| 释义 |
student1|ˈstjuːdənt|
Forms: α. 4–5 studiaunt, 4–6 studiant(e, 5 studyaunt(e, Sc. -and, 6 steudiant; 4–6 studiente, 4–8 studient, 5–6 studyent(e, 6 stewdyent. β. 5–6 studente, 5– student.
[In the α forms, var. of estudiant, a. OF. estudiant, estudient, mod.F. étudiant (= Pr. estudian, Sp. estudiante, Pg. estudante, It. studiante, studiente), subst. use of pr. pple. of estudier, étudier to study; in the mod. (β) form, ad. L. student-em, pr. pple. of studēre, to be eager, zealous, or diligent, to study; cf. It. studente, Du., G., Sw., Da. student.]
1. A person who is engaged in or addicted to study. Const. of, in, or with defining word prefixed, indicating the subject studied. Also with adj. of degree, as close student, deep student, † good student, great student, hard student.
α1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. xxvii. (Tollemache MS.) He [Mercurius] makeþ men studientes in science of numbris, and loueris þerof. 1450–80tr. Secreta Secret. xxviii. 21 He that is a parfit studiaunt in that science. 1557North Gueuara's Diall Pr. 98 We se it by experyence, that the greate studiantes are persecuted more wyth sycknes, then any others. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iv. ii. 9, I am not..leane enough to bee thought a good Studient.
β1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 13 Not vnprofitable to goode studentes [non inutilem studiosis]. 1529More Dyaloge ii. i. Wks. 178/1 No student in scripture should presume to trye examine, and iudge the catholike faith of Christes churche by the scripture. 1559Mirr. Mag., Dk. Clarence xxxviii, I know thou musest at this lore of mine, How I no student, should haue learned it. a1568R. Ascham Scholem. ii. (Arb.) 129, I haue heard worthie M. Cheke many tymes say; I would haue a good student passe and iorney through all Authors both Greke and Latin. 1660I. H. B. Valentine's Triumphant Chariot 21 Moreover the courteous & favourable student of Art, ought to know the several sorts and kinds of Antimony. 1712Steele Spect. No. 526 ⁋3 Lest this hard Student should one time or other crack his Brain with studying. 1822Shelley tr. Calderon's Mag. Prodig. i. 86, I see Both by your dress and by the books in which You find delight and company, that you Are a great student. 1857J. Hullah Rudim. Mus. Gram. 2 The student should sing, or play..this scale of Do, until he is thoroughly familiar with the sound of it. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. v. 41 My position was in every way worthy of a student of nature. 1885Contemp. Rev. Jan. 136 Guyard was well known in England by all Assyriological students.
2. a. A person who is undergoing a course of study and instruction at a university or other place of higher education or technical training. Also const. of, in (a subject); often with defining word prefixed, as art student, law student, medical student.
αc1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. lxxxiv. (1869) 48 Now sey me..if ther be many studyauntes, and how gret the citees ben. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 95 Quhethir a studyand may lefully be haldin in prisoun. 1509Fisher Funeral Serm. C'tess Richmond Wks. (1876) 301 The studyentes of bothe the vnyuersytees to whome she was as a moder. 1547Househ. Bk. Edw. VI in Trevelyan Papers (Camden) 195 Nicholas Bacon, studiant at the Lawe. 1564J. Martiall Treat. Crosse title, By Iohn Martiall Bachiler of Lawe and Studient in Diuinitie. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 443 Flockes of Studientes, that ouer-swarme the whole land. a1661Fuller Worthies, Norf. (1662) 250 He was..entered a Studient of the Municipal-law in the Inner-Temple. 1770Luckombe Hist. Printing 61 William Rastall..became a studient in Lincoln's Inn.
β1474Caxton Chesse iii. v. g vij, The Joly felawes that were students promysed to the woman a besaunte yf she myght or coude torne the corage of ypocras for to haue to doon wyth her. 1477Rolls of Parlt. VI. 192/1 The studentes in the Universitees of Oxon and Cambrigge. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. iii. (1562) 83 b, When I was in Cambridge, and student in the kinges College. 1629Wadsworth Pilgr. iii. 16 Now let vs come to the Collegiates or Students, and their diet. a1700Evelyn Diary an. 1637, Authors (it seems) desired by the students of divinity there [Balliol Coll.]. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xvii. II. 40 After a regular course of education, which lasted five years, the students dispersed themselves through the provinces. 1845W. B. S. Taylor Hist. Univ. Dublin 149 Provided the student be of two years' standing in the university. 1860N. Brit. Rev. XXXIII. 78 The students at the Scottish universities..usually reside either in furnished lodgings or are boarded in private families. 1886C. Bigg Chr. Platonists Alexandria ii. 42 This was the famous Catechetical School... The students were of both sexes, of very different ages. 1895Rashdall Univ. Europe II. ii. 605 The medieval student in Arts was usually much younger than the modern undergraduate.
b. A scholar at an institute of primary or secondary education. orig. U.S.
1900E. E. Brown in N. M. Butler Monographs on Educ. in U.S. 183 In these laboratories [high school] students perform representative experiments in the science they are pursuing. 1924Junior High School Clearing House Mar. 6/1 It was felt..that to single out the student who excelled in scholarship was usually to recognize native abilities but not necessarily serious effort. 1936Evening Citizen (Glasgow) 29 Aug. 4/6 [In the United States] even schoolboys and schoolgirls are students. 1962Dict. Canad. English: Beginning Dict. 644/2 Student... 2. a person who is studying in a school, college, or university: That high school has 3,000 students. 1976Times 5 Aug. 14/7 We have primary school students, presumably working for BAs in Plasticine; the National Union of School Students; and graduation day for high school students... Formerly people were schoolboys or schoolgirls until they became undergraduates.
c. An inexperienced user of illegal drugs; spec. one who takes small or occasional doses. U.S. Drug-users' slang.
1936[see joy-popper s.v. joy n. 10]. 1949[see junkie]. 1951[see Saturday night 1].
3. a. At Christ Church, Oxford: A member of the foundation, corresponding to the ‘fellow’ or ‘scholar’ of other colleges.
Since 1882 the title has been restricted to the senior members. Before that date the two groups were distinguished as Senior student and Junior Students respectively.
1651Langbaine Found. Univ. Oxf. 12 He [Henry VIII] established therein a Dean, 8 Canons, 3 publick Professors of Divinity, Hebrew, and Greek, 60 Students, eight Chaplains. a1672A. Wood Life (O.H.S.) I. 47 In the beginning of this yeare [1638] his eldest brother Thomas Wood..became one of the students of Christ Church,..he being then 14 yeares of age. a1700Evelyn Diary 24 Oct. 1672, Mr. Lock, an excellent learned gentleman and student of Christ Church. 1858Ordinances Oxf. Univ. Comm., Ch. Ch. §6 The Senior Students shall be persons of unblemished character. Ibid. §17 If in the judgment of the electors to open Studentships he shall not be in all respects fit to be a Student of the House.
b. A person who receives emoluments, during a fixed period, from a college or other institution, or from a special fund, to enable him to pursue his studies and as a reward of merit.
1800Camb. Univ. Cal. 37 Gonvil or Caius College..[4 names] Students in Physic. 1814Hist. Univ. Camb. (ed. 2) 55 Gonville and Caius College... There are also four Studentships..for students in physic: these students are required to take their degree of Bachelor in Physic as soon as they are of sufficient standing. 1888Camb. Univ. Cal. 512 Gonville and Caius College..Frank Smart Student [1 name].
†4. Const. for. One who strives after or studies to attain (an object or end). Obs. rare.
1545R. Ascham Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 39 Wherein they both agre, that Musicke vsed amonges the Lydians is verie ill for yong men, which be studentes for vertue and learning. 1615Chapman Odyss. xii. 467 So long, not a head Of all those Oxen, fell in any strife Amongst those students for the gut, and life [τόϕρα βοῶν ἀπέχοντο λιλαιόµενοι βιότοιο].
5. a. attrib. and Comb., as student activism, student activist, student body, student counselling, student demonstrator, student duel, student exchange, student grant, student hostel, student leader, student-life, student politics, student protest, student revolt, student revolution, student riot, student-song, student unrest, student violence; appositive, as student-monk, student nurse, student-preacher; student-like adj.
1977Hongkong Standard 14 Apr. 4/4 The University of the Philippines, a hotbed of student activism before Mr Marcos declared martial law in September 1972.
1969‘E. Lathen’ When in Greece x. 114 He had almost forgotten his role as a student activist.
1906W. James Mem. & Stud. (1911) xiv. 362 Above all things, offer the opportunity of higher personal contacts. A university provides these anyhow within the student body. 1979A. Price Tomorrow's Ghost ii. 26 We're not infiltrating the delectable student body.
a1593Marlowe Massacre at Paris 140 Paris hath full fiue hundred Colledges..Besides a thousand sturdy student Catholicks.
1959Listener 19 Mar. 515/1 This sort of thing must surely have been studied by university psychology departments before now—particularly in America, where ‘student counselling’ is respectable.
1889Hardwicke's Sci.-Gossip XXV. 127 Mr. Ralfs has an abundant store of anecdotes relating to his student-days.
1968‘J. le Carré’ Small Town in Germany ii. 13 Student demonstrators..overturned the American Ambassador's car.
1911Student-duel [see mensur]. 1979J. Leasor Love & Land Beyond iii. 48 Men..take pride in bearing scars of student duels on their cheeks.
1971K. Dick Ivy & Stevie 42 I've been to Potsdam, Amsterdam, Königsberg... Sort of student exchange holidays.
1965Students' Handbk. 1965 (Univ. Coll. London Union) 43 For years the Councils of the N.U.S...have reiterated a call for the abolition of the Means Test on parental incomes used in the assessment of student grants. 1974Student grant [see inflation-proofing s.v. inflation 8].
1960N.U.S. Year Bk. 35 This year marks the eleventh in which the Union has maintained a student hostel in the Bloombsury area. 1977R. Barnard Blood Brotherhood xvi. 182 It was the address of a student hostel.
1962E. Snow Red China Today (1963) i. 20 Huang Hua, whom I knew as a student leader when I taught briefly at the American-supported Yenching University.
1841W. Howitt (title) The Student-life of Germany:..containing nearly forty of the most famous Student Songs.
1870Ruskin Lect. Art v. 135 Not one [drawing] is weak or studentlike— all are evidently master's work.
1905Holman-Hunt Pre-Raph. I. 49 Mulready was most painstaking and student-like.
1886Willis & Clark Cambridge I. Introd. p. lxxxiii, Foundation of Gloucester House for student-monks.
1932Lancet Commission on Nursing v. 46 Each ‘student nurse’, as they are called, is attached to a nursery class with part-time practical work with little children. 1956K. Hulme Nun's Story xvii. 287 She listened deliberately now to the talk of her student nurses.
1954P. Toynbee Friends Apart ii. 35, I used my freedom to become..violently caught up in the excitement of student politics.
1912G. W. E. Russell Edward King ii. 29 The student-preacher of a written sermon..before the College [at Cuddesdon] had the right to dine at the Vicarage, and receive a detailed criticism after dinner.
1965Granta Summer 9/1 The worst tactical mistake the SRC could make is not to dissociate itself from the old idea of ‘student protest’. 1976D. Clark Dread & Water vi. 133 We'd had a student protest at the gate.
1969Listener 8 May 630/2, I said that western civilisation today was being challenged from within... The most obvious symptom is the outbreak of what is commonly called ‘student unrest’, or ‘student revolt’. 1978P. Boardman Worlds of Patrick Geddes xi. 403 In 1930, an event occurred which took the old and hardy critic of universities himself by surprise: a student revolt.
1968Punch 31 July 168/1 When the student revolution intervened the group moved to England.
1968Listener 4 July 1/1 ‘Student riots’, ‘student violence’, ‘the movement for student power’—these are phrases that have been used to cover a wide variety of actions and attitudes and opinions.
1966J. Mitford in Vogue (U.S.) 15 Mar. 93/1 Campuses throughout the country, undergoing the ‘wave of student unrest’, are producing their share of women individualists.
1968Student violence [see student riot above].
b. Special comb.: student card, a card or ticket issued to members of a student body, and usu. entitling the holder to certain privileges; student interpreter, a civil servant who is appointed to undergo a course of instruction in foreign languages in order to qualify for a post in the diplomatic or consular service; hence student interpretership; student power, the exercise of authority within a school, college, or larger sphere by students (cf. power n.1 4 f); student('s) lamp, an argand lamp with an elevated reservoir which automatically controls the flow of oil; student(s') union = union n.1 10 c; also applied to a similar association or building at other centres of higher education, and loosely, to a national association of students, formed to promote the welfare and views of its members (cf. N.U.S. s.v. N II. 1); student teacher, a student of a university or training college who teaches in a school for a certain period, as part of the qualification for a teaching certificate (cf. pupil teacher); hence student-teachership; student-teaching; student–teacher a., designating the relation between students at a school or college and their teacher or teachers (cf. pupil–teacher adj. s.v. pupil n.1 3 b).
1973Sat. Rev. Society (U.S.) May 53/2 Cost of the 16-hour program: $50 ($30 for anyone with a *student card). 1975P. Theroux Gt. Railway Bazaar iii. 51 She was a student and..had a student card... A card got each one a 50 percent reduction on the ticket.
1872Parl. Paper (title) Return of *Student Interpreters in China, Japan, and Siam: 1847–72.
1884(title) Civil Service Commission. Open Competition for *Student Interpreterships in China and Japan.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Student's Lamp. 1881C. A. Young Sun 249 Like the shade of a student-lamp.
1968Listener 21 Mar. 365/3 He will go to any lengths to placate and excuse the brutally vocal ginger group of *Student Power. 1973Times 15 Oct. 17/1 Student power alone would not have toppled the government unless circumstances were very much in their favour.
1891*Students' Union [see union n.1 10 c]. 1916J. Buchan Power-House v. 134 It had something to do with the Slav States of Austria and an Italian Students' Union, and it threatened..to be dangerous. 1967M. Kenyon Whole Hog i. 12 The student union cafeteria always had..fried, boiled or scrambled eggs. 1977P. Johnson Enemies of Society xii. 171 It was Margaret Thatcher..who, in the winter of 1970–1, changed the wording of the official regulations to allow public money to be handed over to the Student Unions. 1982A. Taylor Caroline Minuscule iii. 30 The forthcoming motion the Students' Union were planning..deploring violence.
1909Rep. Board Educ. 1907–8 57 During 1907 the new method of providing for the preliminary education of Elementary School Teachers, which is known as the ‘Bursar System’, has been brought into operation... The prospective Teacher either goes direct into a Training College..or..obtains an appointment as a *Student-Teacher. 1953W. Moore Bring Jubilee (1955) xiii. 122 That personal, face-to-face, student–teacher relationship. 1973E. McGirr Bardel's Murder ii. 47 When I started..there was no difficulty in getting student teachers because they could use the rod.
1910Rep. Board Educ. 1908–9 56 Upon..the passing of the necessary leaving examination, two alternative courses are immediately open to him—to proceed to a Training College or to proceed to *Student-Teachership. 1970Daily Tel. 23 Oct. 13/8 In the ‘bad old days’ of student-teachership, despite our huge classes we knew how to deal with ‘emotional and learning disorders’ without the aid of drugs!
1929Myers & Harshman Training Secondary Sch. Teachers 17 Regulations relative to prerequisites for *student-teaching.
Hence ˈstudentdom, the community of students. ˈstudentess, a female student. ˈstudenthood, ˈstudentism, the condition of being a student. ˈstudenting nonce-wd. [-ing1], studying; an object of study. ˈstudentless a., having no students.
18..Colburn's Mag. (Flügel), The vices of *studentdom. 1899Scotsman 2 June 4/5 Restrictions imposed by the authorities are such as to drive the whole of Russian studentdom into a common camp of protest.
1834Knickerbocker IV. 120 The Collegiate Institute..was originally designed to afford its fair *studentesses all the advantages usually obtained by the best educated of the other sex. c1870Stevenson Let. in Westm. Gaz. (1895) 13 July 10/1 Miss ― and the rest of our fellow-studentesses. 1904Contemp. Rev. Mar. 367 His own [lectures] on Job, the Psalms,..and other Old Testament subjects drew only students and German and Russian studentesses.
1910Sir H. Johnston Brit. across Seas, Africa Pref. p. v, A concise history..which would not be too abstruse for young students,..nor yet too lacking in technical information to be of service to those who had left *student-hood behind.
1922Joyce Ulysses 739 That delicate looking student..nearly caught me washing through the window only for snapped up the towel to my face that was his *studenting.
1848Blackw. Mag. LXIV. 530 Burghers and merchants..who, since the days of their *studentism, had fattened on tobacco and beer.
1899J. C. Smith Wallace's Buchanan vi. 129 St. Leonard's College..in the first year was *studentless.
▸ student loan n. a loan available to (undergraduate) students, freq. one funded or administered by the State.
1889Amer. Missionary Feb. 59/1 Receipts... Rev. W. S. Potwin, for *Student Loan Fund..$25 00. 1929School & Society 16 Feb. 224/2 Established in 1919 for charitable, educational and scientific purposes.., the Feild Cooperative Association, Inc. did not establish its Student Loan Fund until August, 1925. 1956C. A. Quattelbaum Federal Aid to Students for Higher Educ. ix. 186 The granting of student loans, by the university direct or in cooperation with the cantons and private organizations. 1994Rolling Stone 25 Aug. 53/2 The Department of Education began issuing direct student loans to be repaid on the basis of ‘income contingency’. |