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dictionary|ˈdɪkʃənərɪ|
[ad. med.L. dictiōnārium or dictiōnārius (sc. liber) lit. ‘a repertory of dictiōnēs, phrases or words’ (see diction) in F. dictionnaire (R. Estienne 1539), It. dizionario, Sp. diccionario.]
1. a. A book dealing with the individual words of a language (or certain specified classes of them), so as to set forth their orthography, pronunciation, signification, and use, their synonyms, derivation, and history, or at least some of these facts: for convenience of reference, the words are arranged in some stated order, now, in most languages, alphabetical; and in larger dictionaries the information given is illustrated by quotations from literature; a word-book, vocabulary, or lexicon.
Dictionaries proper are of two kinds: those in which the meanings of the words of one language or dialect are given in another (or, in a polyglot dictionary, in two or more languages), and those in which the words of a language are treated and illustrated in this language itself. The former were the earlier.
Dictionarius was used c 1225 by Joannes de Garlandia, a native of England, as the title of a collection of Latin vocables, arranged according to their subjects, in sentences, for the use of learners; e.g.
‘In horto magistri Johannis sunt herbe scilicet iste: salvia, petroselinum, dictamnus, ysopus, celidonia, feniculus, piret[r]um, columbina, rosa, lilium, et viola; et a latere crescit urtica, carduus, et saliunca.’
In the following century Peter Berchorius (died Paris, 1362) wrote a Dictionarium morale utriusque Testamenti, consisting of moralizations on the chief words of the Vulgate for the use of students in theology. In 1538 Sir Thomas Elyot published his Latin-English ‘Dictionary’; and in 1556 J. Withals published ‘A shorte dictionarie for yonge beginners’ in English and Latin, in which the words were arranged not alphabetically, but under subject-headings, e.g. ‘the names of Byrdes, Byrdes of the Water, Byrdes about the house, as cockes, hennes, etc., of Bees, Flies, and others,’ etc. In 1539 R. Estienne published his Dictionaire Francois-latin. Dictionaries (so entitled) of English and various modern languages appeared in England from 1547 onward; in the 17th c. the name was gradually extended to works explaining English words, only ‘hard words’ being admitted into the earliest English Dictionaries.
Vocabulary is now generally limited to a smaller and less comprehensive collection of words, or to a word-book of technical, or specific terms. Lexicon is the name usually given to dictionaries of Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Ethiopic, and some other literary languages.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 233 And so Peter Bercharius in his dictionary describeth it. 1538(title), The Dictionary of syr Thomas Eliot knyght. ― Preface A ij bk., About a yere passed I beganne a Dictionarie, declaryng latine by englishe. 1547Salesbury (title), A Dictionarie in Englyshe and Welshe, moche necessary to all such Welshemen as will spedly lerne the Englyshe tongue. 1556Withals Shorte Dictionarie (1568) Colophon: ⁋Thus endeth this Dictionarie, very necessary for children: compiled by J. Withals. a1568R. Ascham Scholem. (Arb.) 27 As the Grammer booke be euer in the Scholers hand, and also vsed of him, as a Dictionarie, for euerie present vse. 1580J. Baret (title), An Alvearie or Quadruple Dictionarie, containing foure sundrie tongues: namelie English, Latine, Greeke, and French. 1588Marprel. Epist. (Arb.) 42 His Lordship of Winchester is a great Clarke, for he hath translated his Dictionarie, called Co[o]pers Dictionarie verbatim out of Robert Stephanus his Thesaurus, and ilfauored to, they say. 1598Florio (title), A Worlde of Wordes, or most copious, and exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, collected by Iohn Florio. c1616Webster Duchess of Malfi v. ii, A..disease..they call lycanthropia. Pes. What's that? I need a dictionary to't. 1623H. Cockeram (title), The English Dictionarie: or an Interpreter of hard English Words. 1656T. Blount (title), Glossographia or a Dictionary Interpreting all such Hard Words..as are now used in our refined English Tongue. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. v. vii. (1845) 322 A man must have..learn'd an Hebrew Grammar, and turn'd over Buxtorf's, Schindler's, and other Dictionaries. 1721N. Bailey (title), An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. 1752Fielding Amelia Wks. 1775 X. 129 All the major's words are not to be found in a dictionary. 1755Johnson Dictionary Preface ⁋3, I have, notwithstanding this discouragement, attempted a dictionary of the English language, which, while it was employed in the cultivation of every species of literature, has itself been hitherto neglected. 1849Lond. Jrnl. 12 May 149 Morrison mentions a dictionary in the Chinese language of 40,000 hieroglyphical characters, as having been compiled 1100 years before Christ. 1857Trench On some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries 4 A Dictionary, according to that idea of it which seems to be alone capable of being logically maintained, is an inventory of the language. 1870Emerson Soc. & Solit., Books Wks. (Bohn) III. 87 Neither is a dictionary a bad book to read..it is full of suggestion,—the raw material of possible poems and histories. 1878R. W. Dale Lect. Preach. vi. 181 A dictionary is not merely a home for living words; it is a hospital for the sick; it is a cemetery for the dead.
†b. fig. The vocabulary or whole list of words used or admitted by any one. Obs.
1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 58 If I may vse that tearme vnder correction of M. Heskins dictionarie. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. x. 41 Not only in the dictionary of man, but the subtiler vocabulary of Satan. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. ii. Wks. 1883 XI. 197, I much enlarged my dictionary; and when I went next to court, was able to understand many things the king spoke.
c. Colloq. phr. to have swallowed the (or a) dictionary: to use long or recondite words.
1934‘G. Orwell’ Burmese Days ii. 29 Have you swallowed a dictionary?.. We shall have to sack this fellow if he gets to talk English too well. 1966M. Torrie Heavy as Lead x. 124 ‘The whole point is that my Society deprecates, as much as you do...’ The voices began again, ‘Aw, cut it out!’ ‘Put a sock in it!’ ‘'Ev've swallered the dictionary!’
d. An ordered list stored in and used by a computer; spec. (a) a list of contents, e.g. of a database; (b) a list of words acceptable to a word-processing program, against which each word of text is checked.
1957IBM Jrnl. Res. & Devel. I. 150/1 The dictionary for language translation by a computer..and many other problems which are essentially table look-up require a system like those described. 1964AFIPS Conf. Proc. XXVI. 353/1 A separate dictionary is maintained for each disk area. Each dictionary entry contains the following information for each subroutine within that area: 1. subroutine name. 2. disk address of the subroutine. 3. length of the subroutine. 4. date the subroutine was filed. 1969P. B. Jordain Condensed Computer Encycl. 286 A load module usually contains three principal subdivisions: an external symbol dictionary (ESD), a text section (TXT), and a relocation dictionary (RLD)... The ESD contains the names and locations within the module of all entry points. 1975J. Martin Computer Data-Base Organiz. xxxiii. 481 Each entry in the dictionary points to an occurrence list giving every occurrence in the document file of the word in question. 1975Nature 16 Oct. 556/2 The present practice is for computers to store an ‘exception’ dictionary, the routine being to search the dictionary for the word and use the recorded hyphenation break if it is there, or otherwise to hyphenate by logic. 1980New Scientist 3 July 31/3 The Displaywriter has a dictionary of 50 000 common words and space for another 500 which can be added by the typist. 1984J. Hilton Choosing & using your Home Computer 115/2 Some sophisticated word processing programs can perform useful extra functions. The automatic dictionary, or spelling checker, is among the most popular inclusions.
2. a. By extension: A book of information or reference on any subject or branch of knowledge, the items of which are arranged in alphabetical order; an alphabetical encyclopædia: as a Dictionary of Architecture, Biography, Geography, of the Bible, of Christian Antiquities, of Dates, etc.
(Here the essential sense ‘word-book’ is supplanted by the accidental one of ‘reference book in alphabetical order’ arising out of the alphabetical arrangement used in modern word-books.)
1631Massinger Emp. East i. ii, I have composed a dictionary, in which He is instructed how, when, and to whom, To be proud or humble. 1712Addison Spect. No. 499 ⁋2 The story..which I have since found related in my historical dictionary. 1871Morley Voltaire (1886) 299 Minutiæ ought to be collected by annalists, or in some kind of dictionaries where one might find them at need.
b. fig. A person or thing regarded as a repository of knowledge, convenient for consultation.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. Pref. 7 A system may be considered as a dictionary in the study of nature. 1837Emerson Addr., Amer. Schol. Wks. (Bohn) II. 181 Life is our dictionary. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 180 Burnet was eminently qualified to be of use as a living dictionary of British affairs. 1893F. C. Selous Trav. S.E. Africa 359 Mr. Edwards is a perfect walking dictionary concerning all matters connected with sport and travel in the interior of South Africa.
3. attrib. and Comb., as dictionary English, dictionary meaning, dictionary order, dictionary phraseology, dictionary word, dictionary work; dictionary-maker, dictionary-making, dictionary-writer, dictionary-writing; dictionary-tutored adj.; dictionary-monger, one who deals much with dictionaries; dictionary-proof a., proof against the informing influence of a dictionary.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena A iv, I would not..be taken (or rather mistaken) for a Dictionary-tutred Linguist. 1668Wilkins Real Char. Ded. A iij, This Work of Dictionary-making, for the polishing of their Language. 1727Swift Gulliver iv. xii. Wks. 1883 XI. 355 Writers of travels, like dictionary-makers, are sunk into oblivion by the weight and bulk of those who come last, and therefore lie uppermost. 1742Arbuthnot & Pope, etc., Note on Dunciad iv. 231 The first [Suidas] a dictionary-writer, a collector of impertinent facts and barbarous words. 1759Goldsm. Polite Learn. ii, Dictionary writing was at that time much in fashion. 1794W. B. Stevens Jrnl. 19 Nov. (1965) 206 He seems to be quandaryed (that's not a dictionary word I believe). 1806Oracle in Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1807) X. 43 The dictionary-monger in the Blind Bargain. 1818Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) II. 27 After the fashion of certain dictionary-mongers who ring the changes upon two words. 1819Sporting Mag. V. 122 Grose..was even dictionary-proof. 1830Galt Lawrie T. vii. iii. (1849) 318 Miss Beeny was an endless woman with her dictionary phraseology. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. i. iv, He..calls many things by their mere dictionary names. 1837Mill in Westm. Rev. XXVII. 19 A few phrases,..by adding up the dictionary meanings of which, we may hunt out a few qualities. 1854W. C. Roscoe in Prospective Rev. X. 398 [Shakespeare] leaves his meaning to rest in great measure on the atmosphere that hangs about his language, rather than on its dictionary meaning and grammatical construction. 1858R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma i. 1 His fine dictionary words and laboured expletives. 1880Grant White Every-Day Eng. 100 Trying to speak dictionary English. 1882Freeman in Longm. Mag. I. 97 Did anybody, even a dictionary-maker, really fancy that the last three letters of ‘neighbour’ had anything in common with the last three letters of ‘honour’? 1887Trans. Philol. Soc. 1885–6 p. ix. The main difficulty in the Dictionary work is to trace the history of the development of the meanings of a word. 1929C. I. Dodd Apples & Quinces ii. iv. 146 It was over the Dictionary work that Amanda made the acquaintance of Mr. Jasper Stafford. Ibid v. 156 Amanda went back to Oxford and Dictionary-making.
Hence ˈdictionaryless a., without a dictionary.
1854Fraser's Mag. L. 317 Battling, grammarless and dictionaryless, with a work in a strange idiom. |