| 释义 |
▪ I. access, n.|ˈæksɪs, ækˈsɛs|
Forms: 4 acces; 4–7 accesse; 5– access; and in the special sense IV: 4 axcesse, axcess; 5 axces, axesse, axez, aksis; 5–6 axes, axis; 6 axys, acceys.
[In sense IV, the earliest in Eng., a. Fr. accès, OFr. aces, aceis:—L. accēss-us, a coming unto, vbl. n. f. accēd-ĕre to come to: see accede v. In this sense the word soon received the Eng. accent ˈaccess, whence the spellings axes, axis, etc., above. In its more general senses app. taken direct from L. accēss-us chiefly after 1500, and retaining the pronunc. acˈcess in all the poets of 6–8; but ˈaccess is given by Sheridan 1789, rejected by Smart 1857, used by Tennyson 1864, and is now apparently the more usual, as more distinct from exˈcess. Cf. reˈcess, sucˈcess; ˈabscess, ˈprocess. Like variety of usage prevails as to access-ary, -ory, and their derivatives, though in these it is more common to accent the first syllable.]
I. Coming to or towards; approaching.
†1. The action of going or coming to or into; coming into the presence of, or into contact with; approach, entrance. (Const. into, unto, to.) Obs.
1528Gardiner in Pocock Rec. Ref. I. xlvii. 90 How to use and order ourself at our access to the pope's presence. 1682Grew Anat. Plants 10 Lest its new access into the ayr should shrivel it. 1699Garth Dispensary i. (1706) 2 The Goddess..shuns the great access of vulgar eyes. 1718Pope Iliad xiv. 195 Safe from access of each intruding power. 1721Strype Eccl. Mem. I. 138 He kept an honourable post here: and had great access of gentlemen to him.
2. a. The habit or power of getting near or into contact with; entrance, admittance, admission (to the presence or use of). Also attrib., as access-time, the time taken to reach ‘information’ stored in a computer.
1382Wyclif Rom. v. 2 By whom we han accesse, or nyȝ goynge to. 1534Polyd. Verg., Eng. Hist. (1846) I. 23 Thus crowse have free accesse to these highe trees. 1579Gosson Sch. of Abuse (Arb.) 39 How many times hath accesse to Theaters beene restrayned. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. i. i. 98 He is heere at the doore, and importunes accesse to you. 1772–84Cook Voyages (1790) IV. 1192 These voyages have facilitated the access of ships into the Pacific Ocean. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 503 Those at home..Then closed her access to the wealthier farms. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. II. viii. 180 Some office which..gave him close access to the person of his princely nephew. 1879Lubbock Sc. Lect. xi. 39 This prevents the access of ants and other small creeping insects. 1950W. W. Stifler High-Speed Computing Devices xiv. 304 We define the access time of a system as the time required to withdraw a number from storage. 1960E. Delavenay Introd. Machine Trans. ii. 20 Access to data..is very rapid, the average access time being of the order of a few millionths of a second.
b. Broadcasting. The practice of giving broadcasting time to individuals and groups who wish to present programmes of their own devising, free of management by the broadcasting organization. Usu. attrib. Cf. public-access s.v. public a. 5 g.
[1972Times 12 Feb. 2/4 Broadcasting organizations should operate under some system of workers' self-management or industrial democracy, should be free from government control, and should provide regular access for individuals and groups to express specialist and minority views, according to Mr Anthony Wedgwood Benn.] 1972Ibid. 14 July 16/6 Recently David Attenborough, controller of BBC TV programmes asked Rowan Ayres, who runs [Late Night] Line-Up to explore the possibilities of ‘access television’..where groups can use air time on their own terms. 1973Ibid. 22 Sept. 14/4 Where will Access end? It is unlikely that..professional broadcasters will be ousted from their seats by amateurs. 1977Rep. Comm. Future of Broadcasting 24 inParl. Papers 1976-7 (Cmnd. 6753) VI.1 Working a 24 hour-a-day 7 day a week access channel, Government would be able to offer every adult a second a year. 1983Listener 10 Feb. 11/1 Radios 4, 3 and 2..could be extended through a much greater use of access radio: allow individuals to have more control in the making and compiling of programmes.
3. The state or faculty of being approached; accessibility.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. v. iii. 21 He gret repayre amang þaim mád; Be sic access he kend wele. 1559Myrroure for Mag. (ed. 2) xiii. 1 Disdayne not prynces easye accesse. 1662Gerbier Princ. 13 The Staires..are..of so easie an Accesse, as that Travellers do ascend them on Horse-back. 1791Boswell Johnson (1816) I. 244 He insisted on Lord Chesterfield's general affability and easiness of access. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 89 Markets are so difficult of access, that much wealth is wasted.
4. The action of coming towards, coming, approach, advance. Contrasted with recess.
1610Healey Aug. City of God (1620) v. vi. 193 We see the alteration of the year by the Sunnes accesse and departure. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. of Earth (1723) vi. 279 The Sea, by this Access and Recess, shuffling the empty Shells. 1843J. Martineau Endeav. after Chr. Life (1876) 506 The Rainbow interpreted by the prism..painting the access and recess of his thought.
†5. A coming to work or business, an assembling or meeting of a body. The access and recess of Parliament. Obs.
1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1584/1 A briefe report of the second accesse..and of the answer made in the name of the lords of the parlement. 1647May Hist. Parl. ii. i. 3 Before the Accesse and meeting again of the Parliament.
†6. A coming to office, dignity, or sovereignty; arrival at the throne; = accession 3. Obs.
1641Charles I Let. to Judges 5 July 3 Our Accesse to the Crowne. 1650J. Hall Paradoxes 25 Many Princes have sweetened and disguised the memory of their accesse to Government. 1759Martin Nat. Hist. I. 247 Their first Access to their Dignity.
II. A way or means of approach.
7. a. An entrance, channel, passage, or doorway. Also attrib.
1642Howell For. Trav. 14 They..have not those obvious accesses and contiguity of situation. 1670Milton Hist. Brit. ii. Wks. 1847, 484 The Accesses of the Island were wondrously fortify'd. 1725Pope Odyssey viii. 51 Now all accesses to the dome are fill'd. 1831Scott Anne of G. ii. 25 If there be actually such a pass, there must be an access to it somewhere. 1943J. S. Huxley TVA 78 (caption) Access Road. 1959Duke of Bedford Silver-Plated Spoon x. 202 The new access roads were nearly ready. 1962Listener 10 May 800/2 The East German regime's agreement was needed for use of the access routes to the city. Ibid. 24 May 902/1 The motor vehicle is demanding completely novel arrangements of buildings and access ways.
b. fig.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. (1640) Pref. 17 We doe heere, in the Accesse to this work, Poure forth humblest and most ardent supplications to God. 1720Rowe Amb. Step-Mother Prol. 7 The Poet does his Art employ, The soft Accesses of your Souls to try. 1878R. W. Dale On Preaching vii. 216 We ought to try..every possible access to the conscience.
III. A coming as an addition.
8. The coming of anything as an addition; adherence, addition, increase, growth. Now almost obs. and replaced by accession.
1576Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 272 The death of this one man [Becket]..brought thereunto more accesse of estimation and reverence. 1610J. Guillim Displ. Herald. (1660) iii. xxvi. 258 They had in them neither accesse nor defect. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 310, I from the influence of thy looks receive Access in every virtue. 1728Newton Chronol. Amended 10 The Philistims, strengthned by the access of the Shepherds, conquer Israel. 1869Phillips Vesuv. ix. 261 The liquid mass of rock is always ready to be poured out upon the access of adequate pressure. 1881Broadhouse Mus. Acoustics 270 Their varying rates bring about, at regular intervals, an access of tone, when the crests of the waves correspond, and a diminution of tone when the crest of one coincides with the trough of the other.
IV. A coming on or attack of illness, anger, etc.
9. A coming on of illness or disease, especially of sudden illness; an attack or fit.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. C. 325 Þacces of anguych watȝ hid in my sawle. 1423James I King's Quair ii. xlviii, Bot tho began myn axis and turment. a1597‘Chaucer's Dreme’ Wks. 1855, 56 The peyne, and the plesaunce, Which was to me axes and hele. 1656Ridgley Pract. Phys. 139 Let meat be given at the time of the least accesse. 1678Butler Hudibras iii. ii. 822 Relapses make Diseases More desp'rate than their first Accesses. 1748Hartley Observ. on Man i. i. §1. 7. 55 In the Access of most Fevers the Patient is listless & sleepy. 1821G. Ticknor Life, Lett. & Journ. I. xvii. 334 He had had an access of paralysis the afternoon previous. 1862Trench Miracles xxvii. 368 These accesses of his disorder might come upon him at any moment.
†10. spec. An ague fit; ague, intermitting fever. Obs.
c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 1316 A charme..The whiche can helen the of thyn accesse. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. (1495) vii. xxxviii. 252 Fyrste the cold and therafter the heete and euery daye axes, yet worse, for some daye comith double axes. 1459Paston Lett. 970 III. 426, I was falle seek with an axeȝ. 1475Audelay Poems 47 A seke man, That is y-schakyd and schent with the aksis. 1493Petronylla 45 And Petronilla quaketh in hir accesse. a1500Lancelot of the Laik (1865) 2 So be the morow set I was a-fyre In felinge of the access hot and colde. 1527L. Andrew tr. Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters A ij, The same water..is good for the dayly axces or febres. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. Ague, The cure [of Ague] is usually begun with an emetic of ipecacuanha, an hour before the access.
11. fig. An outburst; a sudden fit of anger or other passion. (Modern, after Fr. accès.)
1781J. Moore Italy (1790) II. lxi. 214 These accesses and intervals [of thunder and explosion] continued with varied force. 1815Southey in Q. Rev. XIII. 10 In a fresh access of jealousy, [he] plunged a dagger into her heart. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 56 He gave him [his brother] over, in an access of sublime patriotism, to the death he had deserved.
¶ access is frequently found written for excess n., chiefly by phonetic confusion; but the senses also approach in 8 above; see quot. of date 1610.
Add:V. 12. Special Combs. access charge, a charge made for the use of computer or local telephone-network facilities.
1977Washington Post 8 Dec. d2/2 He said SP is willing to explore the concept of an ‘*access charge’ to the national telephone system, if it can be demonstrated that such fees would insure adequate rural and residential services.
access fee = *access charge above.
1976U.S. News & World Rep. 26 July 43/3 The client can..request that the abstracts be fed directly into his computer. Mr. Monsen pays his sources license fees, *access fees and charges for computer time. 1985New Republic 28 Jan. 20/2 Consumer groups now opposing access fees are being penny-wise and pound-foolish, because..forcing down local monthly bills through political pressure will backfire.
▪ II. access, v.|ˈæksɛs|
[f. the n. or (in sense 2) back-formation from accession v.]
1. trans.
a. To gain access to (data, etc., held in a computer or computer-based system, or the system itself).
1962A. M. Angel in M. C. Yovits Large-Capacity Memory Techniques for Computing Systems 150 Through a system of binary-coded addresses notched into each card, a particular card may be accessed for read and write operations. 1965New Scientist 27 May 585/2 Each user, and each user's programme, must be restricted so that he and it can never ‘access’ (read, write, or execute) unauthorized portions of the high-speed store. 1971J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. xix, The citation records are accessed by a citation-select control deck. 1977Sci. Amer. May 90/1 (Advt.), Design engineers can now access the computer directly through terminals in their offices. 1983Times 8 Jan. 13/6 The library's statistical section uses its Polis terminal to access various statistical databases. 1983R. Allason Branch xii. 168 By accessing the information relating to a person's contributions it is possible to learn his place of work.
b. gen.
1978Verbatim Feb. 1/2 The University of California at Berkeley..announces the hours during which its business office ‘may be accessed’. 1986Daily Tel. 5 Feb. 11 It is these markets that Sikorsky want to access through their ‘Trojan Horse’ tactics.
2. = accession v. rare.
1975Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xv. 232 There is the handling of existing or purchased material: ordering, receiving, accessing, issuing, stock-checking, and progress-chasing. 1978Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Dec. 1392/2 That awful day the Assistant Keeper had flu, the central heating leaked, and the Lowestoft Hoard had to be accessed. |