| 释义 |
deviation|diːvɪˈeɪʃən|
[n. of action from L. dēviāre to deviate: cf. med.L. dēviātio, F. déviation (1461 in Godef. Suppl.; not in Cotgr.; in Acad. Dict. only from 1762).]
1. a. The action of deviating; turning aside from a path or track; swerving, deflexion.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. vi. iv. 288 The dayes encrease or decrease according to the declination of the Sun; that is, its deviation Northward or Southward from the æquator. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. x. 287 According as the Ship deviated from its direct course..such deviation is..exprest by N. or S. 1781Cowper Friendship 113 They manifest their whole life through The needle's deviations too. 1831Brewster Optics iv. 29 The angle..representing its angular change of direction, or the angle of deviation, as it is called.
†b. Astron. The deflexion of a planet's orbit from the plane of the ecliptic: attributed in the Ptolemaic astronomy to an oscillatory motion of the deferent. Obs.
1727–51Chambers Cycl., Deviation, in the old astronomy, a motion of the deferent, or eccentric, whereby it advances to, or recedes from, the ecliptic. The greatest deviation of Mercury is sixteen minutes; that of Venus is only ten.
c. Comm. Voluntary departure from the intended course of a vessel without sufficient reason.
1809R. Langford Introd. Trade 131 Deviation, a departure from the regular course of a voyage without cause, which renders the assurance irrecoverable if the ship is lost.
2. a. Divergence from the straight line, from the mean, or standard position; variation, deflexion; the amount of this; † the declination or variation of the magnetic needle (obs.).
1675Ogilby Brit. Pref. 3 Measuring even the smallest Deviations of the Way. 1690Leybourn Curs. Math. 607 This Deviation of the Needle is called by the Mariners, the North-Easting or North-Westing of the Needle.
b. spec. The deflexion of the needle of a ship's compass, owing to the magnetism of the iron in the ship or other local cause.
1821A. Fisher Jrnl. Voy. Disc. 3 An experiment..for..ascertaining the effect of local attraction on the compasses; or, to use the term that has been lately adopted, to determine the deviation of the compass, or magnetic needle, with the ship's head brought to the different points of the compass. 1834Nat. Philos., Navigation iii. lxiii. 30 (Useful Knowl. Soc.) The deviation of the compass was first observed by Mr. Wales, the astronomer of Capt. Cook.
c. Path. Divergence of one or both of the optic axes from the normal position. conjugate deviation: see conjugate a. 5.
d. Statistics. The amount by which one of a set of measurements, numerical observations, etc. differs from the arithmetical mean of the whole set; standard deviation, a common measure of the scatter or dispersion of a set of measurements, equal to the square root of the mean of the squares of the deviations.
1858Greener Gunnery 375 The mean deviation on the target from the centre of the group of 10 hits being only ·85 of a foot at 500 yards' range. 1875F. Galton in Phil. Mag. 4th Ser. XLIX. 35 Medium values will occur very much more frequently than extreme ones, the rarity of the latter rapidly increasing as the deviation slowly increases. 1894K. Pearson in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. CLXXXV. 80 Then σ will be termed its standard-deviation (error of mean square). Ibid. 104 We have no less than three measurements deviating by more than four times the standard-deviation from the mean. 1925R. A. Fisher Statistical Methods iii. 46 A deviation exceeding the standard deviation occurs about once in three trials. Twice the standard deviation is exceeded only about once in 22 trials. 1946F. J. Schonell Backwardness in Basic Subjects (ed. 3) v. 80 This is at a point 1·6 standard deviations from the mean of the normal population group. 1968J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol. (ed. 9) 135 The standard deviation usually makes the scatter look greater than the average deviation makes it look. Thus for the cocaine figures, using the standard deviation we have 57·5 {pm} 23·1 mg. per kg., instead of 57·5 {pm} 16·2 mg. per kg. 1970Nature 12 Dec. 1081/1 In VLF data handling we usually assume a normal distribution of deviations.
3. fig.
a. Divergence from any course, method, rule, standard, etc.; with a and pl., an instance of this. (The earliest and most frequent sense.) spec. the behaviour or characteristics of a deviate.
1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 1307 The obscuration or ecclipse of the sunne, the defect of the moone..be as it were the excursions, deviations out of course. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvii. 151 All manner of deviation from the Law. a1665J. Goodwin Filled w. the Spirit (1867) 236 To walk in ways of righteousness..without any scandalous or self-allowed deviation. 1713Steele Englishman No. 3. 18 His Ministers are responsible for all his Deviations from Justice. 1793Trial of Fyshe Palmer 14 This trifling deviation in the spelling could not possibly be of any consequence. 1842Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (ed. 2) 27 A deviation from the plain accepted meaning of words. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 129 There was no deviation from the six-leaved type. 1872J. G. Murphy Comm. Lev. v. 1 Iniquity, that is deviation from equity. 1881Westcott & Hort Grk. N.T. Introd. §7 Inherited deviations from the original. 1912[see deviate n. 1]. 1934R. Benedict Patterns of Culture viii. 272 He [sc. the unsupported individual] may gradually achieve a..less tortured attitude toward his deviations. Ibid. 273 Much more deviation is allowed to the individual in some cultures than in others. 1960Hinsie & Campbell Psychiatric Dict. (ed. 3) 683/1 Sexual deviation—such as homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism, sexual sadism. 1962R. Cook Crust on its Uppers ii. 29 Every single person one knows seems to be mixed up in some kind of deviation or other.
†b. Formerly sometimes absol. = Deviation from rectitude, moral declension, or going astray.
1625Sir S. D'Ewes Jrnls. Parl. (1783) 32 He [Jas. I] had his vices and deviations. 1748Richardson Clarissa (J.), Worthy persons..inadvertently drawn into a deviation. a1831A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 79 A feeling..which years of subsequent deviation did not wholly destroy.
†c. A turning aside from the subject, a digression. Obs. rare.
1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 159 Fearing I have made too large a deviation. a1713Shaftesbury Misc. Refl. i. Wks. 1749 III. 10 To vary..from my propos'd Subject, and make what Deviations or Excursions I shall think fit.
d. spec. (a) deviation of the complements, in Biochem., the prevention of the complements from acting upon the receptors. (b) Embryol. Divergence in the development of an animal from the ontogenetic stages of its ancestor.
1906Practitioner Dec. 748 Another and much more important and serious cause of failure comes about by means of the phenomenon described by Neisser and Wechsburg, and known as the ‘deviation of the complements’. 1930G. R. de Beer Embryol. & Evol. xv. 102 The appearance of characters in the early stages of development is caenogenesis, and these characters which loom so largely in neoteny and deviation are flies in the Haeckelian ointment of recapitulation.
e. Politics. Departure or divergence from the principles, policies, or directives of a government or political party, used esp. of such actions in a Communist society. Also transf., any deliberate divergence from prescribed rules or standards. So deviˈationism; deviˈationist n. and a.
1930W. H. Chamberlin Soviet Russia iii. 78 The Right Deviationists..favored a larger production of goods for immediate consumption. 1931Economist 5 Sept. 425/1 That need may cause a further change in the plan as striking as the recent deviations from the pure doctrines of Communism. 1937tr. Lenin's Sel. Wks. IX. 92 A slight syndicalist or semi-anarchist deviation would not have been terrible. Ibid. 126 A deviation is not yet a finished trend. A deviation is something that can be rectified. People have just wandered somewhat from the path, or are beginning to wander from the path, but they can still be put right. This, in my opinion, is what the Russian word uklon means. 1937‘G. Orwell’ Road to Wigan Pier xiii. 253 To them, the whole Socialist movement is no more than a kind of exciting heresy-hunt—a leaping to and fro of frenzied witch-doctors to the beat of tom-toms and the tune of ‘Fee, fi, fo, fum, I smell the blood of a right-wing deviationist!’ 1938H. G. Wells Brothers iii. 47 We know of their groups and their—what is your word?—deviations. 1940Economist 31 Aug. 271/1 Lenin tried to reconcile his conscience to the existing degree of governmental control by talking of ‘bureaucratic deviationism’. 1947L. Hastings Dragons are Extra i. 23 No deviation from the Party line. 1952Scottish Jrnl. Theol. V. 186 The Church cannot submit to any other, cannot flirt with any other. Deviationism is nothing less than unfaithfulness, adultery, harlotry. 1955H. Hodgkinson Doubletalk 45 Deviationist is a Communist who, whether with good or evil intentions, strays from the path of the official party line. 1959Times 7 Feb. 7/7 Such deviationist diversions as ‘rock 'n roll’. a1963L. MacNeice Astrology (1964) v. 156 Here Kepler appears to be what orthodox astrologers might call a mystical deviationist. |