| 释义 |
stereo-|ˈstɛriːəʊ, ˈstɪəriːəʊ-|
before a vowel properly stere-, combining form repr. Gr. στερεός solid, in various (chiefly recent) scientific and technical terms; for the more important of these see their alphabetical places. (In some instances referring to the use or principle of the stereoscope, and thus practically serving as combining form of stereoscope or stereoscopic: cf. stereo n.) ˌstereo-aˈcuity, the sharpness of the eyes in discerning separation along the line of sight. ˈstereo-camera, a camera for simultaneously taking two photographs of the same thing from adjacent viewpoints, so that they will form a stereoscopic pair. ˌstereoˈcentric |-ˈsɛntrɪk| a., Chem., applied to a formula indicating a hypothetical direction of the bonds of certain atoms in a molecule towards a common centre (cf. stereo-isomer below, and stereochemistry). stereo-ˈcilium Anat., an immotile cell process of certain epithelial cells of the male reproductive tract and the labyrinth of the ear, similar to a cilium at low magnifications only; hence stereo-ˈciliary a. ˌstereo-ˈcomparator [comparator], an instrument enabling two different photographs of the same region to be seen simultaneously, one by each eye, either to detect any change (in the case of photographs of the night sky taken at different times) or to make measurements of the area depicted in stereoscopic photographs. ˌstereoconˈtrol n. Chem., the control of a synthesis by the choice of reagents and reaction conditions so as to produce a product with a desired stereochemical conformation; also as v. trans., to control thus; ˌstereoconˈtrolled ppl. a. ˈstereodiagram, a diagram intended to show the three-dimensional structure of something. † ˌstereo-eˈlectric a., applied to a (thermo-electric) current produced by contact of solids (opp. to hydro-electric 1). ˌstereoelecˈtronic a. Chem., pertaining to the relative positions of the electron orbitals in reacting molecules; hence ˌstereoelecˈtronically adv. ˌstereofluoˈroscopy Med., the production of X-ray images which can be interpreted in three dimensions; = stereoradiography below; hence stereoˈfluoroscope, an instrument for producing such images; ˌstereofluoroˈscopic a. ˈstereoglyph v. [Gr. γλύϕ-ειν to engrave: cf. glyph] = stereomould v. stereoˈgnosis [Gr. γνῶσις means of knowing], the stereognostic sense or faculty. ˌstereoˈgnostic a. [Gr. γνωστικός: see gnostic], pertaining to the mental apprehension of the forms of solid objects by touch. ˌstereo-ˈisomer |-ˈaɪsəmə(r)|, Chem., one of two or more isomeric compounds which are held to differ by virtue of a difference in the spatial arrangement (not in the order of connexion) of the atoms in the molecule; so ˌstereo-isoˈmeric a., -iˈsomeride (= -isomer; now obs.), -iˈsomerism. ˌstereoisomeriˈzation Chem., the conversion of one stereoisomer into another; hence (as back-formations) ˌstereoiˈsomerize v. intr., to undergo stereoisomerization; trans., to cause the stereoisomerization of (a compound); ˌstereoiˈsomerized ppl. a., -isomerizing vbl. n. ˈstereomer, ˌstereoˈmeric a., stereˈomerism, Chem. [after isomer, etc.] = stereo-isomer, -isomeric, -isomerism. stereoˈmicrograph, a micrograph that conveys a vivid impression of depth, such as one obtained with a scanning electron microscope. stereoˈmicroscope, a binocular microscope that gives a stereoscopic view of the subject. ˌstereoˈmonoscope [see mono- and -scope], an instrument invented by A. F. Claudet in 1858, with two lenses by which an image of an object is projected upon a screen of ground glass so as to appear solid, as in a stereoscope. ˌstereomuˈtation Chem., the conversion of a cis- to a trans-isomer or vice versa. ˌstereophanˈtasmascope, -phantascope [Gr. ϕάντασµα appearance, phantasm + -scope], a form of kinetoscope giving a stereoscopic effect. stereo-photo a., abbrev. of stereophotographic adj.; also as n., a stereophotograph. ˌstereophotoˈgrammetry, photogrammetry by means of stereophotography; hence ˌstereophotograˈmmetric a. ˌstereoˈphotograph, a stereoscopic photograph; so ˌstereophotoˈgraphic a., pertaining to or involving the use of ˌstereophoˈtography, the making of stereoscopic photographs. ˌstereoˌphotoˈmicrograph, a photomicrograph taken with a stereoscopic camera. stereoˈplanigraph Cartography [a. G. stereo-planigraph], a machine which plots a map of an area semi-automatically under the guidance of the operator as he views a stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs of it. ˈstereoˌplasm [Gr. πλάσµα: see plasma], (a) Biol. Nägeli's term for the denser or more solid part of protoplasm (distinguished from hygroplasm); (b) Zool. an endothecal structure in corals, enveloping or connecting the septa, or forming a mass in the interior; hence ˌstereoˈplasmic a., consisting of or of the nature of stereoplasm (Cent. Dict., 1891). ˈstereoplotter, an instrument used for plotting maps of an area from stereoscopic aerial photographs that are projected on to the plotting table. ˌstereo-ˈplotting a. that is a stereo-plotter. stereoˈradiograph, a stereoscopic radiograph; so ˌstereoradioˈgraphic a., -ˈgraphically adv. ˌstereoradiˈography = stereofluoroscopy above. ˈStereoscan, ˈstereoscan, a proprietary name for a scanning electron microscope; hence (as stereoscan), a picture obtained with a scanning electron microscope. ˌstereoˈspondylous a. Zool. [Gr. σπόνδυλος vertebra], characterized by completely ossified vertebræ, as the suborder Stereospondyli of amphibians. ˌstereoˈstatic a., Mech. [see static], applied to an arch constructed to sustain the pressure of a mass of solid matter, as a geostatic arch. ˌstereoˈstatics, the statics of solid bodies. ˌstereoteˈlemeter [telemeter], a stereotelescope with a scale or other contrivance for measuring the distance between objects viewed. ˌstereoˈtelescope, a binocular telescope with the objectives a considerable distance apart (variable at pleasure), used in military operations, etc. ˈstereoˌtrope, a form of thaumatrope or zoetrope fitted with a stereoscope, so that the figures appear solid and in motion. stereˈotropism, Biol. [see tropism], the growth or movement of an organism in a particular direction under the stimulus of contact with a solid body: so ˌstereoˈtropic a., pertaining to stereotropism. ˈstereoviewing vbl. n., stereoscopic viewing.
1942Summary Progress Rep. Tests of Stereoscopic Vision (Harvard Univ. Psycho-Educational Clinic, Publ. Bd. No. 55797) 1 The objects of this investigation were: (1) to appraise tests of *stereo-acuity in current use. 1974Nature 13 Sept. 141/1 Stereoacuity falls in the region of the resolution of the Calcomp plotter, so it could not be measured.
1959Observer 7 June 3/4, I have had a *stereo-camera for five years now and the range of new experiences it can offer is constantly widening. You can photograph people and they are three-dimensional people, frozen in a moment of time. 1961New Scientist 19 Oct. 173/2 The Japanese workers used a stereocamera to record the contours of waves generated by the model. 1977Stereo-camera [see stereo pair s.v. stereo2].
1902Nature 3 July 238/1 Chemical Society, June 18... A discussion of the various possible space formulæ of benzene and a reply to Graebe's objections to the *stereocentric representation.
1979Nature 30 Aug. 832/2 The *stereociliary array [in the herring utricle] consists of rows of stereocilia which decrease in height the further away they are from the kinocilium.
1933*Stereocilium [see kinocilium s.v. kino-]. 1950A. W. Ham Histol. xxviii. 659/2 The epithelium [of the epididymis] is tall and regular, and tufts of large nonmotile stereocilia..project toward the lumen from the free margins of the cells. 1970J. Babel et al. Ultrastructure Peripheral Nerv. System 270 Every vestibular sensory cell carries 80–100 stereocilia..and one kinocilium... The stereocilia of the hair cells of the cristae are exceedingly long.
1901Observatory Dec. 471 A new instrument called a ‘*Stereocomparator’,..described by Dr. Max Wolf in Astr. Nach. No. 3749. 1903Daily Chron. 1 Dec. 7/7 The object of the stereo-comparator is..to detect at a glance any unusual objects, such as new stars, variable stars, or small planets. 1908Stereocomparator [see stereoplotter below]. 1939Geogr. Jrnl. XCIII. 240 An improved stereocomparator for air triangulation. 1950Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LIV. 619/2 In cases where co-ordinate measurements are made in a precise stereocomparator, the prints are made on a non-distorting surface such as sensitised aluminium foil. 1975J. B. Harley O.S. Maps i. 11 By means of self-recording stereocomparators precise pairs of measurements of co-ordinates are made on pairs of overlapping aerial photographs.
1970Jrnl. Macromol. Sci.: Chem. A. IV. 1014 A very useful technique for the exploration of the *stereocontrol of ionic polymerizations. 1979Tetrahedron Lett. Oct. 3805 Unique stereocontrol in aldolization at C6 of penicillanates through modification of solvent and cation has been observed.
1959*Stereocontrol vb. [see stereoregulate v.]. 1969Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XCI. 5675 (heading) *Stereo-controlled synthesis of prostaglandins F2a and E2 (dl). 1975Ibid. XCVII. 5873 Formylation followed by acidic treatment effects cyclobutyl ring cleavage to an enol lactone which constitutes a net stereocontrolled geminal alkylation with introduction of a one-carbon and a three-carbon chain differentially functionalized.
1945M. F. Glaessner Princ. Micropalaeont. v. 96 (caption) *Stereo-diagram of a segment of Loftusia persica Brady. 1979Nature 13 Dec. 681/2 (caption) Stereodiagram of three molecules in the crystal lattice as they are stacked along the c axis in what looks like a continuous double helix.
1832Nat. Philos., Magnetism xiii. §cccv. 93 (U.K.S.) The term *Stereo-electric current has.. been applied to the former [the Thermo-electric],..to mark its being produced in systems formed of solid bodies alone.
1956Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXVIII. 6273/1 The tendency of bromine to adopt the axial orientation in the bromination of an enol would seem to indicate that *stereoelectronic control is unusually large in this case since the opposing steric effect is certainly quite large. 1972Ibid. XCIV. 3657/1 It is expected that σ-π conjugation would have similar stereoelectronic requirements to p-π conjugation.
1956Ibid. LXXVIII. 6272/2 Addition reactions to the Δ6-double bond..take place predominantly from the α- rather than the β- direction despite the fact that these are *stereoelectronically controlled. 1978Further Perspectives Org. Chem. (CIBA Found. Symp. New Ser. No. 53) 94 The cyclization step is likely to be stereoelectronically impeded.
1932Lancet 2 Jan. 47/2 The perfection of a *stereofluoroscope for use in hospitals is reported. 1942Radiology XXXVIII. 392/1 Stereofluoroscopes continue to gather dust, or go to the junk heap.
1928Lancet 3 Mar. 442/2 The latest development in *stereofluoroscopic work.
Ibid., The law governing *stereofluoroscopy has not been fully recognised. The law stated simply is that angles of vision which the X rays make with the body should be identical with those made by the vision of the observer of the body... Early in the days of X rays the tubes were of a size which rendered stereofluoroscopy impossible. 1964Radiology LXXXII. 125 A test of depth perception in 62 subjects strongly suggested that binocular stereofluoroscopy provided an advantage in the perception of depth over the clues available from motion parallax alone.
1857Athenæum 6 June 720 The tables before us are calculated, and *stereoglyphed. 1862Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 3006 Tables calculated and stereoglyphed by the Swedish calculating machine.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 637/2 *Stereognosis. 1905A. W. Campbell Histol. Stud. Localisation Cerebral Function viii. 205 Damage to this part of the brain is attended by disorder of high and combined forms of sensation, such as the muscle sense and that of stereognosis. 1980D. Jensen Human Nerv. System xiv. 212/2 Faulty stereognosis provides an early indication of cortical damage.
1894Gould Illustr. Dict. Med., *Stereognostic, pertaining to the cognition of solidity, or tri-dimensional forms. 1898C. L. Dana Nervous Dis. (ed. 4) 54 note, The stereognostic sense. 1899Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Dec. 1600 This condition [of inability to recognise objects by the tactile sense] has been described as ‘touch paralysis’ or loss of the stereognostic sense.
1894*Stereo-isomer [see hexonic a.]. 1903Slosson in Amer. Chem. Jrnl. Apr. 294 My work on these bodies was chiefly directed towards the preparation of stereoisomers. 1906Athenæum 28 Apr. 519/2 The two different lactic acids..are supposed to be stereo-isomers of one another.
1897Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Abstr. ii. 129 *Stereo⁓isomeric compounds. 1907A. W. Stewart Stereochem. 270 The stereo-isomeric cobalt salts.
1893Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Abstr. i. 681 Determination of *Stereoisomerides. 1938Biochem. Jrnl. XXXII. 1627 The pentose phosphoric acid most readily attacked..is not the d-arabinose-5-phosphoric acid..but is the stereoisomeride d-ribose-5-phosphoric acid.
1894Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 393 *Stereoisomerism. 1907A. W. Stewart Stereochem. 135 Stereoisomerism without optical activity.
1943Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXV. 1524/2 Oxidation..was the only reasonable interpretation six years ago when the *stereoisomerization of carotenoids was still unexplored. 1977Jrnl. Organometallic Chem. CXXV. 185 This approach has enabled us to determine the lowest energy (threshold) rearrangement mode occurring in the stereoisomerization of these [β-diketonate] complexes.
1952Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XXXVI. 306 Some of the [sc. carotenoids] *stereoisomerize even at room temperature. Ibid., A general procedure for stereoisomerizing carotenoids is to heat them in solution. 1962L. Zechmeister Cis-Trans Isomeric Carotenoids v. 56 An attempt to stereoisomerize β-carotene epoxides..did not afford cis compounds but furanoid oxides. Ibid. 51 The following ratios of unchanged to stereoisomerized starting material were found in the recovered pigment.
1952Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. XXXVI. 306 The possibility that there exists a *stereoisomerizing enzyme—a vitamin A or retinene isomerase.
1898Eiloart tr. van't Hoff's Arrangemt. Atoms 81 The isomers..in the cases we have been considering, may be called *stereomers.
Ibid. 194 *Stereomeric compounds of dyad platinum.
Ibid. 195 Certain cases of *stereomerism.
1956Nature 17 Mar. 516/2 Electron micrographs and *stereomicrographs showing the surface characteristics and microfibrillar texture of keratin fibres were exhibited. 1975J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles i. 10 (caption) Stereomicrograph of pollen grains of Fraxinus excelsior, ash, × 2570.
1962Radiology LXXIX. 31/1 The image on the output phosphor was viewed through a low-power *stereomicroscope. 1978Friedman & Sanders Princ. Sedimentol. xiii. 417/2 Cuttings from cable-tool drilling are..examined with a stereomicroscope.
1858Proc. Roy. Soc. IX. 194 On the *Stereomonoscope: a new Instrument by which an apparently Single Picture produces the Stereoscopic Illusion. 1876Encycl. Brit. V. 815/1 In 1858 he [sc. A. F. Claudet] produced the stereo-monoscope, in reply to a challenge from Sir David Brewster.
1955Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3446 The cis-nitro-acid..on reduction gives about equal quantities of cis- and trans-amino acid, thus indicating that some *stereomutation occurs during reduction. 1975Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XCVII. 238/2 Pyrolysis of cyclopropane or its substituted derivatives causes..stereomutation (e.g., trans → cis-cyclopropane-1,2-d2).
1865Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 15 Sept. 473/1 The *Stereo-phantasmascope.
1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict. II. 588/2 *Stereophantascope..or Bioscope. 1901J. Marey in Smithosonian Rep. 318 note, An apparatus devised in America about 1861..was called a ‘stereophantascope’.
1908Geogr. Jrnl. (R.G.S.) XXXI. 534 *Stereo-photo Surveying. By F. Vivian Thompson, Lieut. R.E. 1972Science 9 June 1116/2 Turnbull's contribution consists chiefly of figuring the Field Museum's Trinity (Albian Cretaceous) mammal teeth by means of stereophotos.
1930Geogr. Jrnl. LXXV. 159 *Stereo⁓photogrammetric methods. 1936Ibid. LXXXVII. 99 To carry out a stereo-photogrammetric examination of the northern aspect and valleys of Mount Everest.
1913Engin. News 27 Mar. 604/2 A method by which the troubles arising in photogrammetric surveys are eliminated is based on the principle of making the necessary measurements on stereoscopic pictures, and is called *stereophotogrammetry. 1950Engineering 14 July 28/3 The application of aerial photography and stereo⁓photogrammetry to large-scale railway surveys. 1980I. Newton in K. B. Atkinson Devel. Close Range Photogrammetry I. vi. 129 Stereophotogrammetry has made it possible to analyse the size and shape of the palate in far greater detail than hitherto.
1865H. Sidgwick Let. Apr. in A. & E. M. Sidgwick Henry Sidgwick (1906) iii. 129, I got your *stereo-photograph (what is the short for it?) at 113 Rue de Sebastopol. 1902Year Bk. Photogr. 1902 162 The effect described will be at once apparent in the stereo-photograph. 1959Observer 7 June 3/4 To look at your first stereo-photograph can be an experience as climactic as seeing the Mediterranean for the first time. 1980I. Newton in K. B. Atkinson Devel. Close Range Photogrammetry I. vi. 127 An analysis of surgically corrected abnormal faces had been undertaken in the USA from stereophotographs taken pre- and post-operatively.
1908Geogr. Jrnl. (R.G.S.) XXXI. 537 *Stereo-Photographic Surveying.
1903Nature 8 Oct. 546/1 *Stereophotography is the subject which concludes Col. Laussedat's review of instruments and methods.
1907Nature 14 Nov. 46/2 Mr. Taverner exhibited a number of *stereo-photomicrographs of water mites, taken with a stop behind the objective.
1906J. A. Flemer Elem. Treat. Phototopographic Methods x. 309 Dr. Pulfrich has devised a *stereoplanigraph which is being made by the Carl Zeiss firm in Jena. 1974P. R. Wolf Elements of Photogrammetry xiv. 320 Each projector of the C-8 stereoplanigraph has the customary three angular rotations, but translations are introduced as movements of the reference mirrors.
1889Hardwicke's Science-Gossip XXV. 246 Naegeli..considers protoplasm to be compounded of a fluid hygroplasm and a solid *stereoplasm. 1897J. S. Gardiner in Proc. Zool. Soc. 949 The corallites..are almost completely filled up below by stereoplasm.
1908Geogr. Jrnl. XXXI. 544 An instrument..which makes the plotting of points and the reading of heights nearly automatic. To distinguish it from the stereo-comparator it has been called a *stereo-plotter, as it combines the offices of the stereo-comparator and plotting board. 1979Photogrammetric Engin. & Remote Sensing XLV. 802/1 Systemhouse has developed a universal analytical stereoplotter system with the primary theory of operation of an analytical stereoplotter being applied to its fullest extent.
1927Geogr. Jrnl. LXX. 358 (heading) An attempt to describe Mr. Wild's *stereo⁓plotting machine—the Autograph. 1975J. B. Harley O.S. Maps i. 11 With the 1:10 000 series control points are plotted on a stable plastic sheet... A stereo-plotting machine is then used to derive map and contours, with the operator plotting the detail..in relation to the control points.
1945Light Metals VIII. 269/2 The *stereo radiograph, corresponding to a multiplicity of shots from different angles, is produced on a single film, an important economic advantage. 1965D. N. & M. O. Chesney Radiographic Photogr. xiii. 319 In order to have perception of depth, various methods are available for viewing stereoradiographs. 1975Radiology CXV. 455/1 Stereo radiographs usually eliminate the problem of matching sources, since the two views are more similar, but they do not always permit accurate 3-D reconstruction.
1936Amer. Rev. Tuberculosis XXXIV. 517 *Stereoradiographic examination of the chest on the same day revealed a widely disseminated infiltrative process throughout the right lung field.
1965D. N. & M. O. Chesney Radiographic Photogr. xiii. 319 The anteroposterior projection of the sacro-iliac joints made *stereoradiographically.
Ibid. 317 In *stereoradiography a pair of radiographs is taken.
1968Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 12 Mar. tm 69/2 Cambridge Instrument Company Limited, London... *Stereoscan for electron microscopes and parts and fittings therefor... First use on or about Mar. 31, 1966. 1970Ambrose & Easty Cell Biol. xi. 377 The form of the ruffles is clearly seen in the Stereoscan picture. Ibid., The Stereoscan allows us to see these contacts directly. 1970New Scientist 27 Aug. 419/2 We were able to confirm using the stereoscan microscope that, as skin ages, the amount of extension possible in the fibre network is progressively limited. 1973Trade Marks Jrnl. 11 Apr. 701/2 Stereoscan... Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopes and parts and fittings therefore included in Class 9. Cambridge Instrument Company Limited..; manufacturers. 1974Physics Bull. Mar. 103/1 Many types of instrument are discussed, from the earliest use of a single lens to the present day field-ion and stereoscan electron microscopes. 1979Nature 1 Mar. 102/2 Plates, including stereoscans, of pollen grains and spores.
1901H. Gadow Amphibia, etc. (Camb. Nat. Hist.) 79 The vertebræ exhibit three types... 1. Lepospondylous and pseudocentrous... 2 a. Temnospondylous... 2 b. *Stereospondylous.—The three component units fuse by co⁓ossification into a solid, amphicœlous vertebra.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2378 *Stereostatic arch.
1830Herschel Study Nat. Phil. 228 Pneumatics, hydrostatics, and what might, without impropriety, be termed *stereostatics. 1893Nation (N.Y.) 2 Feb. 90/2 This mathematical part might well be called stereostatics.
1861Proc. Roy. Soc. XI. 70 A new Optical Instrument called the ‘*Stereotrope’.
1900J. Loeb Compar. Physiol. Brain xiii. (1901) 184 Many plants and animals are forced to orient their bodies in a certain way toward solid bodies with which they come in contact. I have given this kind of irritability the name *stereotropism... There is..a positive and negative stereotropism, and there are also *stereotropic curvations.
1968Times 1 Nov. 6/8 The idea is to carry automated photographic mapping to the full extent possible and to use *stereoviewing for interpretation. 1973Nature 17 Aug. 413/1 Recently, direct stereoviewing has been developed for use in the scanning microscope. |