835R. Willis Archit. Mid. Ages iv. 34 *Sub-shafts sustain arches of which the upper side is united to the soffit of the next arch or wall.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 415 Ten inches below the *sub-shelf is a sink.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §867 The oak gate-posts are kept firm in their places, by the underground braces, to the *subsills.
1889Scribner's Mag. Aug. 216/1 Distributions are made daily among the *substore-rooms.
1937Popular Sci. Monthly Nov. 68/2 Aerial Battles miles above the earth..are foreshadowed by a *sub⁓stratosphere plane placed under test by the U.S. Army Air Corps. 1952Chambers's Jrnl. Feb. 84/2 Another day Byrd flew over a never-ending succession of mountain-ranges, which looked as if they were suspended in the substratosphere.
1884Contemp. Rev. July 104 A still better effect..was gained by placing an octagonal super⁓tower, or ‘lantern’, on a square *sub-tower.
1669Staynred Fortif. 7 EFGH is the *Subtrench.
Ibid., Section of a Fort with a..Counterscarp; also *Subtrenched.
1890Columbus (Ohio) Disp. 11 July, Four inches of white canvass *subtrousers was exposed between his pantaloons, spring-bottoms and shoe-tops.
1802Coleridge Lett. (1895) 394 The diaper *subvestment of the young jacobin.
b. Anat. (a) Designating the lowest or basal part of the organ denoted by the second element (cf. med.L. subjuga lowest part of a yoke); e.g. subcutis, subface, subfacies, subilium.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man (1905) 648 The corium is much thicker than the epidermis. In its deeper strata (the *subcutis) there are clusters of fat-cells.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 366 *Subfacies (the *Subface). The lower surface or underside of the head.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subilium, the lowest portion of the ilium.
(b) Designating a part concealed or encroached upon; e.g. subfissure, subgyre.
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 160 Superfissures and *subfissures.—These terms are employed herein to designate the fissures which result from the formation of supergyres and *subgyres. 1903Amer. Anthropologist (N.S.) V. 623 The occipital fissure..shows a number of well-marked subgyres in its depths.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Sub⁓gyrus, a gyrus that is encroached on or covered.
c. Agric. Short for subsoil-.
1778W. H. Marshall Minutes Agric. 16 Aug. 1775, Put old Nimrod to the *sub-plow.
1778Ibid., Nothing can equal *sub-plowing for clearing the surface from running weeds. Ibid., Observ. 97 After the Beans were drawn, the Soil was subplowed.
1866C. W. Hoskyns Occas. Essays 111 The well-known results of drainage and *subpulveration.
1856Morton Encycl. Agric. II. 647/2 Subsoil ploughs..are merely stirrers of the under soil, and might more properly be termed *sub-pulverizers.
4. Mus. With adj. force combining with ns. to form terms designating: (a) an interval of so much below a given note; e.g. subdiapente, subdiatessaron; (b) a note or an organ-stop an octave below that denoted by the original n.; e.g. suboctave, subcontra octave; sub-bass, sub-bourdon, sub-diapason; cf. contra- 4; (c) a note lying the same distance below the tonic as the note designated by the radical n. is above it; e.g. subdominant, submediant. (Cf. 13.)
1852J. J. Seidel Organ 25 The organ at St. Elizabeth's at Breslau..contains a sub-diapason. 1869Engl. Mech. 31 Dec. 385/3 Sub-bass is a 32 ft. tone stop. 1878Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus., Subdiapente, Subdominant, the fifth below or the fourth above any key note. 1879Organ Voicing 18 All stops speaking at any interval other than the octave, super or sub. 1880Encycl. Brit. XI. 483/2 The ‘subbass’..an octave of 16 feet pitch. 1881C. A. Edwards Organs 155 Sub-bourdon..is a rare manual stop of 32 ft. 1883Grove Dict. Mus. III. 747/2 A ‘Canon in Subdiapente’ was a canon in which the answer was a fifth below the lead. Similarly ‘Subdiatessaron is a fourth below. 1901Titchener Exper. Psychol. I. 32 Subcontra octave.
II. Subordinate, subsidiary, secondary; subordinately, subsidiarily, secondarily.
5. Having a subordinate or inferior position; of inferior or minor importance or size; subsidiary; secondary.
a. of persons; as in late L. subadjuva assistant, subhēres next or second heir; e.g. sub-advocate, sub-deity, sub-god, sub-hero, sub-substitute, etc.
1645Milton Colast. Wks. 1851 IV. 351 The Laws of England, wherof you have intruded to bee an opiniastrous *Sub⁓advocate.
1641― Ch. Govt. i. vi, These two main reasons of the prelates..are the very wombe for a new *subantichrist to breed in. 1818Bentham Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 161 This newly commissioned Antichrist with his three Sub-Antichrists.
a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, *Sub-beau, or Demibeau, a wou'd-be-fine.
a1629T. G[offe] Careless Sheph. i. i, It awes Not mortalls only; but makes other powers *Sub-Deities to thine. 1820T. Mitchell Com. Aristoph. I. 44 Some of the epithets applied to this sub⁓deity [Phales].
1809W. Irving Knickerb. iii. ii, Five schepens, who officiated as scrubs, *subdevils, or bottle-holders to the burger-meesters.
1680Shadwell Woman-Capt. i, Scarce any one is such a Fool, but he has a *sub-Fool that he can laugh at.
1679Dryden Limberham v, Happily arriv'd, i'faith, my old *Sub-fornicator.
1726De Foe Hist. Devil ii. i. 203 [Satan] had his *Sub-Gods, who under his several Dispositions receiv'd the Homage of Mankind.
1846Lady Eastlake Jrnls. (1895) I. 189 Sir E. L. Bulwer..a man..reminding me of some of the *sub⁓heroes in his own books.
1649T. Wodenote Hermes Theol. 68 Saucy *Sub-Jacks possessed of the preferments of the Learned and Ancient.
1697J. Dennis Plot & no Plot v, They are my *Sub-pimps, and pick up a penny under me.
1899Spencer & Gillen Tribes Centr. Austral. title-p., Special magistrate and *sub-protector of the aborigines, Alice Springs, South Australia.
1817Bentham Parl. Reform Introd. 170 Dependance on an essentially insatiable shark with his *sub-sharks.
1788Holcroft Baron Trenck (1886) II. vi. 99 The substitute of Kempf was Frauenberger, who..appointed one Krebs as a *sub-substitute. 1818Bentham Ch. Eng. Introd. 17 Another body of divinity..to co-operate with the Catechism, and act under it, in the character of a sub-substitute to every thing that came from Jesus.
a1734North Life Ld. Keeper North (1742) 271 The Earl of Sunderland, Jeffries, and their *Sub-Sycophants.
1589Cooper Admon. 93 Antichristian Prelates, Petie Antichrists, *Subvice-Antichrists, &c. as some..do terme them.
c1675Dryden Pref. to Notes Empr. Morocco Wks. 1808 XV. 404 His king, his two empresses, his villain, and his *sub-villain, nay his hero, have all a certain natural cast of the father. 1840Macaulay Ess., Clive (1854) 535/1 The villain or sub-villain of the story.
1692South Serm. (1697) I. 204 The Repairer of a decayed Intellect, and a *Sub-worker to Grace, in freeing it from some of the inconveniences of Original Sin.
b. of material objects; e.g. sub-affluent, sub-constellation, sub-leader [leader1 12], sub-network, sub-piston, sub-totem, etc.; submuˈnition chiefly U.S., (usu. pl.) small, short-range guided missiles; also sing.; ˈsubstorm Meteorol., a disturbance of the earth's magnetic field restricted to certain, usu. polar, latitudes and typically manifested as an aurora and other upper atmospheric phenomena.
1873tr. Jules Verne's Meridiana v, [The Kuruman] increased by the waters of a *sub-affluent, the Moschoria.
1744Phil. Trans. XLIII. May 14 The cardinal and *subcardinal Points of the Compass.
1827G. Higgins Celtic Druids 59 One of the very first *subcasts from the Asiatic hive.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. xix. 262 If thereby be meant the Pleiades, or *subconstellation upon the back of Taurus.
1834–47J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. (1851) 297 Keep their *sub-crests in the same plane as the sub-crests of the faces.
1859Murchison Siluria vi. (ed. 3) 122 The whole of the calcareous courses of this *subformation.
1913S. O'Casey Let. 8 Mar. (1975) I. 23 The Editor recently, in a *sub-leader, advised all his readers to go and see pictures exhibited in the Central Branch of the Gaelic League.
1862Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xxxi. 20 The following *sub-master keys.
1975Aviation Week & Space Technol. 6 Oct. 15/2 Improvement of the BLU-63 *submunition bomblet with two basic sizes of fragments. 1983Financial Times 2 Dec. 2/3 Clusters of anti-armour submunitions which would be fired from stand-off positions.
1956J. Klein Study of Groups iv. 50 This will be useful when we wish to analyse *sub-networks. 1978Sci. Amer. June 95/1 Clos's design is based on the idea of building a large network out of smaller networks called subnetworks.
1895Outing XXVI. 55/2 The serried ranks of *sub⁓pagodas in this strange, holy city.
1900Hiscox Horseless Vehicles 66 When the ports in the *sub-piston close.
1879G. B. Prescott Sp. Telephone 434 M. Gaudoin also utilizes these different *subproducts in the manufacture of his carbons.
1961Akasofu & Chapman in Jrnl. Geophysical Res. LXVI. 1339/2 Each such event, which Birkeland..called a polar elementary storm, is here called a DP *substorm. 1969New Scientist 25 Sept. 669/3 These are the ‘substorms’ which manifest themselves as aurorae and associated magnetic disturbances. 1979Nature 22 Feb. 649/1 Measurements were made during a magnetic substorm which appeared together with the polar light on 25–26 February, 1978.
1883Howitt in Smithsonian Rep. 818 A larger or smaller group of what I have called *subtotems, but which might be appropriately termed pseudo-totems.
c. of something immaterial, a quality, state, etc.; e.g. sub-cause, sub-code [code n.1 3 d], sub-cycle, sub-entry, sub-flavour, sub-function, sub-genre, sub-hierarchy, sub-idea, sub-item, sub-literature, sub-part, sub-plot [plot n. 6], sub-problem, sub-question, sub-sense, sub-society, sub-substantiality, sub-system, sub-theme, sub-theory, sub-topic, sub-war, sub-world, etc.; sub-goal Psychol., something that must be achieved on the path to the main objective.
1898Engineering Mag. XVI. 38 In all there are 149 *sub⁓accounts, under 24 general voucher titles.
1818Bentham Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam. 331 In the principal article, they are stated as residing in the neighbourhood; whereas, in the *sub-articles, no statement to that effect is contained.
1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 184 The cause of this, and of all its lamentable effects and *sub-causes.
1960R. Jakobson in T. A. Sebeok Style in Lang. 352 For any speech community..there exists a unity of language, but this over-all code represents a system of interconnected *subcodes. 1967Language XLIII. 752 Variants of one and the same code, realized by means of different information channels, are called ‘subcodes’. 1973S. Heath in Screen Spring/Summer 215 The distinction between cinematic codes and sub-codes is initially made in Langage et Cinéma as that between general and particular cinematic codes.
a1631Donne Serm. xxxiv. (1640) 338 This part hath also two branches..in the first branch, there will bee two twiggs, two *sub-considerations.
1953A. K. C. Ottaway Educ. & Society 45 A *sub-cycle was here set up within the whole economic setting. 1974Sci. Amer. June 78/2, I have omitted the important subcycles of nitrogen and phosphorus, two elements that are strongly related to the origin of life and to biological processes in general.
1892Field 18 June 942/1 [In whist] the *sub-echo is the showing of three trumps when a partner has led and called for them. This is accomplished by echoing in the usual manner.
1876C. A. Cutter Rules for Dictionary Catalog 13 Class entry with specific or class *subentry. 1979G. N. Knight Indexing vi. 106 If it is a sub-entry itself that errs with excessive references, then the remedy is to turn it into a cross-reference to a separate heading having its own sub-entries.
1895Daily News 30 Nov. 6/3 Their manifest *sub-flavour of earnestness.
1949Koestler Insight & Outlook x. 153 Like all means towards an end (or *subfunctions in non-teleological language) [etc.]. 1969H. R. F. Keating Inspector Ghote plays Joker iii. 35, I regard it as a sub⁓function of my post to make person-to-person contact with as many people in your department as possible.
1976N.Y. Times 13 Jan. 40/5 This was because she belonged to, if in fact she hadn't pretty much created a *subgenre of the mystery novel. 1980Times Lit. Suppl. 7 Nov. 1262/2 One of the major subgenres of science fiction (works dealing with robots and computers).
1932E. C. Tolman Purposive Behav. 459/1 (Index) Sign-objects..become *sub-goal-objects. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour v. 91 Driving a car from A to B involves the sub-goals of getting the engine started, getting the car moving in top gear, and getting to the intermediate points X, Y and Z. 1977Dædalus Fall 121 The theory includes the representation of the task environment, the definition of goals and subgoals,..and the order in which alternative courses of action will be explored.
1962H. C. Conklin in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 128 *Subhierarchies of varying ‘depths’ are often discernible within larger hierarchic structures.
1878Grosart G. Daniel's Poems I. 217 ‘Antike’ = ancient, with the *sub⁓idea of grotesqueness.
1855Browning Men & Women II. 17 Sage provisos, *sub-intents, and saving-clauses.
1888Pall Mall Gaz. 31 July 3/2 Whether the author is to be suspected of a satiric *sub-intention.
1928in W. K. Hancock Australia (1930) v. 90 In the existing Customs tariff there are 259 items or *sub-items which provide ad valorem duties of 40 per cent. or over.
1781St. Trials XI. 220/2 Upon this he makes many limitations; upon all of which he adds..this *sublimitation. 1840–1De Quincey Style Wks. 1862 X. 191 Where..the limitations and the sublimitations, descend, seriatim, by a vast scale of dependencies.
1961Webster, *Subliterature,..inferior literature that does not survive the test of time. 1974Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Feb. 105/1 Though it is important to acquaint oneself with best-sellers and sub-literature.., the chief stress should be on literature of enduring aesthetic worth.
1891Scrivener Fields & Cities 150 Both these scourges [scrofula and dyspepsia], with the groups of families of *sub-maladies which grow in their wake.
1883Harper's Mag. Jan. 179/2 Some subtle *sub-meaning [is] also conveyed.
1770Luckombe Hist. Printing 234 Prefaces, Introductions, Annotations..all which *sub-parts of a Work were formerly..put in Italic. 1949Koestler Insight & Outlook x. 135 A sub-whole composed of sub-parts, which in themselves are sub-wholes, and so on. 1976Lieberman & Rhodes Compl. CB Handbk. xi. 233 Each applicant..must follow the procedure prescribed by Subpart 1 of Part 1 of this chapter.
1916C. Hugon tr. Creizenach's Eng. Drama in Age of Shakespeare v. 255 In those cases where a comic *sub-plot runs side by side with the main plot. 1962G. K. Hunter John Lyly iv. 237 The sub-plot episode of the pages and Grim the Collier of Croydon in Edwardes' Damon and Pithias.
1879Roby Lat. Gram. ii. 8 Such a secondary predicate might..be called a *subpredicate. It is often called an apposition.
1907W. James Mem. & Stud. (1911) x. 236 So the great problem splits into two *sub-problems. 1980Sci. Amer. Feb. 30/3, I shall treat such issues as special subproblems of allocation.
1899F. J. Mather Chaucer's Prol. p. xlii, The most serious passages of his poetry are seldom without a *sub-quality of humor.
1675Tullie Let. to Baxter 27 There remaines yet one small *sub-question.
1619R. Jones Recant. Serm. in Phenix (1708) II. 493 The reason of this Conjecture is [etc.]..The *sub-reason is [etc.].
1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Aristocracy Wks. (Bohn) II. 83 Loyalty is in the English a *sub-religion.
1856Olmsted Slave States 292 The Second Auditor's General Report on Education..contains abstracts of *sub-reports.
1885Law Times Rep. (N.S.) LIII. 566/2 If there was any doubt..it is entirely removed by the appropriate language used in *sub-rule 30.
1802–12Bentham Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827) II. 150 These were mentioned as so many *sub-securities for correctness and completeness.
1890Academy XXXVII. 218/1 A *subsensation of how, in Rossetti's weird phrase, his death was ‘growing up from his birth’.
1947E. Partridge Usage & Abusage 134/2 Titanic..is frequently employed with the *sub-sense of ‘extraordinarily powerful’. 1981Dictionaries II.–III. 168 Brockhaus lists it as an example illustrating a sub-sense of Blut.
1951E. E. Evans-Pritchard Soc. Anthropol. i. 13 Its boundaries include..peoples of near and further Asia, north Africa, and parts of Europe—an almost limitless number of..societies and *sub-societies.
1888Spectator 30 June 910/2 There is a *sub-story dealing mainly with the amours of a disreputable young woman.
1922Joyce Ulysses 385 Entweder transsubstantiality oder consubstantiality but in no case *subsubstantiality.
1881Smithsonian Rep. 203 Turning to the several *subsystems it appears that although it is possible that the orbits of the satellites of Mars, Jupiter [etc.]. 1957V. W. Turner Schism & Continuity in African Society i. 1 This book is..an attempt to analyse..the form and functioning of a sub-system, the village, within a wider system, the totality of Ndembu society. 1972W. Labov Language in Inner City ii. 64 BEV..is best seen as a distinct subsystem within the larger grammar of English.
1949M. Mead Male & Female xvii. 345 In this story there is a *sub-theme of the girl's mother's flirtation with a younger man. 1981A. Paton Towards Mountain xxxiv. 307 The birth and rise of Afrikaner nationalism is one of the most powerful subthemes of my life story.
1951Parsons & Shils Toward Gen. Theory of Action i. 28 Economic theory..only becomes a distinctive *subtheory of the general theory.
1897O. J. Nave Topical Bible 4 Under the *subtopic, Instances of, are grouped all the illustrative facts that occur in the Scriptures relating to each subject.
1923Notes from Ireland Nov. 120/2 All this time a *sub-war rages. 1949Koestler Promise & Fulfilment i. x. 114 The year..ended with the first encounters in the sub-war between the British Foreign Office and the future State of Israel.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. ii. xxi. 291 The popular mind conceives of all these *sub-worlds more or less disconnectedly. 1983Times 10 Jan. 22/7 A sort of sub-world of smacked bottoms and scrawny mothers-in-law.
(b) With derived adjs., as sub-intentional, sub-intentioned, sub-systemic.
1957P. Lafitte Person in Psychol. ix. 121 A projective test..is designed to elicit what might be called sub-intentional behaviour, including the whole range of covert behaviour that the person cannot report directly. 1968Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. XV. 387/2 Subintentioned deaths are those in which the deceased played an important indirect, covert,..or unconscious role in his own demise.
1961Webster, Subsystemic. 1966S. Beer Decision & Control xvi. 428 The prefrontal lobe of the cortex..has no specific sub-systemic control responsibilities. 1977Dædalus Summer 81 The functionings of their subsystemic parts..and of the whole are to be understood with the aid of general systems theory.
d. of actions; e.g. sub-appearance, sub-quarrel, sub-smile; sub-optimiˈzation (see quot. 1967).
1820Lamb Elia i. Christ's Hosp., You never met the one by chance in the street without a wonder, which was quickly dissipated by the almost immediate *subappearance of the other.
1964T. W. McRae Impact Computers on Accounting iii. 93 Cyberneticists are for ever emphasizing the dangers of *sub-optimization. 1967E. Duckworth in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 119 Sub-optimization—the achievement of optimum working of, say, one department of a company without regard to the effect this may have on the rest of the organization.
1574tr. Josselin's Life 70 Abp. Pref. to Rdr. D 2 b, A petye brawle and *subquarell betwen Yorke and duresme.
1799S. Turner Hist. Anglo-Saxons I. i. viii. 112 Amid this complexity of rebellion and *sub-rebellion.
1825Lamb Elia ii. Stage Illusion, The skilful actor, by a sort of *sub⁓reference, rather than direct appeal to us, disarms the character of a great deal of its odiousness.
1852C. M. Yonge Two Guardians viii. 140 A certain *sub-smile about the corners of his mouth. 1882‘F. Anstey’ Vice Versâ iv, His cheeks were creased with a dimpling subsmile.
1879Howells Lady of Aroostook (1883) II. 158 With a knowing little look at Lydia, which included a *sub⁓wink for her husband.
6. a. With names of officials or persons occupying positions of authority, forming titles designating one immediately subordinate to the chief official, as in L. subcenturio (var. of succenturio) centurion's lieutenant, late L. subdoctor assistant teacher, subscrībendārius assistant secretary, eccl.L. subdiāconus subdeacon, med.L. subballīvus sub-bailiff, subbedellus under-beadle, submagister submaster, subprior subprior, subsēcrētārius under-secretary; e.g. sub-abbot, sub-captain, sub-conductor, sub-king, sub-vicar, etc.
1767Burn Eccles. Law (ed. 2) IV. 456 marg., *Subabbat and subprior.
1818Bentham Ch. Eng. 91 His Right Reverend Co-adjutors and Reverend *Sub-adjutors.
1729Foxton tr. Burnet's App. St. Dead 28 He commemorates their Deliverance out of Egypt,..Moses being the *Sub-administrator, with mighty Miracles and Prodigies.
1726Ayliffe Parergon 68 They ought not to execute these Precepts by simple Messengers or *Sub-Beadles.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 182 Schelstrat the Pope's *Subbibliothecarian.
1884Cyclist 13 Feb. 242/1 The captain and *sub-captain..represent the club on the N.C.U.
1519Churchw. Acc. St. Giles', Reading 3 Of the *Subchamberer of the Mon[astery] of Redyng.
1688Holme Armoury iii. iii. 49/2 Officers..belonging to the Earl of Chester{ddd}Vice Chamberlain, or *Sub Chamberlain.
1858Gladstone Homer III. 11 The subordination of the *sub-chief to his local sovereign.
1710J. Chamberlayne M. Brit. Notitia ii. 689 Mr. John Dundass, first Clerk of the Assembly{ddd}Nicol Spence, *Sub-Clerk. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. ii. ii, Amid head-clerks and sub-clerks.
1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2331/3 One of the King's Family shall succeed to the Bishoprick, as having been already designed by the Chapter for their *Sub-Coadjutor.
1947H. G. Farmer Royal Artillery Concerts v. 15 For many years Zavertal would rehearse the orchestra for months without giving the slightest heed to the military band, which was left to the *sub-conductor (the Serjeant Major) and his subordinates. 1976D. Steele in H. Procter-Gregg Beecham Remembered i. 109 He came across the orchestra bridge to start untangling the confusion caused by Weingartner's being quite out of touch..with his sub-conductors.
1691T. H[ale] Account New Invent. p. cv, *Sub-Conservators for the River of Thames.
1670Cotton Espernon i. ii. 96 To importune the *Sub-Consul to conclude the Treaty.
1642–3Canterb. Marr. Licences, Thomas Graunt, clerk, *subcurate of S. Mary's in Dover.
1580in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 63 The same customer and *sub-customer shall yield and give their several accompts. 1672Ibid. 284 William Galley Sub-customer.
1737E. Chamberlayne Angl. Notitia ii. 117 *Sub-director [of Ordnance]. 1896Hilprecht Recent Res. Bible Lands 87 Halil Bey, sub-director of the Museum in Constantinople.
1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. 273 The particular help where either an Vsher is wanting, or else is not sufficient, is by a *Subdoctor.
1786J. C. Walker Irish Bards 83 This instrument was used..to assemble congregations [etc.]... Nor is it unlikely, that this office was performed by the *Sub-Druids.
1703in J. Chamberlayne M. Brit. Notitia (1710) ii. 561 The Office of Her Majesty's..Ordnance... Six Engineers..Four *Sub-Engineers.
1671F. Phillips Reg. Necess. 522 By fraud and collusion betwixt him and the said *Sub-Escheator.
1796C. Smith Marchmont IV. 433 Every fee, which the *sub-executors of our..laws are suffered to extort.
1809W. Taylor in Robberd Mem. (1843) II. 277 Charon and his *subferrymen.
1883Harper's Mag. Jan. 206/2 These Maine men are likely to become foremen, or *sub-foremen.
1774Mrs. Delany Life & Corr. Ser. ii. (1861) II. 70 Miss Goldsworthy is made *sub-governess to the young Royals at St. James's.
1876E. Jenkins Queen's Head 4 The head waiter, and a lot of *sub-head-waiters.
1863Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 232 The *sub-inspector of police.
1684Baxter Par. Congreg. 38 [The Bishop] to be the *subintercessor, or the mouth of the Church in publick prayer.
1823Bentham Not Paul 46 The *Sub-king of the Jews, Agrippa. 1848Lytton Harold iii. iii, The lesser sub-kings of Wales.
1837W. Irving Capt. Bonneville I. 179 Mr. Walker, one of the *subleaders, who had gone with a band of twenty hunters.
1722Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) VII. 385 The Fees being..1s. to the Head Librarian, 3s. 6d. to the *Sublibrarian, & 1s. 6d. to the Janitor. 1800Southey Lett. (1856) I. 134 The sub-librarian is an intelligent man.
1733–4Mrs. Delany Let. to Mrs. A. Granville 2 Mar., In what character is Miss Beal to go with the Orange family? A *sub-maid, I guess.
1883Manch. Exam. 30 Oct. 5/2 Being *sub⁓manager for the last twenty-one years.
a1774Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 207 In order to gain favour with these inferior ministers or *sub-mediators.
1673Baxter Let. in Answ. Dodwell 82 Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can over-see them all himself without any *sub-overseers?
1685― Paraphr. N.T. John x. 3 To the Messiah God will open the door, and to *Sub-Pastors, they that by office are door-keepers to the Church, must open it. 1700in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. (1909) VII. 69 The Pastor Tegers, and sub Pastor of St. Amand.
1617Moryson Itin. i. 210 The Patron..made a solemne Oration to the *sub-Patron and the Marriners.
1671E. Chamberlayne Angl. Notitia ii. 228 Upon this Grand Office depends One hundred eighty two Deputy Post-Masters..and *Sub Post-Masters in their Branches. 1896Hansard's Parl. Debates 18 Feb. 546/2 A number of messengers..employed by Sub-Postmasters.
1721Amherst Terræ Fil. No. 22. 112 Mr. Holt of Maudlin college, *sub-proctor at that time.
1688Holme Armoury iii. iv. 181/2 The *Sub-Provincial, is to act the same things..as the Provincial.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Sub-Reader, an Under Reader in one of the Inns of Court, who reads the Text of the Law the Reader is to Discourse upon.
1605Answ. Supposed Discov. Romish Doctr. 20 They.. openly moued the greatest *Subregents in England to take armes against her. a1711Ken Preparatives Poet. Wks. III. 13 Neglect to thy Sub-regent's Throne Affronts thy own.
1673Baxter Let. in Answ. Dodwell 82 Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can..rule them without any *sub-rulers?
1860W. L. Collins Luck of Ladysmede x, It was the *sub⁓sacrist approaching in the discharge of some of his duties.
1843Carlyle Past & Pr. ii. vi, Our Lord Abbot..made him *Subsacristan.
1642Docq. Lett. Patent (1837) 326 The Office of *Subsearcher wth: in the Porte of London.
1632B. Jonson Magn. Lady Dram. Pers., Mr. Bias, A Vi-politique, or *Sub-secretary. 1678Trial of Coleman 42 A Sub-Secretary, that did write very many things for him. 1826Scott Diary 16 Nov. in Lockhart, Five Cabinet Ministers..with sub-secretaries by the bushel.
1745Season. Adv. Prot. 37 No Person shall be capable of acting as *Subsherriff..who shall not have been a Protestant for five Years immediately before such his acting.
1737J. Chamberlayne M. Brit. Notitia ii. 80 The Chief Office..Head Sorter..*Sub-Sorters.
1876Gladstone Homeric Synchr. 124 Under the supremacy of Troy and of Priam, Anchises their king, seems to have been a *sub-sovereign.
a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) I. 315 He had been his *subtutor and had followed him in all his exile. 1744T. Birch R. Boyle 69 Mr. Tallents..had been..sub-tutor to several sons of the earl of Suffolk.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Sub-Vicar, an Under-Vicar.
1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 105 Maister George Blackwell the new Archpriest of England: nay, the *Sub-uiceroy rather of all the Isles of Albion.
(b) in derived adjs.; e.g. subsecretarial pertaining to a sub-secretary.
1898B. Gregory Side Lights 499 From his sub-secretarial desk he spoke on a case.
b. In the designation of corresponding offices or functions; e.g. sub-administration, sub-commissaryship, sub-inspectorship, etc.
1710Steele Tatler No. 193 ⁋3 The *Sub-Administration of Stage Affairs.
1748in Temple & Sheldon Hist. Northfield (1875) 273, I will..throw up my *sub-commissaryship.
1876Smiles Sc. Nat. xiii. 268 The *subcuratorship could not be obtained.
1884Century Mag. XXVIII. 134 One *sub-inspectorship of factories.
1839J. Rogers Antipapopr. x. §3. 253 We read nothing in Holy Scripture about the *submediation or the under-mediators.
1887Daily News 1 Mar. 6/2 All the smaller *sub-postmasterships still continue to be in the gift of the Treasury.
1591Acts Privy Council (1900) XXI. 105 The fee of the *Subproctorship for one whole yeare.
1881Athenæum 15 Jan. 95/3 A *sub⁓professoriate of twenty readers.
1764Scott's Bailey, *Sub⁓vicarship, the office of an under vicar.
7. Compounded with ns., to express division into parts, sections, or branches.
a. of material objects or of immaterial or abstract entities; e.g. substring (string n. 15 c), sub-tree (tree n. 6 b (e)), sub-unit, etc.; sub-areolet, a division of an areolet; sub-cavity, one of the smaller cavities into which a cavity is divided; ˈsub-channel Radio, a distinct division of a channel or frequency band; sub-folium, a small or secondary folium; ˈsubgrain, a small grain contained within another grain in a metal; sub-hoˈrizon, a layer within an existing archæological or soil horizon; ˈsublattice Physics, a coextensive part of a fuller lattice, obtained by considering all the members having some property not possessed by the other members; ˈsub-shell Physics, in an electron shell, the complete set of orbitals capable of being occupied by electrons of identical azimuthal quantum number l.
1852Dana Crust. i. 192 From each lateral segment a small *subareolet is separated anteriorly.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 647 The cavity of the cranium is divided into two *subcavities by the tentorium cerebelli.
1847–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. i. 99/1 The cells..containing no *sub-cells in their interiors.
1875Brash Eccl. Archit. Irel. 92 The chancel has a deep recess or *sub-chancel at the east end.
1959Wall St. Jrnl. 30 June 1/4 Multiplexing{ddd}is a technique by which a radio station can divide its regular channels into *subchannels and transmit two or more sound signals at the same time. 1970J. Earl Tuners & Amplifiers i. 24 Other features found in tuner-amplifiers..are automatic mono/stereo switching.., a low-pass filter for reducing the stereo sub-channel noise when the aerial signal is not quite strong enough for noise-free stereo reception, [etc.].
1889Buck's Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 127 The exact number and form of the cerebellar folia and *subfolia at birth.
1955Phil. Mag. XLVI. 1343 Recent work..has shown that many of the dislocations left inside a metal after deformation are arranged along surfaces forming low angle boundaries between neighbouring regions of crystal, these latter being called *subgrains, cells, or particles. 1975Nature 10 Apr. 489/1 Granular xenoliths..show various strain effects, including undulose extinction.., slip-planes, and subgrain development.
1928Bull. Amer. Soil Survey Assoc. IX. 36 Other *sub⁓horizons are designated as A1, A2, etc. 1973P. A. Colinvaux Introd. Ecol. iii. 45 (caption) There may be several subhorizons in each of the main horizons and roots may penetrate them all.
1883Pall Mall Gaz. 25 Sept. 10/1 What he might call *sub⁓houses, or a house within a house.
1641Milton Animadv. Wks. 1851 III. 226 An individuall cannot branch itselfe into *subindividuals.
1959W. F. de Jong Gen. Crystallogr. ii. 101 Either the direct lattice..is congruent (similar) with the elementary Bravais lattice, or one is a *sub-lattice of the other. 1973H. D. Megaw Crystal Structures viii. 174 Physicists who are less used to describing any but very simple periodic structures,..use the very misleading term ‘sublattice’ for a Bravais array. 1976Physics Bull. July 294/2 In a crystal the atomic lattice can divide into two interpenetrating sublattices so that most, if not all, of the neighbours of an atom on one sublattice belong to the other.
1885Watson & Burbury Math. The. Electr. I. 237 The motions of the *submolecules.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subnucleus, any one of the subdivisions into which a group of nerve-cells is divided by the passage through it of intersecting bundles.
1880C. & F. Darwin Movem. Pl. 223 The peduncle..bears three or four *sub⁓peduncles.
1836–9Todd's Cycl. Anat. II. 910/1 The pro⁓thorax..is composed of four *sub-segments.
1930Ruark & Urey Atoms, Molecules & Quanta ix. 272 The n, l, and s quantum numbers can still be assigned to individual electrons, and, therefore, the shells and *subshells can be designated in terms of these numbers. 1959G. Troup Masers 161 We take as an example Cr+++ which has 3 electrons in the unfilled outermost sub-shell. 1980H. H. Sisler et al. Chem. viii. 209 For electrons in s subshells, we find that the probability distribution..is independent of direction in space and varies only with distance from the nucleus.
1955N. Chomsky Logical Struct. Linguistic Theory (microfilm, Mass. Inst. Technol.) vi. 202b Z′ differs from Z only in that it contains a *substring Y replacing the substring X of Z. 1966D. G. Hass in Automatic Transl. of Lang. (NATO Summer School, Venice, 1962) 145 In natural languages, texts can be segmented into recurrent substrings. 1972Computer Jrnl. XV. 232/2 Each co⁓ordinate of T specifies a set to which a substring of A belongs.
1947Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc. XLIII. 26 We call S a *subtree of L if p0(S) = 1 and p1(S) = 0. 1972R. J. Wilson Introd. to Graph Theory iv. 51 Let T1, {ddd}, Tk be the subtrees obtained from B by removing the vertex v and every edge incident to v. 1976J. S. Gruber Lexical Structures in Syntax & Semantics ii. i. 219 Instead of writing the lexical attachment rules as transformations, we will write them as terminal subtrees.
1936Economist 7 Mar. 530/1 The promoters buy specified blocks of securities and deposit them with named trustees, who issue an agreed number of ‘*sub-unit certificates’ against them. 1950Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XIV. 69/1 The phenomenon that the asymmetric unit in the crystal is a submultiple..of the molecular weights found in the ultracentrifuge, and..that excelsin..splits into 3n subunits. 1980Times 15 Jan. 14 DNA is a long chain-like molecule composed of four different chemical subunits.
b. of a body or assembly of people, as in subcommittee, or of a division of animals or plants, as in subgenus; e.g. sub-caste, sub-clan, sub-clone (also as vb. trans.), sub-flight [flight n.1 1 h], sub-nation (also sub-nationalism), sub-unit; sub-band, a division of a band; sub-breed, a breed of animals constituting a marked division of a principal breed.
1808Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) i. App. 60 A young man, Wyaganage, has recently taken the lead in all the councils and affairs of state of this *sub-band.
1859Darwin Orig. Spec. iv. (1878) 87 The *sub breeds of the tumbler pigeon.
1896Daily News 7 Apr. 3/3 The east *sub-brigade..supported by the west sub-brigade.
1892H. H. Risley Tribes & Castes Bengal I. 78 The Bauris are divided into the following nine *sub-castes. 1974tr. Wertheim's Evolution & Revolution iii. 240 Even if a sub-group within a caste..has constituted itself as a separate sub-caste, such a collective step will generally imply a disruption of recognized family ties.
1954*Subclan [see paramount a. 1 c].
1961Virology XIII. 160/2 *Subclones showing the morphology characteristic of the superinfecting virus were plated for virus release. Ibid., Clones showing the morphology characteristic of the original virus were subcloned. 1977Jrnl. Protozool. XXIV. 28/1 The plausible inference can be drawn that doublet and singlet subclones from a single source do not differ in the kinds of genes or of other molecules they contain. 1978Nature 7 Dec. 579/2 We subcloned the mixed progeny of the cross.
1894Educ. Rev. VII. 278 Every one of the *sub-conferences claims for its group of subjects an educational value equal to that of every other.
1908Westm. Gaz. 8 Aug. 2/1 One Council, with *sub⁓councils corresponding roughly to the postal areas.
1877Le Conte Elem. Geol. (1879) 160 The fauna and flora of the United States are divided..into three *sub-faunæ and *sub-floræ.
1941Hutchinson's Pictorial Hist. War 14 May–8 July 216/2 Dive-bombers usually approach at about eight thousand feet or so, and on arriving over the target break up into *sub-flights of three.
1833Chalmers in Mem. (1851) III. 381 The discussions of the separate or *sub-meetings.
1935A. M. Carr-Saunders in Huxley & Haddon We Europeans viii. 256 We might..contrast America with Europe, regarding the European nations as *sub-nations, that is as communities with a lower degree of distinction. 1967M. Ayub Khan Friends not Masters x. 183 We will remain ‘sub-nations’ if we do not join together to offer united resistance to power pressures.
1957Economist 7 Sept. 739/2 This theoretically sensible policy ran up against the *sub-nationalism of the local peoples. 1974G. W. Choudhury Last Days United Pakistan i. 1 Emerging Bengali regionalism or sub-nationalism.
1860Mill Repr. Gov. (1865) 115/2 Besides the controlling Council, or local *sub-Parliament, local business has its executive department.
1888Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 473/1 Each of these phratries is subdivided into two *subphratries; and these subphratries are subdivided into an indefinite number of totem clans.
1888Ibid. XXIV. 810/1 The main branchings [of a genealogical tree] were termed ‘phyla’, their branchings ‘*subphyla’.
1846Grote Greece ii. ii. II. 324 Twelve *sub-races, out of the number which made up entire Hellas.
1894W. Walker Hist. Congreg. Ch. 299 With the two Edwardean divines..Emmons and Dwight,—the New Divinity may be said to have divided into two *subschools.
1824Southey Sir T. More (1831) I. 362 Every Sect and every *Sub-sect has its magazine.
1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi iv. 112 A *sub⁓sept of the Achaians.
1798in Nicolas Disp. (1845) III. 49 He divided his force into three *Sub-squadrons.
1882A. Macfarlane Consanguinity 15 Each lineal ancestor forms a stock and his family breaks up into *sub-stocks.
1879in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) III. 226 The *sub-Syndicate are of opinion that it would be undesirable.
1670Rec. Presbyt. Inverness (1896) 2 To remitte the same [sc. names]..with the Moderator to the Bishope to y⊇ forsd *Subsynode.
1885Athenæum 28 Feb. 279/1 If the squadron is preferable to the troop as a *sub-unit. a1944K. Douglas Alamein to Zem Zem (1946) 13 He allotted me two tanks, as a troop, there not being enough on the squadron strength to make *sub-units of more than two tanks.
(b) in derived adjs.; e.g. subphratric, pertaining to a subphratry.
1977Jrnl. Commonwealth & Compar. Pol. XV. 236 In 1968 the 81 successful UNIP candidates included 24 politicians at *subnational levels.
1887J. G. Frazer Totemism p. viii, *Subphratric and Phratric Totems.
1896W. Mackay Rec. Presbyt. Inverness 45 Among the *subsynodical refers read to-day.
c. of a region or an interval of time, as in sub-district; e.g. sub-age, a division of an age.
1878Lockyer Stargazing 2 The Telescopic age..divides itself naturally into some three or four *sub-ages of extreme importance.
1926British Gaz. 12 May 2/3 A service of corporation 'buses has been started in the *sub-area of Keighley. 1980Amer. Speech 1976 LI. 235 The second map..shows the boundaries of twelve dialect areas and subareas of Scottish English.
1953L. Kuper Living in Towns 304 Library books had been issued from *sub-centres in local schools. 1977Lancet 5 Nov. 946/1 The health centre and subcentres provided additional support.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entom. IV. 485 [Latreille] proposes further to divide his climates into *subclimates, by means of certain meridian lines.
1910Geol. Förening. i Stockholm Förhandl. XXXII. 1146 (heading) Gothi- and Finiglacial *sub-epochs. 1940A. H. Sutton in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LI. 1402 Subepoch—subseries. These terms as herein proposed are applicable to the first subdivisions of epochs and series respectively.
1867G. F. Chambers Astron. (1877) 23 The interval 11.11y being divided into two unequal *sub-intervals of 4.77y and 6.34y. 1962D. R. Cox Renewal Theory ii. 30 To obtain (1) from first principles, divide the time interval (O, t) into a large number k of small subintervals of length Δt, where kΔt = t. 1980A. J. Jones Game Theory ii. 109 Then divide the interval [0, 1] into three equal subintervals.
1936Discovery Oct. 329/1 Measles and certain skin affections..are the result of these *sub-phase mutations. 1977Antiquaries Jrnl. LVII. 392 It is simply a sub-phase of one phase..of a conservative..coinage.
1898Jrnl. Sch. Geog. (U.S.) Oct. 286 The *sub-province known as the Great Plains.
1852Grote Greece ii. lxxii. IX. 290 Each satrapy was divided into *sub-satrapies or districts.
1909Daily Chron. 29 June 4/6 Cleveland,..stands with Holderness, Hallamshire, and Richmondshire as a *sub-shire of Yorkshire.
1903*Subzone [see secule]. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles ix. 213 The 6 goniatite stages called after goniatite genera..were formally called zones but they are stages further divided into 16 zones (and many subzones).
d. of a branch leading from or into the main body, or a subordinate section of a business or system of affairs; = branch-; e.g. sub-bureau, a bureau depending on the principal bureau, sub-cash, a deposit of cash at a branch, sub-office, a branch office.
1896Pop. Sci. Monthly Feb. 572 The bureau will be aided..by *sub-bureaus.
1705De Foe Consolidator Wks. 1840 IX. 354 They brought all their running cash into one bank, and settled a *sub-cash, depending upon the grand bank, in every province of the kingdom.
1909Install. News III. 29/1 Where wood casing is desired to be used for the *sub⁓circuits.
1892Daily News 16 Sept. 5/4 A portion of the *sub-creek referred to, now being converted into a peaceful fishpond.
1804Edin. Rev. V. 16 The other [college] is to consist of *sub-departments, one in each county.
1938Times 13 Sept. 17/6 The opening of a further *sub-depôt for recruits at the air station at Dishforth, Yorks. 1976Daily Mail (Hull) 30 Sept. 5/1 Councillors at Selby, concerned at the possibility of an Army Ordnance sub-depot being purchased by the Central Electricity Generating Board.
1958W. Stark Sociol. Knowl. i. 31 The relation of the two *sub-disciplines to each other. 1982Sci. Amer. Nov. 52/1 Answers to these questions call for close collaboration among earth scientists from many subdisciplines.
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 139 Stopping at little villages to land passengers or at little *sub-factories to discharge cargo.
1902W. James Var. Relig. Exper. ix. 195 For them the soul is only a succession of fields of consciousness: yet there is found in each field a part, or *sub-field, which figures as focal and..from which..the aim seems to be taken. 1964Gould & Kolb Dict. Soc. Sci. 510/2 Political behaviour has come to be regarded as a sub-field, within the social sciences. 1968N. Chomsky Lang. & Mind ii. 24 Linguistics..is simply the subfield of psychology that deals with these aspects of mind. 1977Dædalus Fall 59 These subfields have been codified and systematized in an attempt to bring them into closer relation with theoretical frameworks.
1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm I. 564 Where *sub⁓mains are employed in particular hollows, the ground comprehending the drainage belonging to each hollow should be distinctly marked off from the rest. Ibid., A sub-main drain should be made along the lowest part of the hollow.
1907Nature LXXVI. 554/2 The *submeter system is free from the objection of first cost to a great extent.
1876Preece & Sivewright Telegr. 264 Every *sub-office on a circuit is called by the head office at the hour of commencing work.
1881Chicago Times 17 June, Regarding the formation of a pool, the report..recommends three *sub-pools.
1901Daily Chron. 27 Dec. 3/4 The Hammersmith *sub⁓post-office.
1862H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xiv. §113 (1875) 324 The once independent *sub-sciences of Electricity, Magnetism, and Light.
1861N. Davis Carthage 34 *Sub⁓sewers, and other..unsightly objects.
1971Optometry Today 15 Vision care needs of the aging patient have virtually produced a *subspeciality within the opto-metric profession: vision care of the aging. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXIII. 758/1 Between four and seven reviews within six subspecialities of medicine.
1963Lancet 5 Jan. 42/2 Some of the *subspecialties such as skins and eyes.
1961Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery IV. 438/2 A request, by a task, to call in and execute a *subtask causes..a new task (the subtask called) to be added to the task list, with the appropriate precedence and priority. 1971New Society 26 Aug. 373/1 My first subtask is..to move the ramp... This sets up the subsubtask of computing the coordinates. 1982Sci. Amer. Jan. 123/2 The several concurrent processes can be different subtasks of a single program.
1855Leifchild Cornwall 89 Divided lengthwise into other *sub-veins.
e. Math. Prefixed to ns. to denote an entity which is contained in some similar entity, in that each of its elements is also an element of the latter and that it shares the characterizing properties of the latter, as subalgebra, sub-field, sub-formation, sub-graph, sub-manifold, sub-matrix, sub-module, sub-object, sub-ring. Also subgroup b, sub-sequence2, subset n.2
1933*Subalgebra [see lattice n. 5]. 1979Proc. London Math. Soc. XXXVIII. 315 Let AN be the closed subalgebra of L(HN) generated by the operators T1,{ddd}, TN and set H.
1940E. T. Bell Devel. Math. xi. 239 The final outcome may be roughly described as an analysis of the structure of fields with respect to their possible *subfields and superfields. 1971G. Higman in Powell & Higman Finite Simple Groups vi. 209 Q(α) is the real subfield of the field of the 5-th roots of unity.
1966tr. Gericke's Lattice Theory iv. 71 We shall show that the set of *sub-formations of a formation..relative to a given axiom system..that satisfies a condition yet to be formulated forms a complete lattice.
1931Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XVII. 125 A *subgraph H of a graph G is a graph formed by dropping out arcs from G. 1979Page & Wilson Introd. Computational Combinatorics iv. 76 Given a graph G = (P, L) then G′ = (P′, L′) is a subgraph if P′ is a subset of P and L′ is a subset of L.
1963H. Flanders Differential Forms v. 52 A manifold M is called a *sub⁓manifold of a manifold N provided there is a one-to-one smooth mapping j: M→N which has this..property.
1970G. K. Woodgate Elem. Atomic Struct. viii. 152 The matrix of H′ which has to be diagonalized breaks up into *submatrices of given M. 1980A. J. Jones Game Theory iii. 149 There are nine 2 × 2 submatrices obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column from A.
1965J. J. Rotman Theory of Groups iv. 68 A subset W of the R-module V is a *submodule of V in case it is a subgroup of V which is closed under scalar multiplication. 1981Amer. Math. Monthly LXXXVIII. 53 Submodules of finitely generated free modules over a principal ideal domain are free and need no more generators.
1965*Subobject [see proper a. 5 c (i)]. 1979Proc. London Math. Soc. XXXVIII. 245 The subobjects of N+ in E which contain the point ∞ are in 1–1 correspondence with closed ideals of subsets of N.
1937,1969*Subring [see ideal n. 3].
8. With advb. force, combined with adjs. and vbs. = in a subordinate or secondary manner or capacity, by subsidiary means, as sub-entitle vb., sub-functional adj.
1812Coleridge in Lit. Rem. (1836) I. 366 The real value of melody in a language is considerable as *subadditive.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 368 His Monarchia Dei is directed against the Heathens for subjoyning and *sub⁓adoring several essentially subdistinguish'd Deities.
1901Daily News 20 Feb. 6/5 The Assiut dam will be subsidiary to that at Assuan, inasmuch as it is..to be used *sub-conjunctively to that at Assuan.
1890Academy 4 Jan. 7/3 Its anonymous author has *sub-entitled this book ‘A New Story by an Old Hand’. 1845Poe in Amer. Whig Rev. II. 127/1 It is to be regretted that ‘The Spanish Student’ was not sub-entitled ‘A Dramatic Poem’, rather than ‘A Play’.
1897–8Amer. Jrnl. Psych. IX. 580 Pronunciation of an adjective..seems to *subexcite association tracts representing substantives.
1904Amer. Naturalist Jan. 6 Hypohippus of the middle Miocene with *subfunctional lateral digits..is an instance of arrested evolution.
1871Earle Philol. Engl. Tongue §464 The pronoun I..has..a sort of reflected or borrowed presentiveness;—what may be called a *sub-presentive power.
1828–9Bentham Offic. Apt. Maxim., On Militia (1830) 4 The united wisdom and eloquence of the ruling one and the *sub-ruling few.
9. (a) On the analogy of subdivide and subdivision, sub- is used to denote a further division or distinction; e.g. sub-classify, sub-decimate; sub-articulation, sub-classification, sub-component, sub-kind; (b) on the analogy of subcontract n. and v., subinfeudation, sublet, to denote a second or further action or process of the same kind as that denoted by the radical; e.g. sub-colonize, to colonize from a colony, sub-infer, to draw as a further inference, sub-rent, to rent from one who himself rents; sub-derivative, a derivative of a derivative, sub-purchaser, one who purchases from a previous purchaser, sub-reformist, one who carries out a further reform, sub-vaccinee, one who is vaccinated with lymph from a vaccinated person; sub-secession, a secession from a body that has seceded. Also ˈsub-carrier Telecommunication, a carrier wave used to modulate another carrier; ˈsublevel Physics, each of a group of energy levels of an atom or nucleus which coincide under a coarse approximation or when some factor (as a magnetic field) is removed; ˈsubline Genetics, a variant arising in an inbred line and distinguished by a trait usu. inherited from a genetically impure ancestor; ˈsubpassage n. Biol. and Med., the passage of a strain of micro-organisms cultivated in one animal through another, esp. to increase the virulence; also as v. trans.; hence ˈsubpassaging vbl. n.; subˈsatellite Astronautics, a satellite of a satellite; spec. a small artificial satellite released from another satellite or spacecraft; sub-ˈunderwriter Econ., one who underwrites part of a liability (esp. a share issue) underwritten by another; so sub-ˈunderwrite v. trans., sub-ˈunderwriting vbl. n.
1867in Farrar Ess. Lib. Educ. 330 To imitate the copiousness and *subarticulation of Cicero's periods.
1953Reed & Russell Ultra High Frequency Propagation xi. 411 *Subcarrier modulation, wherein a subcarrier spaced in the order of 10 kc from the highest modulating frequency is modulated with the desired intelligence, would provide all desired carrier amplitude variations at frequencies much in excess of any presently conceivable lobe modulation frequency. 1976Which? Sept. 204/1 We measured how well the sets filtered from the audio output..the 38Hz sub-carrier frequencies—parts of the complex signal that tell the tuner that a stereo programme is being broadcast.
1873M. Dewey in G. Dawe Melvil Dewey (1932) 320 Sub-classify each, or any, of these eighty-one (hundred) classes... A Dictionary of Science would receive no *sub-classification but remain simply with main class number. 1894in 37th Rep. Columb. Inst. Deaf & Dumb (1895) 9 We are required to have subclassifications by which we may know the..specialized work to which it devotes itself. 1897Daily News 16 Mar. 2/2 Abolition of sub-classification is recommended.
1873*Sub-classify [see sub-classification above]. 1909Daily Chron. 3 June 3/3 If you sub-classify 55,000 Germans into men, women and children.
1820Q. Rev. XXIII. 73 A dependency upon that colony, from which it was *sub-colonized.
1965N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax i. 17 The syntactic component of a generative grammar contains a transformational *subcomponent. 1973L. L. & J. M. Constantine Group Marriage xviii. 199 In the interpersonal dimension, we identified two subcomponents.
1704J. Macmillan True Narr. in H. M. B. Reid Camer. Apost. (1896) 236 They draw a *sub⁓consequence, which is this, that it was contrar the protest and agreement.
1664Power Exp. Philos. Pref. 12 All the fixed lights of Heaven are generally concluded to be pure Fire, and so consequently fluid also, and then *sub⁓consequentially in motion also.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 719 Large colonies [of bacteria] on *sub-cultivation will frequently appear as small ones.
1736Bailey (folio) Pref., To *Subdecimate..to divide into tenths..as 10 Thousand into Hundredths.
1845Jowett Let. to B. C. Brodie 28 Mar., [Rome] has defined, and *sub⁓defined, and deduced, and *subdeduced.
1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) I. vi. vi. 209 Every definition and *subdefinition would be open to some doubt.
1884Law Rep. 13 Q.B. Div. 466 Long leaseholds, which he had mortgaged by *sub-demise.
1880Westm. & Chelsea News 2 Oct. Advt., A shop and Dwelling House..held for a term of 99 years, and *subdemised at {pstlg}80 per annum.
1614Raleigh Hist. World i. 142 For these *subderiuations [of the Turks] it were infinite to examine them.
1834H. N. Coleridge Grk. Poets (ed. 2) 9 The modern derivative will, at some stage or other of its history, have been treated as an original substantive word..and associations connected only with its primary modern senses will have given birth to *sub⁓derivatives from it.
a1661Fuller Worthies, Wiltshire (1662) iii. 150 Succeeding Princes, following this patern, have *sub-diminished their coin ever since.
1823Bentham Not Paul 371 The name and person of his own *sub-disciple Apollos.
1643J. M. Soveraigne Salve 26 To let in a deluge of forrein forces and so yet further *subdistract the remnant.
1662Petty Taxes 13 How many retailers are needful to make the *subdistributions into every village of this nation.
a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. iv. (1677) 157 And possibly these variously *subdiversified according to the phantasy of the Artificer.
1863Reade Hard Cash III. 74 What on earth was left for poor Dr. Wolf to do? Could he *sub⁓embezzle a Highlander's breeks?
1652Observ. touching Forms Govt. 38 Constrained to epitomize, and *subepitomize themselves so long till at last they crumble away into the atomes of Monarchie.
1666Lond. Gaz. No. 42/2 The Farmers of his Majesties Revenue of the Hearth-Duty, intending to *Sub-Farm several Counties. 1764Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) III. 224 The lands were perhaps subfarmed by individuals.
1658in Dom. State Papers 321 For seizure made by the *sub-farmers.
1857Buckle Civiliz. I. ix. 568 The great lords having granted lands on condition of fealty and other services to certain persons, these last *subgranted them.
1885Law Rep. 28 Chanc. Div. 121 An agreement of *sub-guarantee by which the signatories guaranteed the signatories of the original guarantee against loss.
1889W. Rye Cromer 32 The *subholding created by Richard de Berningham.
a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 409 From the force then of this relation it is easily *subinfered that it is not lawful for Christian Churches..to forsake the communion of each other.
1905British Medical Journal 27 May 1141 The injection in small amounts will not serve to infect the *subinoculated animal.
1843Mill Logic II. iii. xxii. 135 Examining every known *sub-kind included in the larger kind. 1968Listener 4 July 6/1 The campus novel, a literary sub-kind that has languished these last years, is surely in for a revival now that dons have had the heady experience of being news.
1963G. Troup Masers & Lasers (ed. 2) 183 Paramagnetic resonance is usually observed between *sub⁓levels of the term having lowest energy. 1971Sci. Amer. Oct. 91/2 In a nonuniform [electrostatic] field such nuclei will exhibit energy levels that are split into a number of sublevels corresponding to the number of allowed orientations of the nucleus.
1948Jrnl. Genetics XLIX. 92 A tumour arising in one *subline would be foreign, to some degree at least, to another subline. 1981Nature 19 Feb. 626/1 Many of the major sublines of common inbred strains [of mice]..have arisen as a result of genetic contamination in the past.
1902Daily Chron. 26 Nov. 6/6 The final *sub-lodger was squeezed out upon the landing for his sleeping-place.
1884Law Times 29 Nov. 80/1 The mortgagees in fee of an hotel *sub-mortgaged to their bankers in 1879.
1883Law Times Rep. (N.S.) XLIX. 556/1 The defendants last added are *sub-mortgagees of the trustee.
1872E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 242 The client of that age was apparently a *sub⁓occupier of public land under his Patronus.
1934Webster, *Subpassage, n. 1947Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 19 Pneumococci..maintained by rapid subpassage through mice. 1970B. G. F. Weitz in H. W. Mulligan African Trypanosomiases vi. 114 Variants sometimes reverted to a ‘parent’ antigenic strain type when rodent subpassage was prolonged.
1969Parasitology LIX. 352 Parasites isolated from the parasitaemia..were *subpassaged at 4-day intervals. 1978Nature 14 Sept. 132/2 Tumours have been serially subpassaged 3× to date.
1970Ibid. 12 Dec. 1061/1 Lincicome has shown that in calorically restricted mice the number of hosts that developed maximal infections and the intensity of the parasitaemia are increased by *subpassaging.
1866Law Rep. 1 Q.B. Cases 589 On his seeking to get the pawn back from an insolvent *sub-pawnee.
Ibid., If the pawnee may repledge the pawn, the *sub-pledgee may do the same, and so on ad infinitum.
1755Gentl. Mag. XXV. 354 They have successively come into the hands of many *sub-proprietors.
1855Hyde Clarke Dict., *Sub-purchaser.
1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §54 The Church of Rome condemneth us, wee likewise them, the *Sub-reformists and Sectaries sentence the Doctrine of our Church as damnable [etc.].
1826Bell Comm. Laws Scot. i. 67 Possession of the *subrents.
1902R. Bagot Donna Diana ii. 13 An apartment he had *sub-rented from a wealthy American widow.
1897Advance (Chicago) 24 June 813/1, $500 of income from *sub-rental.
1849Hooker Himal. Jrnls. (1854) I. xvii. 388 Through the medium of several *sub-renting classes.
1894J. J. Astor Journey in Other Worlds ii. i. 126 There will be no danger from meteors or *sub-satellites here..for anything revolving about the moon at this distance would be caught by the earth. 1956Time (Canadian ed.) 24 Dec. 53/1 The inflated sub-satellite is a balloon of Mylar plastic ·0025 in. thick covered with an aluminium film ·0006 in. thick. 1978Nature 5 Oct. 430/1 We have attempted..to interpret lunar palaeomagnetism as observed..in widespread crustal magnetic anomalies mapped by magnetometers on Explorer 35 and the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites.
1880Burton Reign Q. Anne I. ii. 66 *Sub-secessions from the successive seceding bodies.
1680Allen Peace & Unity Pref. 80 These seperations and *sub-seperations.
1894Daily Tribune (N.Y.) 5 July, In not all of the cities is administration *sub-sold to confederated crime and to blackmailed business.
1895Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 767 A *subspecialized descendant of an ancient generalized group.
1846D. King Lord's Supper vii. 214 An endless splitting and *subsplitting of distinctions.
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 393 These native *sub⁓traders have very risky lives of it.
1900Century Mag. LIX. 493/2 The minister of the interior..whose touches thrill by devolution and *subtransmission throughout the mighty system.
1935Economist 13 July 65/1 He did, however, *sub-underwrite the issue, which was discussed with him previous to the date of the prospectus.
1959Ibid. 18 Apr. 256/1 The *sub-underwriters get 1 per cent of the amount they have underwritten. 1982Daily Tel. 6 Mar. 1/7 A large proportion..is paid out to other financial institutions, called sub-underwriters.
1955Times 11 July 14/1 Firm applications..have already been received..for 300,000 shares on *sub-underwriting terms. 1981Times 8 Jan. 11/3 Brokers to the issue..completed the subunderwriting of the issue yesterday afternoon.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 592 All the *sub-vaccinees of the vaccinifer (who himself subsequently suffered from erysipelas) did not suffer from erysipelas.
1873Routledge's Young Gentl. Mag. 85 *Sub-variation on White's thirteenth move.
10. Math. Compounded with adjs. expressing ratio, sub- denotes a ratio the opposite of that expressed by the radical element, as in L. subduplus subduple, subtriplus subtriple, late L. submultiplus submultiple; e.g. subdecuple = denoting the ratio 1 : 10, † subdouble = subduple, † subnovitripartient = 1 : 93/8, i.e. 8 : 75, subsesquitertial = 3 : 4, subsuperparticular, etc. Analogously, in subduplicate, etc. the prefix is employed to express the ratio of the square (etc.) roots of quantities; but these compounds have been sometimes erron. used for subduple, etc. (cf. quot. 1657 below).
This use is modelled (in late L.) on that of Gr. ὑπο-, as in ὑποδιπλάσιος, late L. subduplus. Ratios of this kind were called ὑπόλογοι, the opposite πρόλογοι, ὑπο- app. expressing the notion of ‘proportion of lesser inequality’. (Another arithmetical use of the Greek and Latin prefixes is unrepresented in Eng.; viz. that exemplified in ὑπότριτος, L. subtertius, lit. ‘a third less’, i.e. denoting a ratio 2/3 : 1, i.e. 2 : 3.)
1570Billingsley Euclid 128 Comparing the lesse quantitie to the greater, it [sc. proportion] is called submultiplex, subsuperparticular, subsuperpartient, submultiplex superparticular, and submultiplex superpartient. 1648Wilkins Math. Magic i. vii. 47 As one of these under Pulleys doth abate halfe of that heavinesse which the weight hath in it self, and cause the power to be in a sub-duple proportion unto it, so two of them doe abate halfe of that which remains, and cause a subquadruple proportion betwixt the weight and the power; three of them a subsextuple, four a sub⁓octuple. Ibid. 50 If unto this lower Pulley there were added another, then the power would be unto the weight in a subquintuple proportion. If a third, a subseptuple. 1652Urquhart Jewel 288 It would bear the analogy..of a subnovitripartient eights; that is to say,..the whole being the Dividend, and my Nomenclature the Divisor, the quotient would be nine, with a fraction of three eights; or yet more clearly, as the Proportion of 72. to 675. 1653H. More Antid. Ath. i. vi. §4 (1712) 19 The Notion of Sub-double, which accrued to that Lead which had half cut away. 1657Hobbes Absurd Geom. Wks. 1845 VII. 375 It is but subquad[r]uplicate, as you call it, or the quarter of it, as I call it. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 209 As the Series of the Numbers from the Units place are continued in a decuple proportion..so their value decreaseth in a subdecuple proportion. a1696Scarburgh Euclid (1705) 181 The proportion is Subsuperparticular, and named Subsesquialteral, which is thus noted 2/3. Ibid., Subsuperpartient, as 5 to 8, or 5/8 is subsupertriquintal: and 10 to 14, or 10/14 is Subsuperbiquintal. 1709–29V. Mandey Syst. Math., Arith. 37 Proportion Subduple, Subtriple, Sub⁓sesquialter, Subsuperbipartient. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ratio, 3 to 2 is in a Sesquialterate Ratio; 2 to 3 in a Sub⁓sesquialterate. 1732B. Robinson Anim. Oecon. 267 The simple and subquadruplicate Ratios of these Lengths. 1795T. Maurice Hindostan (1820) I. i. ii. 75 The length of human life is diminished..in a subdecuple ratio.
III. Next below; near or close (to); subsequent (to). (As a living prefix sub- is restricted in this sense to prepositional uses: the advb. use is seen in subsequent.)
11. Near to (a particular region or point), as in L. suburbānus suburban; e.g. sub-basal, subdorsal, sub-littoral, submarginal.
Such words are often capable of another analysis (see 21 d).
12. Geog. and Geol.
a. Lying about the base of or subjacent to mountains designated by the second element, hence, of less height than mountains of similar height to these, characteristic of regions of such altitude, as L. subalpīnus subalpine; e.g. sub-Andean, sub-Andine, subapennine, sub-Etnean, sub-Himalayan. Hence in the name of a district, e.g. sub-Himalaya(s.
1875Encycl. Brit. III. 744 The fourth and last Subregion of South America..may be most fitly named the *Subandean.
1885Linn. Soc. Jrnl., Bot. XXII. 6 A *subandine as well as an andine zone.
1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 76 The marine *sub-Etnean beds.
1847*Sub-Himalayan [see Sherpa 1]. 1850Ansted Elem. Geol., Min., etc. 358 The formations composing the Sewalik hills, which have sometimes been called the Sub-Himalayans. 1851Jrnl. R. Geog. Soc. XXI. 59 The Siwalik or sub-Himalayan range.
1851Mantell Petrifactions v. §1. 413 Bones of mammalia from the *Sub-Himalayas. 1883Proc. R. Geog. Soc. V. 617 The tertiaries of the Sub-Himalaya.
b. Denoting a region or zone adjacent to or on the borders of that designated by the second element; e.g. subantarctic, sub-equatorial (also fig.), sub-frigid, sub-torrid.
1875Encycl. Brit. III. 745 Spheniscidæ, a family limited to the Antarctic or *Subantarctic Ocean. 1909(title) The Subantarctic islands of New Zealand.
1880Dana Man. Geol. (ed. 3) 609 The corresponding zones in latitude..are 1. Equatorial, Lat. 0°–15°... 6. *Subarctic, 58°–66°.
1895Forum June 468 There was once a widespread delusion in the *sub-arid belt..that rainfall follows the plough.
1909Webster, *Subequatorial. 1935H. H. Bashford Lodgings for Twelve 108 Apart from the excitements incident to the relief of Ladysmith and Mafeking, the Boer War—at any rate to the average undergraduate—was a sub-equatorial and not very important affair. 1977Sci. Amer. Apr. 106/2 This is the earliest-known evidence of metallurgy in the entire subequatorial region.
1852Dana Crust. ii. 1472 Its southern portion..appears to pertain..to the *Subfrigid [Region].
1896Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 631 The *subhumid region.
1852Henfrey Veget. Eur. 103 The regions which may be distinguished on the West side of the Scandinavian Alps are:—1. The Maritime region; 2. The *Subsylvatic region; 3. The Subalpine region; and 4. The Alpine region.
1852Dana Crust. ii. 1510 The genus Porcellana has but two-thirds as many species in the temperate as in the torrid zone. Yet the *sub⁓temperate region contains but one less than the *subtorrid.
13. Mus. Designating a note next to or next below some principal note, as in med.L. subprincipālis subprincipal; e.g. subtonic. (Cf. 4.)
14. a. Combined with adjs. (and in derived advbs.) with the sense ‘of lower condition or degree (or size) than’ or ‘numerically less than’ that denoted by the original adj.; e.g. Also (U.S.) in adjs. expressing an inferior educational status, as sub-angelical, sub-divine, sub-fresh (also sub-freshman), sub-judicial, sub-literary, sub-maximal, sub-miliary, sub-molecular, sub-morphemic, sub-optimal (hence sub-optimally), sub-optimum, sub-phonemic (hence sub-phonemically), sub-primary, sub-regal. sub-biˈtuminous a. Geol., (of coal) of inferior quality to bituminous; intermediate in rank between bituminous coal and lignite; subˈcellular a. Biol., smaller than a cell; occurring inside a cell; subcomˈpact a. U.S., designating a car which is smaller than a compact one (see compact ppl. a.1 II. 1 b); also absol. as n.; subˈfreezing a., designating or characterized by a temperature lower than the freezing-point of water; subˈluminal a. [L. lūmen, lūmin- light], having or being a speed less than that of light.
This sense tends to blend with 19.
1652Benlowes Theoph. Pref., Man..is of all Creatures *sub-angelical the Almighties Masterpiece.
1908Econ. Geol. III. 136 The term ‘*sub-bituminous’ was recommended and formally adopted by the [U.S. Geological] survey for all official publications. 1949F. J. Pettijohn Sedimentary Rocks xii. 366 Subbituminous, semibituminous, and semianthracite coals are transitional coal types. 1979B. L. C. Johnson Pakistan xi. 161/1 The estimates of reserves of Lower Tertiary lignitic to sub-bituminous coal range between 449 and 478 million tonnes.
1608Hieron Defence ii. 83 These..maye be called conformable to the Canonicall or *subcannonical.
1953New Biol. XV. 120 There are too many examples in which patterns arise..within single cells (and thus demand a theory dealing in *sub-cellular units). 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. ii. 20 Some enzymes are localized in certain sub-cellular structures. 1978Sci. Amer. Dec. 68/2 Myoglobin combines with the oxygen released by red cells, stores it and transports it to the subcellular organelles called mitochondria.
1967Wall St. Jrnl. 24 Feb. 1/1 AMC [sc. the American Motors Corporation] also is thinking of building a ‘*subcompact’ car that would compete directly in size and price with Volkswagen. 1971Flying Apr. 68/2 (Advt.), A different-looking subcompact with the spirit of a sporty car. 1980Times 12 Dec. 24/3 Chrysler extended the close-down of its Belvidere, Illinois, assembly plant, which makes subcompact cars.
1610Donne Pseudo-martyr 185 Nor know we whether they will pleade Diuine Law, that is, places of Scripture, or *Sub diuine Law, which is interpretation of Fathers. 1652Bp. Hall Invis. World i. §2 O ye glorious Spirits..he that made you hath given us some little glimpse of your subdivine natures.
1958N.Y. Times 15 Dec. 2/6 The Weather Bureau warned that *subfreezing temperatures would continue today. 1979P. Theroux Old Patagonian Express iii. 51 Two feet of snow in Boston. Chaos and death. Power cuts in sub-freezing weather.
1893Congregationalist (Boston) 21 Sept., Enrollment as freshmen or ‘*sub-fresh’ in the City College.
1896Living Topics Cycl. (N.Y.) II. 264 Classical, scientific and mechanical *sub-freshman classes.
1808Bentham Sc. Reform 67 All other persons who bear any part in the cause:—Judge, *sub-judicial officers, parties.
1872Swinburne Under Microscope 79 ‘Ah, my lord..’, says the jackal to the lion..‘observe how all other living creatures belong but to some *sub-leonine class’.
1952New World Writing Apr. 234 Even aficionados of murder fiction will concede..that except in the hands of a few writers it has been a *sub-literary product—characters unreal, dialogue artificial, plots highly improbable. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts Apr. 302/1 He illuminates..this curious sub-literary genre in such a way that even serious students gain a profitable exposure to materials not often considered in length.
1969Physics Today May 45/3 Particles traveling at *subluminal and those traveling at luminal velocities are two entirely distinct kinds of objects. 1980Sci. Amer. Aug. 76/2 The expansion that appears from the earth to be superluminal would be relativistic but still subluminal when measured by the slower clocks of the source itself.
1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. 235 *Submaximal nerve-irritations.
1880A. Flint Princ. Med. 194 The ultimate *submiliary granula coalesce to make..nodules.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 560 The body can resist the action of *subminimal doses of living bacteria. 1890Syd. Soc. Lex., Subminimal stimulus, a stimulus which is not strong enough to produce any obvious effect.
1935Discovery Dec. 353/1 Raindrops may form on *sub⁓molecular electrically-charged units, or ions. 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. 338 Study of the mechanism of enzyme action is in a sense submolecular biology.
1947C. F. Hockett in Language XXIII. 321 A scholar deciphering a dead language written in a non-phonetic or semi-phonetic orthography, may achieve good control of the tactics and semantics of the language, but remain in almost total ignorance of anything *sub⁓morphemic. 1964E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Transl. iii. 41 Certain submorphemic elements can also be recognized, e.g. the sound symbolism of ush in gush, flush, blush, slush and mush.
1901Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. IV. 477 If the stimulation is *sub-optimal, the animal will seek the source of light. 1980Sci. Amer. Sept. 134/1 On the whole, however, India remains a case of stunted, suboptimal growth, burdened as it is with the world's largest single national mass of poverty and unemployment.
1901Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. IV. 478 The supra-optimally stimulated organism moves from the source, the *sub-optimally stimulated one moves towards the source, of light. 1958Times Rev. Industry Sept. (London & Cambridge Economic Bull.) p. iii/1 A larger labour force..had to be..deployed sub-optimally.
1937Ann. Reg. 1936 59 Attention was given to the social importance of nutrition due to the realisation that *sub-optimum nutrition is common and widespread. 1950Suboptimum [see linolenate].
1935Language XI. 102 A *sub-phonemic variation which the observer himself uses will generally escape his notice. 1969Archivum Linguisticum 1965 XVII. 109 By no means all subphonemic changes eventually become phonemic. 1981Amer. Speech 1977 LII. 171 Along the Atlantic seaboard, subphonemic vowel differences are common.
1955C. F. Hockett Man. Phonol. 160 The worker who sets up fewer ‘phonemes’ must cover less ‘*subphonemically’ but correspondingly more ‘super⁓phonemically’.
1898Advance (Chicago) 17 Feb. 206/2 The institution has never had a *sub-preparatory department, as several of the young colleges have.
1895Proc. 14th Conv. Instr. Deaf 293 In *subprimary work there is surely an interesting field for the constructive talent.
1810Lamb Let. to T. Manning 2 Jan., The ordinary titles of *sub-regal dignity. 1878H. M. Stanley Dark Cont. I. xv. 390 His sub-regal court.
1907Nature LXXVI. 146/1 *Subthermal baths, given at temperatures below blood heat.
b. Similarly combined with ns. (forming words used chiefly attrib.), as sub-cabinet (chiefly U.S.), sub-microgram, sub-proletariat, sub-threshold, sub-zero; subˈmillimetre a., less than a millimetre in size or length; pertaining to or employing electromagnetic waves of such a length; also ˌsubmilliˈmetric a.
1956R. J. Donovan Eisenhower v. 66 Almost as soon as the Cabinet rises each week, Rabb meets with a group of *sub-Cabinet officers. 1974P. Gore-Booth With Great Truth & Respect 389 The process of an important and difficult decision is remarkable... It passes through a hierarchy or a sort of sub-cabinet or both. 1981Economist 24 Jan. 24/3 Lower appointments to sub-cabinet jobs are still being made and will be for some weeks.
1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 576 Work on natural polonium has been limited to the *sub-microgram scale. 1976Nature 10 June 454/1 Gibberellins are amongst the most potent of the naturally occurring plant growth regulators and exert maximal activity in most tissues when present in sub-microgram quantities.
1955Jrnl. Appl. Physics XXVI. 1384/1 *Submillimeter radiation was produced when a pulsed, bunched high-energy electron beam was passed through a simple rectangular wave guide. 1973Physics Bull. May 305/3 Submillimetre spectroscopy, or far infrared spectroscopy as it is more frequently termed, is a field in which there has been much activity during the last 15 years. 1976Sci. Amer. June 127/1 All one had to do was to drop his view to the submillimeter level, where little creatures abound that are still new to science.
1975Nature 6 Mar. 39/2 The mystery of the *submillimetric limb brightening [of the sun].
1958Listener 30 Jan. 186/1 Today the population of the delta belongs to the class which, I believe, sociologists call the rural *sub-proletariat. They are landless or almost landless peasants who seek casual employment in agriculture or anything that comes along. 1974M. B. Brown Economics of Imperialism iv. 87 Nor can we overlook..the role of migrant labour as a ‘sub-proletariat’ in Europe today. 1979Dædalus Spring 105 The institutionalization of a subproletariat, and the creation of ethnic ghettos in the large urban areas are..examples of the changes taking place.
1937Best & Taylor Physiol. Basis Med. Practice lxiii. 1225 If a second stimulus also of *subthreshold strength..be sent into the nerve an impulse is set up. 1976Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 234 Negative chemotaxis appears to be largely an all-or-none response to a threshold concentration, but weaker effects caused by prolonged exposure to subthreshold concentrations probably also occur.
1942O. Nash Face is Familiar 137 And nobody is prompter In the face of hell, high water, and *sub-zero thermomter. 1980R. McCrum In Secret Place xii. 113 He's having a sub-zero feud with Hayter.
c. Compounded with a further prefix, as sub-ˈmicro- Chem., involving amounts less than those typical of microanalysis; also used as an independent word.
1945Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CLXI. 589 In order to estimate the P content of these solutions, a *submicroprocedure..having a range of 0·2 to 3 γ of P was employed. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xxiv. 496 The isolation of minute quantities of material from biological sources has necessitated even greater refinements, so that sub⁓micro techniques (requiring 30–50 µg) have been developed during recent years. 1974[see micro- 8 b].
15. Zool. In names of divisions of animals regarded as having only imperfectly developed the characteristics denoted by the word to which sub- is prefixed, as Subgrallatores, Submytilacea, Subungulata. English derivatives have been occas. formed; e.g. subostracean, a mollusc of the family Subostracea; subplantigrade, of or resembling the group Subplantigrada, not quite plantigrade.
1836Penny Cycl. V. 313/2 [De Blainville] allows that these last ought to form a distinct genus of the family of *Sub⁓ostraceans.
1883Encycl. Brit. XV. 434 The greater number of the Carnivora..may be called ‘*subplantigrade’, often when at rest applying the whole of the sole to the ground.
16. In craniometry, forming adjs. designating a type of skull having an index next below that of the type denoted by the second element; e.g. subbrachycephalic, -ous (hence -cephaly), subdolichocephalic, -ous (hence -cephalism).
These terms are based on Broca's classification, who used the L. forms (masc. pl.) subbrachycephali, -dolichocephali.
1863–4Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. I. 461 With M. Broca, it is desirable to admit a *sub-dolichocephalic and a *sub-brachycephalic class [of skulls].
Ibid. 510 Only about half [the skulls] are brachycephalous or *sub-brachycephalous.
1878Bartley tr. Topinard's Anthrop. ii. xii. 499 Low stature, woolly hair, black skin, and *sub-brachycephaly.
1895Smithsonian Rep. i. 515 His cephalic index falls down to *subdolichocephalism.
1896Keane Ethnol. xii. 321 The shape of the head..is..here and there mesaticephalous and even *sub-dolichocephalous.
1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., *Sub-mesaticephalic, having a cephalic index of 75 or 76.
1890H. Ellis Criminal iii. 52 Out of thirty criminals eight presented brains and skulls of a..capacity only found in *submicrocephalic subjects.
1863–4Thurnam in Mem. Anthropol. Soc. I. 473 All these crania are very dolichocephalous. The first..is a remarkable specimen of synostosis... The form is *sub-scaphocephalic.
17. In the names of certain sectaries, = after, consequent upon, the opposite of supra- (q.v.); e.g. Sublapsarian, submortuarian.
18. In designations of periods immediately ‘below’ or posterior to a particular period, as in sub-neolithic (also fig.), sub-Roman adjs.; subapostolic.
1910Encycl. Brit. (ed. 11) XII. 59 The following stages in the glaciation of North America:..The Aftonian (1st interglacial). The *sub-Aftonian or Jerseyan (1st glacial).
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 57 [Bugelkanne] is found every⁓where in the area, made of various local clays, and it long survived into the ‘Geometric’ or *sub-Mycenaean period.
1905A. J. Evans in Ann. Brit. School at Athens X. 22 This stratum, to which the name ‘Early Minoan I.’ may be conveniently applied, shows naturally a greater survival of Neolithic elements... In its general complexion indeed it may be described as ‘*Sub-Neolithic’. 1956E. E. Cummings Let. 11 Mar. (1969) 248 Good Freudians were quick to suggest that my superego suffers from sub⁓neolithic trends.
1962H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon England i. 39 Wheel-made pottery of *sub-Roman character. 1977History LXII. 175 We cannot, however, expect that these works will ever provide information about the sub-Roman centuries.
IV. Incomplete(ly), imperfect(ly), partial(ly).
* with adverbial meaning.
19. a. Prefixed to adjs. or pples. of a general character, as in L. subabsurdus somewhat absurd, subobscūrus subobscure; e.g. subanalogous, somewhat similar; also sub-historical, sub-literate, sub-mature, sub-moral, sub-solid adjs. (The precise force of sub- may vary contextually from ‘only slightly’ to ‘not quite, all but’.) sub-ecoˈnomic a., not justifiable on purely economic grounds; subinˈhibitory a., (of a dose of a drug, chemical, etc.) enough to hinder but not prevent microbial growth; subˈluminous a., dim; spec. in Astr., of less luminosity than the normal; subˈsexual a. Genetics, characterized by or being a form of parthenogenetic reproduction in which the first division of meiosis occurs, with crossing-over, but not the second (reduction) division; subˈsocial a. Biol., applied to species of spiders or insects that live gregariously but without a fixed social organization; subˈvocal a., designating an unarticulated level of speech comparable to thought; hence subˈvocally adv.
1870Lowell Study Wind. 291 A thimbleful of..*subacidulous Hock.
1767Phil. Trans. LVII. 417 Little seeds *subanalogous, or somewhat resembling those we find in the fructification of the Fucus's.
1884A. Lang Custom & Myth 236 A *sub-barbaric society—say that of Zululand.
1668H. More Div. Dial. i. xxxvii. I. 160 This *subderisorious mirth.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 330 The mixture *sub-diluted for bathing.
1948Rep. Native Laws Commission 1946–48 (Dept. Native Affairs, S. Afr.) 4/2 Government assistance..in respect of *sub-economic schemes has all along been linked with the condition that the municipality should bear a share of the loss. 1971Leader (Durban) 7 May 1/5 The Verulam Town Board has announced its intention to erect..100 sub-economic houses. 1980Sci. Amer. Jan. 50/2 He created a two-way grid of categories based on the degree of geological knowledge (known deposits, inferred deposits and probable deposits) and on current economics (economic, subeconomic and uneconomic).
a1734North Life Ld. Kpr. North (1742) 228 The Spaniards have peculiar Councils, call'd Juntos,..which prevents such *sub⁓emergent Councils as these [sc. English cabinet councils].
1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 17 *Sub-evergreen herbaceous plants are: Œnothera biennis and several other species, Pentstemon, Chelone, Asters.
1854Badham Halieut. 180 Others, *subgregarious in their taste, swim about in small detached parties.
1940K. Mannheim Ideology & Utopia 128 Besides this *sub-historical biological element a spiritual, transcendental element is also to be found in this sphere. 1973R. J. W. Evans Rudolf II ii. 45 Such a view..has survived in sub-historical writing and belles-lettres.
1903Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) I. 18 The coronal atmosphere..consists mainly of *subincandescent hydrogen.
1956M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 6) ix. 123 Serial culture of susceptible organisms in the presence of *sub-inhibitory concentrations of an antibiotic results in the emergence of bacteria that can flourish in the presence of enormous concentrations of the antibiotic. 1976Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 64 Some strains of M. osloensis produce such a preponderance of coccal cells that their true nature can only be ascertained in films from media with subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin.
1958J. Berry in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 743 In *subliterate societies (in most of Tropical Africa for example) where book-production is at the best financially hazardous, the need for exotic type can have a deterrent effect on book production. 1973R. A. Crampsey Puerto Rico 13 In 1940 the bulk of the people were subliterate or illiterate.
1864Spectator 31 Dec. 1508 The sky is still *subluminous. 1959Encounter July 53/2 The photography is that chocolate-marshmallow kind of subluminous chiaroscuro. 1969O. J. Eggen in S. S. Kumar Low-Luminosity Stars i. i. 22 Photometric parallaxes have been derived for the 27 stars in Table III which are very probably subluminous. 1976Progress in Sci. Culture (E. Majorana Centre) Spring 52 Extragalactic sources can be classified in order of luminosity as follows (1) subluminous galaxies, such as M 31, (2) normal galaxies, [etc.].
1899*Submature [see peneplanation]. 1922C. A. Cotton Geomorphol. N.Z. i. xxviii. 415 The coast has passed through the stage of youth and has become sub-mature. 1951Jrnl. Sedimentary Petrol. XXI. 128 Definition of the four stages of textural maturity... I. Immature stage... II. Submature stage. Sediment contains very little or no clay, but the non-clay portion..is still itself poorly sorted... III. Mature stage... IV. Supermature stage. 1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. xiii. 192/1 A submature valley formed on this surface, later to be dammed by a basalt flow.
1892Zangwill Bow Myst. 87 A curious, *sub-mocking smile.
1946Mind LV. 115 A will-less saint would be a *sub-moral being, a fine creature perhaps, but not a responsible moral agent.
1807Spirit Publ. Jrnls. XI. 84, I swam with *subnatant tadpoles, I frisked with volatile newts.
1866Odling Anim. Chem. 154, I now add to the free iodine some *suboxidised substance.
1650Milton Tenure Kings 59 Not prelatical, or of this late faction *subprelatical.
1817Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1818) II. 277 A *subputrescent stalk of Angelica.
1618Hales in Gold. Rem. ii. (1673) 23 That δυσωπία, that *subrustick shamefastness of many men.
1865Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Nov. 9 It might be imagined that the advertisement conveyed a *subsarcastic touch.
1876Nature XIV. 503/2 The *Sub-Semitic languages of Africa.
1937C. D. Darlington in Nature 30 Oct. 761/2 Other mechanisms occur in the dog roses and with certain kinds of parthenogenesis whereby, as in Œnothera, a large part of the genes are prevented from recombining. With such systems stability has been achieved at the expense of variability, and we have arrived at what we may call a *sub-sexual method of reproduction. 1947― & Mather Elements of Genetics xii. 266 As compared with sexual species variation is much reduced but it still occurs. The new apomictic species is thus often subsexual.
1877Swinburne Note on C. Bronte 11 Its superhuman or *subsimious absurdity.
1881Westcott & Hort Grk. N.T. II. 230 What may be called ‘*subsingular readings’ which have only secondary support.
1928W. M. Wheeler Social Insects i. 13 The insects included in categories (1) to (5) may be designated as ‘infrasocial’; those of (6), which are more interesting for our purposes may be called ‘quasisocial’ or ‘*subsocial’. 1958Science 2 May 1046/1 Social organization in the main groups of social bees..did not arise..through subsocial family groups. 1976Sci. Amer. Mar. 101/3 Michener's second evolutionary route he calls subsocial. On this route only one level of behavior precedes eusociality; it is characterized by solitary rather than communal nest building. The solitary female [spider] remains at the nest, however, and cares for her young.
1922Joyce Ulysses 674 The decocted beverages, allowing for *subsolid residual sediment of a mechanical mixture, water plus sugar plus cream plus cocoa, having been consumed.
1786Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 319 Both of them immersed in *subtepid water.
a1734North Exam. iii. vii. (1740) 549 This put abundance of People of *subvirile Tempers, into a Twitter.
1934M. Ten Hoor in Jrnl. Philos. XXXI. 534 The responsibility for descriptive analysis and psychological definition..has been accepted..by..the behaviorists... This theory..in its extreme form..contends that thought is nothing but *subvocal speech. 1980A. Kenny Aquinas iii. 78 Aquinas has a clear grasp of the relationship between the intellect and the imagination when thought takes place in mental images or in subvocal speech.
1961E. J. Furlong Imagination vii. 77 The words ‘the Chapel’ are *subvocally present to me along with the visual object.
1620Venner Via Recta viii. 164 A *Subvulgar Diet is as it were a meane betweene the Accurate, and Vulgar.
(b) Such compounds are occas. used subst.
1635D. Person Varieties ii. 63 Whether that thing engendred bee a Star, or any other celestiall vertue, whereunto this *subdeficient striveth to attaine.
1633Earl of Manchester Al Mondo (1636) 86 There be certaine *subsapients so worldly wise, as they thinke all other men insipients.
b. In derived advbs., as submaturely.
1900Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XXIX. 309 In central France..the initial form was an uplifted and submaturely dissected peneplain, in which valleys with incised meanders have been..developed. 1913Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. XXIV. 201 The submaturely dissected scarp.
20. a. With adjs. derived from the names of persons, used to designate something in the manner of but inferior to their work, characteristic style, etc. (Chiefly in nonce-formations.)
1934E. Sitwell Aspects Mod. Poetry i. 18 Mr. Housman was followed by a school of poets, rather loosely held together by their sub-Wordsworthian ideals. 1959Listener 5 Feb. 258/2 A laboured sub-Wodehousian straining after slapstick instead of farce. 1962John o' London's 10 May 459/2 The opening has a sub-Chaplinesque quality. 1967J. Philip et al. Best of Granta i. 16 Following the editorial come five sub-Miltonic stanzas. 1977P. Johnson Enemies of Society xi. 154 One prominent sub-Marxist ‘scientist’ who constantly uses the crisis-mechanism, to justify, among other things, the use of positive censorship, when possible, is Herbert Marcuse.
b. Hence, prefixed simply to the names of persons.
1963Times Lit. Suppl. 5 Apr. 235/2 Here is the eternal sex-life of the American college girl told in the eternal sub-Salinger..style. 1968J. Bingham I love, I Kill xi. 132 It was called Deeper in the South..kind of sub-Tennessee Williams. 1977Listener 28 July 122/3 A pregnant older lady who paints sub-Ernst surrealities.
21. In technical use, chiefly Nat. Hist.
A small proportion only of the more commonly used compounds are illustrated here.
a. With adjs. of colour, as in L. subalbidus somewhat white, whitish, sublīvidus somewhat livid, subniger blackish, subviridis greenish, late or mod.L. subcitrīnus subcitrine, subpallidus (for suppallidus) palish, subrūfus (for surrūfus) reddish; e.g. subalbid, sub-luteous, sub-pale, sub-red, sub-virid.
c1530Judic. Urines ii. viii. 33 b, Vryne pale or *subpale.
Ibid. x. 37 Rudy vryne is moyst like fyne golde, and *sub⁓rufe goldysshe.
Ibid. xi. 39 marg., Rede or *subrede vryne.
Ibid. xii. 41 Vryne Rubicunde or *Subrubicunde.
Ibid. xiii. 42 Afore yt vryn were Rubie or *subrubie.
1590P. Barrough Meth. Physick ii. viii. (1596) 84 If his spittle..be yealow and *subpale.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Sub⁓albid, somewhat white.
1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 300 Seseli hath lignous..*subrubeous..surcles.
Ibid. 610 A *subrufe ponderous Powder.
1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 212 Tethyia. If red is edible, the pale and *subluteous are bitterish.
1694Salmon Bate's Disp. (1713) 217/2 Of a *subvirid or greenish blue Colour.
Ibid. 339/1 A *Subrubid or Livor coloured soft Calx.
1742Phil. Trans. XLII. 125 A large tough *subrubicund Polypus.
1777T. Percival Ess. I. 192 The portion with cantharides..neither assumed a *sublivid, nor an ash colour.
1800Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 490 Didelphis Obesula,..*Subferruginous Opossum.
1802Ibid. III. 397 Coluber Nasicornis,..*Subolivaceo-flavescent Snake.
1803Ibid. IV. 556 Holocentrus Bengalensis,..*Sub⁓fulvous Holocentrus.
1804Ibid. V. 282 Raja Pastinaca,..*Subolivaceous Ray.
1809Ibid. VII. 272 Strix Caspia,..*Subluteous Owl.
1815Stephens in Shaw Gen. Zool. IX. 84 Of a *subrufous chesnut.
1817Ibid. X. 626 *Subtestaceous Warbler, spotted with brown.
1846Dana Zooph. (1848) 664 Colour *subminiaceous.
1847Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. v. 242 Elytra..of a dark *sub-æneous green.
Ibid. 248 The margin often *sub-piceous.
1852Dana Crust. i. 395 The legs are *subochreous.
1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 13 Margin..*subcinnamomeous.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Sub⁓flavous ligament, short ligaments of yellow elastic tissue connecting the lamina of the vertebræ.
1900Westm. Gaz. 29 June 2/1 Her complexion *sub-olive.
b. With adjs. denoting surface texture, contour, or marking, substance, consistency, composition, taste, odour, as in L. subācer somewhat acrid, subacidus subacid, subdūrus somewhat hard, subsalsus saltish, mod.L. sublānātus somewhat woolly; e.g. subacerb, sub-acrid, sub-coriaceous, † sub-dure, sub-granular, -ate, -ated, -ose, sub-hornblendic, sub-membranous, sub-stony, sub-translucent, sub-villose, sub-villous.
1638Rawley tr. Bacon's Life & Death (1650) 40 It must be ordered..that the Juyce of the Body, bee somewhat hard, and that it be fatty, or *subroscide.
1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 259 Its sapour is very sweet, *subamare, austere and somewhat aromatical.
Ibid. 382 [Dates] are..soft, but carnous, *subdure within.
1676Grew Anat. Plants (1682) 246 Spirit of Nitre is a *subalkalizate Spirit.
Ibid. 247 Spirit of Salt is a *subalkaline Acid.
1694Salmon Bate's Disp. (1713) 248/2 These Tinctures are hot and dry, *substringent.
1694Phil. Trans. XVIII. 15 A *subsaline and somewhat austere Serum.
1699Evelyn Acetaria (1729) 129 Its pinguid, *subdulcid, and agreeable Nature.
1702Phil. Trans. XXIII. 1165 Alga Marina is *Subacrid and Sweet.
Ibid. 1171 The Roots are sweet and *subacerbe.
1756P. Browne Jamaica 75 Its fibres are always rigid and *subdiaphane.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. iii. iv. (1765) 169 Sarmentose; when they are Repent and *subnude.
1777Pennant Brit. Zool. IV. 3 A *sub-cordated body.
1777S. Robson Brit. Flora 117 Leaves ovato-oblong, *subpilose.
Ibid. 131 Branches *subvillose.
1781Phil. Trans. LXXX. 375 A spissid *sub⁓pellucid liquid.
1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxvi. (1794) 387 The stem is *subherbaceous.
1787tr. Linnæus' Fam. Plants 494 Legume rhombed, turgid, *subvillous.
Ibid. 547 Pappus sessile, *subplumy.
Ibid. 584 Seeds..*submembranous, inverse-hearted.
Ibid. 683 Berry *substriated.
1792Withering Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2) III. 226 Tremella Nostoc...*Sub-gelatinous.
1817Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1818) II. 418 Both..have the material which diffuses their light included in a hollow *subtransparent projection of the head.
Ibid. (1843) II. 44 Their abdomen swollen into an immense *sub⁓diaphanous sphere filled by a kind of honey.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 192 The operculum is small, elliptical, and *subosseous.
Ibid. 201 Voluta digitalina: decussated, *subgranular.
1824R. K. Greville Scot. Cryptog. Flora II. pl. 110 The surface covered with a minute *sub⁓pulverulent substance.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 338 An internal *submembranaceous tooth or process.
1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 420 Axis slender, horny, or *sub-stony in the centre.
1829Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 15 Leaves..*sub-coriaceous.
Ibid. 591 Leaves *subcordate sessile serrate *subvillous.
Ibid. 1023 *Substriate or rugose.
1833Hooker in Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 46 Leaves *subopaque.
1833–4J. Phillips Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VI. 562/2 An irregular..bed..of serpentine..exhibits..a *sublaminated structure.
1839H. T. De la Beche Rep. Geol. Cornwall, etc. iii. 64 The latter with a *sub-schistose structure.
1839G. Roberts Dict. Geol., *Sub-lamellar.., extremely thin, like a sheet of paper.
1842Percival Rep. Geol. Connect. 32 A dark grey *sub-porphyritic, *sub-hornblendic rock.
1846Dana Zooph. (1848) 451 Branchlets..*subterete and proliferous.
Ibid. 590 Base *subgranulous.
1847Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. v. 236 Body slightly pubescent or *subglabrous.
1847W. E. Steele Field Bot. 201 Bracts small, *sub-foliaceous.
1849Dana Geol. xvii. (1850) 632 Hypersthene..having a pearly or *submetallic lustre.
1868― Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) v. 194 Plasma... Rather bright-green to leek-green, also sometimes nearly emerald-green, and *subtranslucent or feebly translucent.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 196 Fruit compressed, obovate, *subhispid.
1871W. A. Leighton Lichen-flora 27 Apothecia lecanorine or *sub-biatorine.
1880Günther Fishes 66 Slender *subossified rings.
1895J. W. Powell Physiogr. Processes in Nat. Geog. Monogr. I. 1 The interior of the earth is in a *subfluid condition.
1955Brown & Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) 623 The bloodstones are *subtranslucent, dark green chalcedony speckled with red; the moss agates..perfectly translucent stones.
c. With adjs. expressing shape, conformation, or physical habit, as in mod.L. subæquālis subequal, subamplexicaulis slightly amplexicaul, subobtūsus somewhat obtuse, subrepandus somewhat repand, subsessilis subsessile; e.g. sub-acuminate, sub-arborescent, sub-cordate, -ated, sub-hooked, sub-lunate, sub-repand, sub-simple; ˌsubacroˈcentric a. Cytology = subtelocentric adj. below; subˈhedral a., applied to crystals having partially developed faces, or incompletely bounded planes; ˌsubmetaˈcentric a. Cytology, applied to a chromosome with the centromere almost in the middle, so that the two chromosome arms differ slightly in length; also ellipt. as n.; ˌsubteloˈcentric a. Cytology, applied to a chromosome with a centromere near one end, but not as near as in an acrocentric chromosome; also ellipt. as n.
1752J. Hill Hist. Anim. 131 The *sublong and transversely radiated Buccinum. 1756P. Browne Jamaica 101 The *subarborescent Polypodium with a large lobed foliage. 1775J. Jenkinson Linnæus' Brit. Plants 148 The silicula is *subcordate. Ibid. 162 Crowfoot Cranesbill with two flowers on each peduncle, *subpeltated. 1777S. Robson Brit. Flora 71 Leaves reniform, *subpeltate. Ibid. 124 Leaves *sub⁓hastate. Ibid. 138 Clusters *subimbricate. Ibid. 145 Petals *sublanceolate. Ibid. 159 Leaves lineari-lanceolate, *sub⁓serrate. Ibid. 170 Peduncles uniflorous, *subcorymbose. Ibid. 188 Leaves ovate, obtuse, *subcrenate. Ibid. 262 Females *subpedunculate. Ibid. 290 Leafits ovate, *subciliate. Ibid. 296 Leaves..lanceolate, *sublaciniate. Ibid. 304 Stem almost simple, *subventricose. 1785Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxiii. (1794) 321 The stem-leaves oblong and *Subsinuous. Ibid. 446 Balm of Gilead Fir has the leaves *subemarginate. 1787tr. Linnæus' Fam. Plants 180 Cor[olla]. Universal not uniform, *subradiate. Ibid. 188 Petals five, endnick-inflected, *sub⁓unequal. Ibid. 282 Germ wedge-form, angular, *subpedicel'd. Ibid. 534 Cor[olla]. Compound *subimbricated. Ibid. 761 Seeds..flat inwards, *subconvex outwardly. Ibid. 763 Villous-murex'd without, with *subrevolute margins. c1789Encycl. Brit. (1797) III. 447/2 The florets *subpedicellated, or standing on very short flower-stalks. 1800Shaw Gen. Zool. I. 264 *Sub-auriculated dusky Seal. 1802Ibid. III. 588 The tail abruptly *subacuminate. 1809Ibid. VII. 313 *Sub⁓cristated ferruginous Shrike. 1815Stephens in Shaw Gen. Zool. IX. 92 Tail wedge-shaped with *sublunate ferruginous fasciæ. 1817Ibid. X. 381 *Subcrested Flycatcher. 1819Ibid. XI. 519 Beak..the apex *subtruncate. 1819G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 93 Hands externally *subserrated. 1821S. Gray Brit. Plants II. 3 Leaflets *sub⁓auricled at the base. 1822W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. II. 71 Corolla *sub-campanulate, five-lobed. 1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 38 *Subpediculated masses. Ibid. 56 With thick lamellæ windingly plaited, *subcristated. Ibid. 74 Granulated and *subdentated striæ. Ibid. 131 The mouth *subreniform, with five prominent lips. Ibid. 223 Pecten discors: *subinequivalved. Ibid. 224 Plicatula tubifera: *subirregular. 1823R. K. Greville Scot. Cryptog. Flora i. pl. 46 Plants somewhat crustaceous or *substipitate. 1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 170 The Libellulina MacLeay (whose metamorphosis that gentleman has denominated *subsemicomplete, a term warranted by their losing in their perfect state the mask before described). Ibid. 319 In Scolia..&c.,..the antennæ are..in the females convolute or *subspiral. Ibid. 427 [The labial palpi] being most frequently filiform or *subclavate. 1826Crouch Lamarck's Conchol. 15 Shell transverse, *subequivalve, inequilateral. Ibid. 18 Shell *subtransverse. Ibid. 19 Shell..*Sublobate at the base. Ibid. 20 Shell inequivalve,..the superior margin rounded, *subplicate. 1829Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 7 Leaves ovate acute *sub-repand. Ibid. 17 Peduncle axillary *subracemose. Ibid. 701 Leaves *subamplexicaul. 1833Hooker in Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 107 The mouth truncated *subciliated. Ibid. 108 Stem..*subsimple. 1839–47Todd's Cycl. Anat. III. 376/2 The coracoid..is a strong, *subcompressed, *subelongate bone. 1842Penny Cycl. XXII. 53/1 Shell..painted with..transverse, *subfasciculated lines. 1846Dana Zooph. (1848) 461 Branchlets *subdigitiform. Ibid. 527 Branches..*subdilatate at apex. 1847W. E. Steele Field Bot. 11 Heads *subumbellate. 1847Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. v. 240 Posterior tarsi with the first and last joints *subelongated. 1849Ibid. vii. 371 With two curved *subpedicled claws. 1849Dana Geol. App. i. (1850) 702 *Sub-alate above, sub⁓orbiculate behind. 1852― Crust. ii. 703 The exterior plates of the abdomen have a triangular *subobtuse termination. 1853Royle Mat. Med. 641 Leaves solitary, flat, *subpectinate. 1854Hooker Himal. Jrnls. I. iii. 86 The larger, white flowered, *sub-arboraceous species prevailed. 1856W. Clark tr. Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 728 Shell..furnished with small auriculæ, *subgaping at the side. 1858Ibid. II. 390 Upper mandible with tip *subhooked. 1863J. G. Baker N. Yorksh. 195 A native of Italy and Provence, which has been noted in a *subspontaneous state about the Yore. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 224 Campanulaceæ..filaments free or *subconnate. Ibid. 301 Corolla ½ in., *subcampanulate. Ibid. 348 Shrubby, 1–5 ft., rarely *subarboreous (10–20 ft.). 1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 145 Mouth *subconnivent. 1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subvermiform, shaped somewhat like a worm. 1906W. Cross et al. in Jrnl. Geol. XIV. 698 *Subhedral, partly bounded by crystal faces, hypantomorphic, hypidiomorphic. 1961M. J. D. White Chromosomes (ed. 5) ii. 23 Intermediate types exist..so that we may describe particular chromosomes ‘*subacrocentric’ or ‘metacentric’. 1963Austral. Jrnl. Zool. XI. 8 Four pairs of *subacrocentrics, whose short arms are in most cases large enough to be distinctly visible in the preparations. 1963Jrnl. Nat. Cancer Inst. XXXI. 642 The diploid complement of 22 pairs of chromosomes consists of 5 median metacentrics, 3 *subtelocentrics, [etc.]. 1964Ibid. XXXII. 858 This system was arrived at by the arrangement of metacentric chromosomes in descending size order followed by *submetacentric and *subtelocentric chromosomes arranged in a similar manner. 1964Hereditas LII. 211 Chromosomes..with arm ratios of 3·0 or higher are classed as ST (‘*subtelocentric’). 1973Nature 5 Oct. 262/1 The diploid karyotype of U. limi consisted of twenty-two chromosomes, eighteen metacentrics and four *submetacentrics. 1975G. Anderson Coring ii. 35 (caption) Porous network of medium-grained euhedral to *subhedral dolomite rhombs. 1976Jrnl. Cellular Physiol. LXXXVII. 104 The four groups (i, metacentric; ii, *submetacentric; iii, *subacrocentric; and iv, acrocentric) were defined for this purpose by the ratio, short/long arm length. 1980Canad. Jrnl. Genetics & Cytol. XXII. 421 There are three SAT-chromosomes (arm ratio (r) = 1·74–1·92), four metacentric chromosomes (r = 1·07–1·14), seven *submetacentric chromosomes (r = 1·22–1·68) and seven subtelocentric chromosomes (r = 1·75–2·42).
d. With adjs. denoting position, as in subcentral, sublateral; e.g. sub-ascending, sub-erect, sub-internal, sub-opposite, sub-terminal.
1787tr. Linnæus' Fam. Plants 501 Cor[olla] papilionaceous... Keel lanced, *subascending.
Ibid. 761 Petals four..*subopposite to the calyx-divisions.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 208 Cancellated by transverse keels and *suboblique vertical striæ.
1826Crouch Lamarck's Conchol. 18 Ligament marginal, *subinternal.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 376 The *Subinterno-medial Nervure.
Ibid., The *Subexterno-medial Nervure. A nervure that..intervenes between the externo-medial and interno-medial.
Ibid. 383 Postfurca... A process of the Endosternum, terminating in three *sub-horizontal acute branches, resembling..the letter Y.
1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 149 Peduncles of the eyes short and thick, and the eyes *sub⁓terminal.
1829Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 269 Leaves about 12 *sub-erect.
1832Lindley Introd. Bot. 94 If the angle formed by the divergence is between 10° and 20°, the vein may be said to be nearly parallel (subparallela). Index, *Subparallel.
1833Hooker in Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 24 Leaves..*subsecund rigid canaliculate.
1852Dana Crust. ii. 1184 Setæ..on the two *subultimate joints all shorter than the joints.
1856Woodward Mollusca 207 Peristome thin,..nucleus *sub-external.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 474 Branches all *subradical or o.
1880Günther Fishes 473 Cleft of the mouth vertical or *sub-vertical.
1843Florist's Jrnl. (1846) IV. 53 The plant has a rambling, *subscandent habit.
1901Jrnl. Sch. Geog. Nov. 329/3 The channel walls are usually *sub-parallel and nearly straight.
e. With adjs. designating geometrical forms, as in mod.L. subcylindricus somewhat or approximately cylindrical, subtriangulāris subtriangular; e.g. subcircular, sub-conic(al, sub-cylindric(al, sub-pentagonal (= five-sided, but not forming a regular pentagon), sub-oblong, sub-rectangular, sub-spherical, sub-spheroidal.
1752J. Hill Hist. Anim. 91 The oblong Amphitrite..is of a *subcylindric figure.
1786Phil. Trans. LXXVI. 166 A..Helix of a *subconical form.
1787tr. Linnæus' Fam. Plants 255 Anthers *suboblong.
Ibid. 469 Berry subglobular, *subconic.
1792Withering Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2) III. 164 Thickly set with very small *sub-sphæroidal Tubercles.
1798Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 440 He derives this variety, which he calls *subpyramidal, from a decrease of three rows of molecules, at the angles of the base of the two pyramids of the primitive rhomboid.
1804Shaw Gen. Zool. V. 294 Raja Giorna,..*Subrhomboid brown Ray.
Ibid. 425 *Subquadrangular-bodied Trunk-Fish.
1817Stephens in Shaw Gen. Zool. X. 501 Beak *subcylindrical, more or less thickened.
1819G. Samouelle Entomol. Compend. 83 The fourth [abdomen joint] *subquadrate.
Ibid., Shell *subcircular.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 56 A[lcyonium] trigonum.—Carnous, cellular, *subtrigonal.
Ibid. 80 The stars *subpentagonal.
Ibid. 116 Echinus rupestris.—*Subelliptical.
Ibid. 221 Pinna subquadrivalvis..*subtetragonal.
Ibid. 228 Terebratula alata: *subtrigonate, dilated.
1823R. K. Greville Scot. Cryptog. Bot. I. pl. 31 Sporidia numerous, *subsphærical.
Ibid. 52 Orbicular, *subhemispherical.
1826Crouch Lamarck's Conchol. 26 Shell oblong, *subparallelipipedal.
Ibid. 32 Spire very short, *sub-conoidal.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 269/1 Body..*Subprismatic.
1847Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. v. 250 Thorax..elongate, *sub-parallelo-grammic.
1852Dana Crust. i. 193 Carapax broad *subrhombic.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 163 Umbels when in flower *subhemispheric.
1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 272 A *subquadrate labrum overhangs the mouth.
1880Günther Fishes 38 The præoperculum, a *sub-semicircular bone.
1887W. Phillips Brit. Discomycetes 301 A single layer of *subcubical cells.
1940Antiquity XIV. 16 The hopelessly decayed traces of a large wooden object, apparently *subrectangular in plan.
1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. ii. 171 *Subcircular, a less perfect approach to circular form.
1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 121 King..has postulated that in many parts of Africa stream incision along joints has given rise to a *subrectangular drainage pattern.
1979Geogr. Mag. July 668/3 *Sub-circular pans on the Essex marshes.
f. With adjs. denoting a numerical arrangement or conformation, as in mod.L. subbifidus, subtrifidus imperfectly bifid, trifid, subūniflōrus having one or two flowers only or most commonly one; e.g. subbifid, sub-bipinnate, sub-trifid (sub-3-fid), sub-triquetrous.
1777S. Robson Brit. Flora 238 Stem *subtriquetrous..spike distich, involucrum monophyllous.
Ibid. 284 Leaves *subbipinnate.
Ibid. 287 Leaves *subtripinnate.
1816Edwards' Bot. Reg. II. 130 b, Terminal lobe largest and *subtrilobate.
1821W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. I. 10 Calix *sub-bilabiate.
Ibid. 55 Folioles ovate,..*sub-trilobed.
1822J. Parkinson Outl. Oryctol. 126 The ambulacral lines *subbiporous.
Ibid. 179 One short *subbifid cardinal tooth.
Ibid. 215 The forepart beaked, *subbiangulated.
1829Loudon Encycl. Plants (1836) 5 Nect[ary] wavy *sub-3-fid.
Ibid. 25 [Leaves] rugose *sub 3-lobed.
Ibid. 679 Leaves villous *sub-bipinnatifid at base.
1836Penny Cycl. V. 312/2 Valves *sub-bilobated by the depression or emargination.
1852Dana Crust. ii. 769 The specimen..has all the three anterior pairs of legs *subdidactyle.
1857T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) 48 Pinnæ..*sub-unilateral.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 114 Fragaria elatior..flowers *sub-1-sexual.
Ibid. 208 Leaves broad, *sub-2-pinnatifid.
Ibid. 364 Perianth irregular, *sub-2-labiate.
Ibid. 379 Leaves alternate *subbifarious or secund.
Ibid. 469 Capsules *sub-2-seriate on the segments.
1876Harley Royle's Mat. Med. 376 Ovary *sub-trilocular.
g. Med., as in subacute; e.g. subchronic, not entirely chronic, more chronic than acute; sub-crepitant, sub-crepitating, sub-curative, sub-fertile, sub-resonant, sub-tympanitic; sub-febrile, sub-pyrexial; subˈclinical a., not giving rise to any observable symptoms; subˈpatent a., (of a parasite or parasitic infection) present but not detectable; of or pertaining to such an infection; subˈtertian a. Med., applied to a severe form of malaria caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium falciparum and to the sporozoan itself; also ellipt. as n., subtertian malaria.
1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 77 There is only perceptible a very slight dull whistling... This variety of the phenomenon may be denominated *subsibilant respiration.
1849–52Todd's Cycl. Anat. IV. 1402/1 Some slight *subinflammatory condition which varicose veins readily take on.
1853Markham Skoda's Auscult. 284 The crepitating râle becomes *sub-crepitant, announcing the presence of œdema.
Ibid. 122 No distinctive line can be drawn between crepitating, *sub-crepitating, and mucous râles.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 175 This *sub-pyæmic condition seems invariably to have supervened.
Ibid. 427 In some cases a *subicteric tinge is observed.
Ibid. 1137 A *subtympanitic or even a Skodaic note may be elicited.
Ibid. III. 678 The whole tumour..is uniformly dull, unless on deep percussion, when a *subresonant note is elicited.
Ibid. 894 A *sub-hepatic abscess due to disease of an appendix attached to an undescended cæcum.
1898Ibid. V. 20 An habitually *subpyrexial temperature.
Ibid. 527 A *sub⁓febrile temperature.
1899Ibid. VII. 679 A form of subacute or *subchronic ophthalmoplegia.
1919R. Ross Suggestions for Care of Malaria Patients 7 A severe type in which the paroxysms..are often found to recur every day and at irregular times..is caused by the malignant tertian parasite, sometimes called the ‘*subtertian’ parasite (Plasmodium falciparum).
1926Q. Rev. Biol. I. 399/2 In many infections the patent period is followed by a *Subpatent Period of indefinite length.
1930M. F. Boyd Introd. Malariol. ii. 32 It would appear that resistance may be established earliest to *subtertian, and more slowly in tertian and quartan.
1946Nature 17 Aug. 243/2 With the addition of *subcurative doses of ‘Mapharsen’, the amount of penicillin required to cure rabbit syphilis is reduced to a fraction of that required when penicillin is used alone.
Ibid. 5 Oct. 487/2 L.V. is responsible for a certain number of cases of epididymal inflammations, many of them of a *subclinical type.
1947Ann. Rev. Microbiol. I. 49 *Subpatent infections persisted in some individual ducks for as long as eight months after they had been inoculated with sporozoites. 1954Martin & Hynes Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 2) viii. 187 It is difficult to assess the efficiency of therapy in a *subfertile male. 1954Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 Feb. 293/2 It has been found that in indigenous East Africans the sickle-cell trait affords a considerable degree of protection against *subtertian malaria. 1971Observer (Colour Suppl.) 31 Oct. 10/1 Like many men her husband seemed to be *subfertile but was by no means infertile. 1974J. R. Baker in Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis (Ciba Foundation Symposium No. 20) 32 Parasites may often be *subpatent, that is, too scanty to be detected by microscopic examination. 1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 507 The spectrum of illness is wide, from severe and prostrating to mild and, probably, *subclinical. 1979Tropenmedizin u. Parasitologie XXX. 239/1 Infected cows treated with *subcurative doses of trypanocidal drugs. 1979E. Nnochiri Textbk. Imported Diseases iv. 59 P[lasmodium] falciparum infections, in contrast, are insidious in onset with irregular fever which subsequently becomes *subtertian (i.e. between 36 and 48 hours) in periodicity.
h. Forming advs. corresponding to adjs. of any of the above classes, as in subclinically, sub-terminally; subacutely.
1833Hooker in Smith Eng. Flora V. i. 79 Leaves..*subtrifariously imbricated.
1846Dana Zooph. (1848) 683 Branchlets often *subreticulately coalescing.
1852― Crust. i. 167 Hand externally *sub-seriately small tuberculate.
1863J. G. Baker N. Yorksh. 194 A species which..grows *sub⁓spontaneously in one or two places.
1870Hooker Stud. Flora 115 Potentilla fruticosa..leaves *subdigitately-pinnate.
Ibid. 222 Stem rigid leafy *subcorymbosely branched.
1871W. A. Leighton Lichen-flora 12 *Subtransversely arranged in little heaps.
1888Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLIV. 150 The fallen masses weathering *subspherically.
1954Amer. Jrnl. Public Health XLIV. 575/2 It was ascertained that previous infection of a child with Type 2 or Type 3 virus failed to prevent his becoming infected *subclinically with Type 1 virus.
1963R. P. Dales Annelids ix. 182 The rectum opening *subterminally at a dorsal anus.
22. With vbs., as in L. subaccūsāre to accuse somewhat, subīrascī to be somewhat angry; e.g. sub-blush, sub-cachinnate, sub-deliquesce, sub-effloresce, sub-irasce, sub-understand; † subinnuate to hint gently; † sub-murmurate, to murmur gently or quietly.
1767Sterne Tr. Shandy IX. xviii, Raising up her eyes, *sub-blushing, as she did it.
1822Blackw. Mag. XII. 67 This *subcachinnating method of dissipating his spleen.
1806G. Adams' Nat. & Exp. Philos. (Philad.) I. App. 549 Sulphat of Ammonia *Subdeliquesces.
Ibid. 550 Borax *Subeffloresces.
c1645Howell Lett. (1650) III. ix. 19 The most speculative..men *subinnuating that not only the sphear of the Moon is peepled.
1783Parr Let. to Rev. C. Burney 8 Nov., You see I *subirasce.
1653Urquhart Rabelais ii. vi. 31 *Submurmurating my horarie precules.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. III. 77 Their Master Blondel survening, and *subunderstanding it.
** with adjectival meaning.
23. With ns. denoting action or condition, in the sense ‘partial, incomplete, slight’; as in late L. subdēfectio slight failure; e.g. sub-animation, sub-saturation; Med. often = ‘less than the normal, mild, gentle’; e.g. sub-delirium, sub-fertility, sub-purgation; also occas. with ns. denoting material objects, e.g. sub-country, sub-relief; sub-song, the part of a bird's song that is softer and less well defined than its characteristic series of notes and is believed to have no territorial significance.
1906Daily News 23 Feb. 7 His speech had something of the *sub-animation which marks his later style.
1908Westm. Gaz. 13 May 12/1 The London *sub-country.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subcrepitation, the noise of subcrepitant râles.
1635D. Person Varieties ii. 63 Albeit the Heaven, Fire, and Ayre move in a circular motion, yet they move not all alike,..the Ayre as neerest to the Earth, is slower than the other two. By this *subdeficiency then, the Ayre..seemes but to goe about from Occident to Orient of its own proper motion.
1834J. Forbes Laennec's Dis. Chest 235 With *sub⁓delirium and other signs of cerebral congestion.
1948Martin & Hynes Clin. Endocrinol. viii. 157 Several examinations are advised before diagnosing *subfertility and they should be performed as soon as possible after ejaculation. 1962H. Lourie Question of Abortion xxiii. 201 The sub-fertility clinics, the clinics dealing with sterile marriages. 1971Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 21 Aug. 22/2 Male subfertility is the main factor in 45 per cent of childless marriages.
1818Art Pres. Feet x, If such men cannot be dignified with a full diploma..it would be well if some species of *sub-graduation could be adopted.
1634Bp. Hall Contempl., N.T. iv. Martha & Mary, The just blame of this bold *sub⁓incusation; Lord, dost thou not care?
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., *Subinflammation, a mild degree of inflammation, so slight as hardly to deserve the name inflammation... Lymphatic engorgements, scrofula, herpes, and cancer he [Broussais] considered subinflammations.
1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 213 A modest *subinsinuation of the most perfect and full persecution. 1825Lamb Elia ii. Stage Illusion, The exquisite art of the actor in a perpetual sub-insinuation to us, the spectators,..that he was not half such a coward as we took him for.
1872T. G. Thomas Dis. Women (ed. 3) 47 The enfeebled woman is more liable to *subinvolution [of the uterus], passive congestion, and displacements, after delivery, than the strong.
1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., *Subpurgation, subpurgatio, a word used by some writers to express a gentle purgation.
1894Archæologia LV. 28 *Sub-relief is the name I propose to give to that kind of sculpture which is by some called Egyptian relief.
1806G. Adams' Nat. & Exp. Philos. (Philad.) I. App. 531 With the termination ous, when there is a *sub-saturation. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 177 The solvent relation of the bodily fluids to the material of gouty deposits is simply a question of saturation or subsaturation.
1898Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subsensation, a moderate or lesser sensation.
1925E. M. Nicholson in Field Dec. 31/3 Even the chaffinch..has a very low rambling, warbling *sub-song with no fire or decision about it. 1948Brit. Birds XLI. 51 The sub-song was occasionally replaced by the typical loud burst of song characteristic of this species [sc. the redstart]. 1979New Scientist 17 May 537/1 Subsong is a rather soft and rambling type of singing..in which the bird seems to try out various sounds for itself.
1855Fraser's Mag. LI. 264 By acts of daily self-denial and much *sub⁓sustentation of body.
1817Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1818) II. 424 The..*sub-transparency of the adjoining crust.
24. Chem. In names of compounds sub- indicates that the ingredient of the compound denoted by the term to which it is prefixed is in a relatively small proportion, or is less than in the normal compounds of that name; e.g. subacetate, an acetate in which there are fewer equivalents of the acid radical than in the normal acetate, a basic acetate.[1839Ure Dict. Arts 1085 The neutral state of salts is commonly indicated by their solutions not changing the colours of litmus, violets, or red cabbage; the sub-state of salts, by their turning the violet and cabbage green; and super-state of salts, by their changing the purple of litmus, violets, and cabbage, red.] 1797Phil. Trans. LXXXVIII. 23 *Subcarbonate of potash being dropped into the solution.
Ibid. 24 The fourth portion being boiled with 4 grains of *sub-phosphate of lime.
1801Ibid. XCI. 197 note, A *subcarburet of potash.
Ibid. 236 A real carbonate of *suboxide of copper.
1802Ibid. XCII. 159 * note, It is..calomel, plus an insoluble *subnitrate of mercury.
Ibid. 329 *Sub-borate of soda (borax).
1805Saunders Min. Waters 374 A *sub-sulphat of iron.
1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 547 This [muriate of lead] being in the state of *submuriate.
1807Aikin Dict. Chem. II. 23/2 A white *sub-nitrated oxyd.
Ibid. 25/2 An acetite or *sub-acetite.
1819Brande Man. Chem. 427 An insoluble *subacetate of copper.
1819J. G. Children Chem. Anal. 311 A solution of a *suburate.
1826Henry Elem. Chem. I. 646 This liquid Dr. Davy calls *sub-silicated, fluoric acid.
Ibid. II. 289 The *sub-tannate contains 1½ time as much base as the neutral tannate.
1833Phil. Trans. CXXIII. 263 *Subsesquiphosphate of soda.
1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 152 *Subcrenate of lead is obtained by mixing subacetate of lead with crenic acid.
1854Jrnl. Chem. Soc. VII. 26 *Subplatino-tersulphocyanide of mercury.
1857Miller Elem. Chem., Org. x. §1. 585 *Subcyanide of copper, Cu2 Cy.
1868*Subsulphide [see plumbous a. 2].
1859Mayne Expos. Lex. 1221/1 *Subsulphurous acid, i.e., containing less than sulphurous but more than hyposulphurous acid.
1871Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIV. 999 *Subfluoride of silicon.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 229 A latent image of *sub-bromide of silver.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 516 Ammoniated mercury..is chiefly employed; but *subchloride (calomel) has a very similar action.
1976Nature 15 Jan. 109/3 Vanadium *subsulphide β–V3S is known to have a tetragonal unit cell.
V.
25. Secretly, covertly, as in L. subaudīre to subaud, subintrōdūcĕre to subintroduce, subornāre to suborn; e.g. subaid.
VI.
26. a. From below, up (hence) away, as in L. subdūcĕre to draw up or away, subduce, subduct, subsistĕre to stand up, subsist, subvertĕre to turn up, overturn, subvert.
This is the etymol. sense of the prefix in succour, suffer, suggest, susception, suspicion, suspire, sustain.
b. Hence sub- implies taking up so as to include, as in subsume; so in the nonce-wd. subinclude vb., whence subinclusively adv.
1818G. S. Faber Horæ Mosaicæ II. 137 The Law, which may well be viewed as subincluding its predecessor the Patriarchal dispensation. 1840― Prim. Doctr. Regen. 107 The females, as help-meets, were to be viewed as subincluded with the males. 1851― Many Mansions 14 Thus, again, subinclusively, the Official Dress of the High-Priest respected, in its arrangement, the System of the World.
VII. 27. In place of another, as in L. subdĕre to put in place of another (see subdititious), substituĕre to substitute; e.g. † sub-elect to choose to fill another's place.
1600Holland Livy xxxix. xxxix. 1049 The..assembly for subelecting of a Pretour in the place of the deceased.
VIII. 28. In addition, by way of or as an addition, on the analogy of L. subjungĕre to subjoin, subnectĕre to subnect; e.g. subinsert vb.
1621R. Brathwait Nat. Embassie 144 Therefore haue I subinserted this Satyre [viz. a 13th at the end of a set of 12].
¶29. Detached from the n. to which it belongs it is used quasi-adj. in co-ordination with adjs. or attrib. ns. qualifying the same n.
1840J. Buel Farmer's Comp. 45 Trench ploughing mixes the sub with the surface soil. 1891Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Dec. 6/3 The central, sub, and executive committees have been appointed.
¶30. Repeated (in senses of branch II) to denote further subordination or subdivision.
1651C. Cartwright Cert. Relig. i. 41 The many Religions which are lately sprung up, and the sub, sub, sub-divisions under them. 1811–31Bentham Logic App. Wks. 1843 VIII. 289 Divisions, sub-divisions, and sub-subdivisions. 1868Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1870) I. 266 A particular feeling of redness associates itself irresistibly..with the sub-class of visual feelings, with the sub-sub-class of reds. 1902Daily Chron. 29 Apr. 3/5 Under sub-contracts or sub-sub-contracts. 1905Macm. Mag. Dec. 126 This was divided, re-divided, sub-divided, and sub-sub-divided in every conceivable sort of way.
Add:[II.] [7.] [a.] sub-directory (*directory n. 3 c (a)).
1983Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 19/2 The TREE command displays all parent and *subdirectories and, optionally, all the files residing in the subdirectories on a specified drive. 1985Personal Computer World Feb. 140/1 When you copy the system files to a folder, you are effectively copying them to a subdirectory. 1987Internat. Jrnl. Man-Machine Stud. XXVI. 368 Composite nodes..contain both files and subdirectories.
▸ subwoofer n. a loudspeaker designed to reproduce very low bass frequencies; cf. woofer n. 2.
1975Winnipeg Free Press 14 June (New Leisure Sat. Mag) 3/1 Is a *sub-woofer speaker system worthwhile? 1989Q Dec. 188/1 KEF are offering the Subwoofer (a sort of non-directional superbass bin)..as part of a discounted package. 2004Indianapolis Star (State ed.) 26 June p6/1 The sound system..includes a receiver, super audio CD player (SACD), subwoofer and five speakers. |