| 释义 |
determinism|dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪz(ə)m|
[f. determine v. + -ism.]
1. The philosophical doctrine that human action is not free but necessarily determined by motives, which are regarded as external forces acting upon the will.
1846Sir W. Hamilton Reid's Wks. 87 note, There are two schemes of Necessity—the Necessitation by efficient—the Necessitation by final causes. The former is brute or blind Fate; the latter rational Determinism. 1855W. Thomson in Oxford Essays 181 The theory of Determinism, in which the will is regarded as determined or swayed to a particular course by external inducements and formed habits, so that the consciousness of freedom rests chiefly upon an oblivion of the antecedents to our choice. 1860Mansel Proleg. Logica App. Note D. 334 The latter hypothesis is Determinism, a necessity no less rigid than Fatalism. 1866Contemp. Rev. I. 465 He arrived at a system of absolute determinism, which entirely takes away man's free will, and with it his responsibility. 1880W. L. Courtney in Abbot Hellenica (1880) 257 Epicurus..was an opponent of Fatalism, not of Determinism.
2. gen. The doctrine that everything that happens is determined by a necessary chain of causation.
1876Martineau Materialism 71 If man is only a sample of the universal determinism. 1944G. Bateson in J. McV. Hunt Personality & Behavior Disorders II. xxiii. 714 The phrase ‘economic determinism’ has..become a slogan. Ibid. 716 It is this sort of cultural ‘genetics’ and cultural ‘physiology’ which I have tried to sum up with the phrase ‘cultural determinism’. 1945K. R. Popper Open Society II. xxii. 196 Sociological determinism [is the view that]..all our opinions..depend upon society and its historical state. 1950C. D. Darlington in Darlington & Mather Genes, Plants & People p. xvii, Mendel directed his enquiries with a rigorous determinism. He assumed that every property of every seedling was determined by something that happened in its two parents. 1957N. Frye Anatomy of Criticism 6 The fallacy of what in history is called determinism, where a scholar with a special interest in geography or economics expresses that interest by the rhetorical device of putting his favorite subject into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less. |