| 释义 |
demonstration|dɛmənˈstreɪʃən|
[ad. L. dēmonstrātiōn-em, n. of action from dēmonstrāre to demonstrate: perh. immed. a. F. démonstration (14th c. in Oresme), a refashioning of OF. demustreison, -aison, intermediate form demonstroison.]
†1.
a. The action of showing forth or exhibiting; making known, pointing out; exhibition, manifestation; also an instance of this. Obs.
1393Gower Conf. II. 368 By demonstracion The man was founde with the good. 14..Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 117 Of a schynyng by demonstracyon Is fanos seyd. 1530Palsgr. 146 Of adverbes..Some betoken demonstration & serve to shewe or poynt to a dede. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 172 For the open apparaunce, and demonstracion of this godly concorde. a1633W. Austin Medit. (1635) 177 Christ preaching to save him [St. Thomas]..shewes himselfe (by demonstration) unto him. 1668R. Wallis (title), Room for the Cobler of Gloucester and his Wife, with Several Cartloads of Abominable, Irregular, Pitiful, Stinking Priests, also a Demonstration of their Calling.
b. Outward exhibition of feeling.
1873H. Spencer Stud. Sociol. xv. 358 Demonstration, be it in movements that rise finally to spasms and contortions, or be it in sounds that end in laughter and shrieks and groans.
†c. That by which something is shown or made known; an illustration; a sign, indication. Obs.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse Pref. A vj b, Divisinge sundry newe Tables, Pictures, demonstrations and præceptes. 1563Shute Archit. B ij a, Makynge demonstrations to a Latine worke with Greke letters. 1684R. H. School Recreat. 130 Cock Fighting..A Scarlet Head is a Demonstration of Courage, but a Pale and Wan of Faintness..[These qualities] are Demonstrations of Excellency and Courage.
2. A display, show, manifestation, exhibition, expression.
†a. absol. (obs.);
b. with of.
a.1556Aurelio & Isab. (1608) C, With my tormented demonstrations and great boldnes..I overcame hir. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 136 Beleeving those affectionate-seeming demonstrations to be really true. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. iv. 11 We gave them a great peal of Ordnance..beating our Drums, and sounding our Trumpets, to the end that by these exterior demonstrations they might conclude we regarded not the Turks awhit.
b.1605Shakes. Lear iv. iii. 12 Did your letters pierce the queen to any demonstration of grief? 1769Robertson Chas. V, II. iv. 252 Great were the outward demonstrations of love and confidence between the two Monarchs. 1855Prescott Philip II, I. ii. 14 She seemed to think any demonstration of suffering a weakness.
3. a. The action or process of demonstrating or making evident by reasoning; the action of proving beyond the possibility of doubt by a process of argument or logical deduction or by practical proof; clear or indubitable proof; also (with pl.) an argument or series of propositions proving an asserted conclusion.
to demonstration: to the certainty of a demonstrated and indisputable fact; conclusively.
c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 516 In ars metrik schal þer no man fynde..of such a questioun Who schulde make a demonstracioun. 1553Eden Treat. New Ind. To Rdr. (Arb.) 10 Most certayne and apparente demonstracions of Geometrye. 1563J. Man Musculus' Commonpl. 141 a, Not meete for any wise body to beleue the word of matters vnknowen, set forth without any Syllogisticall demonstration. 1650T. Rudd Pract. Geom. B iv, A Hundred Questions with their Solutions and Demonstrations. 1690Locke Hum. Und. iv. ii. (1695) 305 Those intervening Ideas, which serve to shew the agreement of any two others, are called Proofs; and where the agreement, or disagreement is by this means plainly and clearly perceived, it is called Demonstration, it being shewn to the Understanding, and the Mind made see that it is so. 1730Southall Bugs 25 'Tis apparent to a Demonstration, that from every Pair..about two hundred Eggs..are produced. 1876Jevons Elem. Logic (1880) 335 A demonstration is either Direct or Indirect. In the latter case we prove the conclusion by disproving the contradictory, or shewing that the conclusion cannot be supposed untrue. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 236 He proved to demonstration the soundness of the judgment he had formed.
b. That which serves as proof or evidence; an indubitable proof.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. ii. iv. 44 It haþ ben shewid and proued by ful manye demonstraciouns as I woot wel þat þe soules of men ne mowen nat dien in no wise. 1659Vulgar Errors Cens. 31 The Circulation of the Blood is a Demonstration of an Eternall Being. 1696tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant 18 Found nothing..but a Book of Psalms, which was a sufficient Demonstration..that I had been a Hugonot. 1726Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 269 Told me..I should have Demonstration of her Infidelity. 1804Wellington in Owen Desp. 630 Additional demonstrations of those views have appeared since the renewal of the war.
4. Rom. Law. The statement of the cause of action by the plaintiff in presenting his case.
1864J. N. Pomeroy Introd. Munic. Law i. ii. 107 The formula commenced with a part called..Demonstration (demonstratio) which contained a short statement of the plaintiff's cause of action. 1880Muirhead Gaius iv. §40 The demonstration is that part of the formula which is inserted at the outset on purpose to show what is the matter in dispute.
5. The exhibition and explanation of specimens and practical operations, as a method of instruction in a science or art, esp. in anatomy. Also attrib.
1807Med. Jrnl. XVII. 95 Mr. Taunton will resume his Winter Course of Lectures and Demonstrations on Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Surgery. 1832Examiner 395/1 On Monday there was a demonstration on the viscera by Mr. Grainger. 1883Longman's Notes on Bks. vi. 204 (Buckton's Food & Home Cookery), The course consists of fifteen lessons, twelve to be given by demonstration followed by practice..Every girl who attends the whole course will have twelve Demonstration and fourteen Practice lessons. Mod. Miss H. will give a Cookery Demonstration.
6. Mil. A show of military force or of offensive movement; esp. in the course of active hostilities to engage the enemy's attention while other operations are going on elsewhere, or in time of peace to indicate readiness for active hostilities.
1835A. Burnes Trav. Bokhara (ed. 2) III. 265 He made last year a demonstration against Julalabad, a district between Cabool and Peshawur. 1853Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 205 Prince Eugene..made demonstrations to attack the post of Masi, and to cross the Adige to Badia..[He] continued his demonstrations at Masi, until he heard that Colonel Batté had succeeded in throwing 500 men across the river. 1862Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xiii. 178 The Barons having, by an armed demonstration, compelled the King to allow the appointment.
7. A public manifestation, by a number of persons, of interest in some public question, or sympathy with some political or other cause; usually taking the form of a procession and mass-meeting.
1839Britannia in Spirit Metropol. Conserv. Press (1840) I. 421 Whig emissaries have been employed to get up what, in their own conventional cant, they call a demonstration, to mark the national joy [etc.]. 1861Sat. Rev. 22 June 630 Then, besides ‘ovations’, there are ‘demonstrations’, the Q.E.D. of which is not always very easy to see. We read how the students of such an University ‘made a demonstration’. This we believe means, in plain English, that the students kicked up a row. 1884Chr. World 16 Oct. 781/1 The demonstration of demonstrations took place on Saturday at Chatsworth, when..about 80,000 people came together.
8. attrib., chiefly in sense 5.
1883[see sense 5 above]. 1899Westm. Gaz. 16 June 4/1 The demonstration farm of the Northumberland County Council at Cockle Park. 1902E. Lanteri Modelling 1 The notes of which I made use for my demonstration-classes at the Royal College of Art. 1902Brit. Forestry: Dept. Cttee. Rep. 9 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 1319) XX, That two areas for practical demonstration be acquired... We suggest that the Alice Holt Woods in Hampshire be made available as soon as possible to serve as a Demonstration Area. 1907Westm. Gaz. 22 May 12/2 The Board of Education recognises gardening as a school subject... To each school is allotted a demonstration plot, which is used by the teacher for object-lessons. 1908J. J. Findlay (title) The Demonstration Schools Record. 1909Westm. Gaz. 26 Jan. 4/1 To..give demonstration flights. 1943J. S. Huxley TVA viii. 52 The TVA..set up five demonstration parks in the Valley. 1961W. Vaughan-Thomas Anzio viii. 156 Hitler sent from Germany a special regiment, the Infantry Lehr Regiment, a demonstration unit composed of approved Nazis. 1970J. Holt Underachieving School 186 It may very well be that in such schools we will have the kind of educational laboratory and demonstration centers which in your country, I guess, are supplied by many of the State schools.
Add:[5.] b. A practical display of the operation or use of a product, esp. to a prospective buyer. orig. U.S.
1934Amer. Year Bk. 1933 697/2 The demonstration of ‘filamentless’ tubes, not commercially available as yet. 1941R. Warner Aerodrome iii. 49 There would also be some demonstrations of the latest type of machine guns. 1966G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising v. 39 The first is a 45-second demonstration-type commercial. 1977Washington Post 6 Jan. (Virginia Weekly) 6/3 The home party plan..is an educational..method of selling direct to the consumer through demonstrations by trained consultants. 1987Desktop Publishing Today July 16/2 Many people..go to a demonstration without having been able to formulate their requirements. |